X-ray determination of thermal expansion of Na(ClO3)x(BrO3)1−x mixed crystals

Lattice constants of sodium chlorate and sodium bromate and their mixed crystals were determined over the temperature range from room temperature to 320 °C. The observed lattice constants for the various compositions show strong deviations from those expected from Vegard's rule. The lattice constants at various temperatures were fitted to polynomials of type a = a₀ + a₁t + a₂t². The linear coefficients of expansion for the Na(ClO₃)_x · (BrO₃)_1−x series varies non-linearly with composition showing negative deviations from linearity.     

Habit,dislocation densities,and microhardness of NaClO3-NaBrO3 mixed crystals

Results of a systematic study of growth habit, dislocation densitics, and microhardness of the NaClO₃—NaBrO₃ mixed crystals are presented. A drastic change in habit of NaBrO₃ for small additions of NaClO₃ was observed. The composition dependence of dislocation density for this system is found to be highly non-linear. A non-linear composition dependence of microhardness, with positive deviations from linearity was also observed. This increase in hardness is correlated with the enhanced dislocation density in the mixed crystal.     

Phase equilibria and prospects of crystal growth in the system LiF–GdF3–LuF3

Scheelite type LiGdF₄, LiLuF₄, and mixtures of both end members were prepared by a hydrofluorination route from the rare earth oxides and commercial LiF. The samples were purified by melting in HF/Ar mixtures, and were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Both end members show unlimited miscibility in the solid phase. Mixed crystals containing at least 65 mol‐% LiLuF₄ melt under direct formation of the liquid phase. The gap between solidus and liquidus is narrow. LiGdF₄ and mixed crystals with less then 65 mol‐% LiLuF₄ decompose peritectically under formation of (Gd,Lu)F₃. Crystal growth is expected to be possible either from Lu‐rich melts with the appropriate scheelite composition or from Gd‐rich melts containing an excess of LiF. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

微下拉法生长Tb3AlxGa5-xO12磁光晶体及其性能表征

Tb₃Ga₅O₁₂晶体是一种具有良好磁光性能的主流商用材料,但生长过程中存在严重的氧化镓挥发问题,导致晶体难以满足高功率应用的发展需求,而菲尔德常数较大的Tb₃Al₅O₁₂晶体的不一致熔融特性使该晶体难以生长,因此亟需探索新型高质量磁光晶体以满足高功率应用需求。基于此,本文采用微下拉法在高纯氩气和二氧化碳混合气氛下生长了Tb₃Al_xGa_5-xO₁₂(TAGG)系列高掺铝磁光晶体。摇摆曲线测试结果表明TAGG磁光晶体拥有高结晶质量。透过光谱和磁光特性测试结果表明,与传统Tb₃Ga₅O₁₂晶体相比,TAGG磁光晶体具有更高的透过率和更大的菲尔德常数,是一种非常有潜力的可应用于高功率激光系统的低成本磁光材料。     

Thermoluminescence and optical absorption studies in γ-irradiated KClxBr1–x mixed crystals

Thermoluminescence (TL) and optical absorption measurements have been carried in γ-irradiated KCl, KBr and various compositions of KCl_xBr_1–x mixed crystals as a function of irradiation time and composition. The position of the main glow peak (high temperature peak) and F-band position are found to vary non-linearly with composition, showing a correlation between colour centers and TL. The TL peaks have been analysed by numerical fitting and the trap depths and frequency factors have been calculated for different compositions of the mixed crystals. The thermal ionisation energy of F-centers has been calculated for the mixed crystals and it is found to vary non-linearly with composition. The results obtained in mixed crystals have been discussed in terms of high disorder present in them.     

Role of non-stoichiometry in the cracking of oxide crystals

The cracking and stoichiometric deviations frequently observed in crystals of mixed oxides have generally been perceived to be unrelated phenomena. The present study pertains to the cracking in Czochralski grown crystals of three different materials, viz. CdWO₄, PbWO₄ and ZnWO₄. The results obtained on the single-crystal growth as well as on the thermal stability of melts of these materials and of their constituent oxides demonstrate, for the first time, that stoichiometric deviations manifest as cracks in the crystals. An important outcome of this investigation is that materials exhibiting a small degree of super-cooling with stable melting and solidification temperatures should be less prone to cracking.     

Growth of KR3F10 (R = Tb–Er) Crystals by the Vertical Directional Crystallization Technique. I: Optimization of the Melt Composition for the Growth of KTb3F10 and Correction of the Phase Diagram of the KF–TbF3 System

Crystallography Reports - KTb3F10 crystals have been grown from the melt by the vertical directional crystallization. The incongruent character of melting of this compound is confirmed...     

Synthesis,bulk growth,polarizability and nonlinear optical properties of γ‐glycine single crystals

The role of sodium acetate, sodium nitrate, sodium hydroxide and malonic acid as additives in assisting the nucleation of γ‐polymorph from solution has been investigated. For the first time large dimensional bulk single crystals of γ‐glycine have been grown at the optimized concentration of the additives by the top seeded slow cooling technique. The bulk growth of single crystals elucidates well the unidirectional growth characteristics and the existence of merohedral twinning in γ‐ glycine. Polarizability, plasmon energy and Fermi energy has been evaluated for the first time for γ‐glycine single crystals based on an analytical approach. Structural affirmation of the nucleated polymorph has been carried out by Powder x‐ray diffraction and the thermal characteristics of the nucleated polymorph are well revealed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The non linear optical characteristics of γ‐glycine studied by Kurtz and Perry technique revealed increased SHG efficiency with the highest of about 2.2 in the presence of malonic acid compared to the standard Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KDP).     

Optimisation of chromium doping in LiNbO3 single crystals

Growth of undoped and Cr doped (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mol % Cr₂O₃) congruently‐ melting‐composition LiNbO₃ single crystals by Czochralski technique is reported. Chromium doping was optimised to get crystals with potential for an integrated, broadband, tunable laser in the 700‐1100 nm spectral range. Typical sizes of the grown crystals are 25‐30 mm in diameter and 30‐40 mm in length. Symmetrical and sharp conoscopy pictures confirm the optical homogeneity of the crystals. Optical transmission was recorded for both undoped and doped crystals. 70% transmittance was observed. The grown crystals have reasonably good laser damage threshold. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Growth of the KR3F10 (R = Tb–Er) Compounds by the Vertical Directional Crystallization Method. II. Refinement of the Character of Melting,Growth, and Some Physical Properties of KDy3F10 Crystals

Crystallography Reports - KDy3F10 crystals have been grown from melt by the Bridgman technique. The incongruent character of melting of this compound is confirmed. The optimal melt composition for...     

氧气对CsPbBr3单晶电学性能的影响

CsPbBr₃兼具高探测效率和较好的稳定性,是当前高性能高能辐射探测器的热门材料。在使用坩埚下降法制备CsPbBr₃单晶的配料阶段,如果无法有效隔绝原料与氧气的接触,氧气会吸附于原料表面难以排出,在原料熔化后会聚集在密封坩埚的上方,导致所得到的单晶颜色沿生长方向逐渐变深,这一颜色变化不会改变CsPbBr₃的禁带宽度。通过对单晶上端切片进行电学性能测试发现,从单晶的中心到外侧,CsPbBr₃单晶的电阻率逐渐下降,陷阱密度和载流子迁移率逐渐增大,但对X射线的响应度基本不变。本文为研究高质量CsPbBr₃单晶的生长提供帮助。     

Induced growth of Pb0.97La0.02(Zr0.66Sn0.27Ti0.07)O3 antiferroelectric single crystals with a platinum wire

Relaxor antiferroelectric (Pb,La)(Zr,Sn,Ti)O₃ (PLZST) with the composition near the morphotropic phase boundary shows excellent electrical properties. However, the crystal growth of PLZST is limited by the incongruent melting of the materials. Crystal growth of PLZST was induced by a platinum wire in the flux solution with 50 wt% PbO‐PbF₂‐B₂O₃ as a solvent. The obtained PLZST single crystals are optical transparent with light yellow color. The size of the crystals in regular rectangular shape varies from 0.5 mm to 1 mm. The PLZST single crystals exhibit tetragonal phase structure. The element contents of the crystals were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The results show that the composition of as‐grown crystals is a little bit deviated from the starting composition. The single crystals show two dielectric peaks at 115 °C and 182 °C, corresponding to antiferroelectric‐ferroelectric and ferroelectric‐paraelectric phase transitions. The dielectric data of as‐grown crystals indicate there is typical relaxor behavior near 182 °C. The value of relaxor factor n is 1.49642.     

Radiation hardening studies in KBr-KI mixed crystals

Radiation hardening studies have been made in KBr, KI and in different compositions of KBr-KI mixed crystals, grown from melt by Kyropoulos technique. The irradiation hardness in mixed crystals is found to vary non-linearly with composition, attaining a minimum value at intermediate compositions. Dislocation density measurements have shown a high concentration of dislocations and grain boundaries in mixed crystals as compared to end crystals. The results obtained on radiation hardening of mixed crystals were explained in terms of dislocations present in them.     

Growth and characterization of semiorganic nonlinear optical tetrakis thiourea nickel chloride single crystals

A new nonlinear optical material tetrakis thiourea nickel chloride (TTNC) was synthesized and single crystals were grown from mixed solvent of water and isopropanol by both slow evaporation and slow cooling methods. The grown crystals were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction analyses to confirm the crystal structure. The presence of functional groups and the coordination of metal ions to thiourea were confirmed by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy analyses. UV‐VIS spectrum was recorded to study the optical transparency of the grown crystals. Thermal properties of the crystals have been by investigated using thermo gravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA), which indicate that the material does not decompose before melting. The second order nonlinear optical property of the grown crystal was examined by Kurtz powder technique and mechanical behavior was studied by Vicker's microhardness test. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Crystal Growth and Temperature Evolution of the Atomic Structure of Pr3Ga5SiO14 from the Langasite Family

Crystallography Reports - Pr3Ga5SiO14 crystals from the langasite family have been grown by the floating zone melting technique. Their X-ray diffraction analysis is performed at 16 different...     

Growth of Rb0.90Cs0.10NO3 crystals and their X-ray diffraction analysis

Polymorphic transformations in Rb_0.90Cs_0.10NO₃ crystals have been studied by X-ray diffraction. Four different modifications of Rb_0.90Cs_0.10NO₃ single crystals have been found from room to melting temperature. The transformation temperatures and unit-cell parameters of these modifications are determined.     

Growth and selective etching studies on NaBrO3 crystals

Surface studies on (111) faces of sodium bromate crystals grown from aqueous solution show the presence of growth steps. A new etchant consisting of a mixture of 8 parts of glacial acetic acid and 2 parts of formic acid, to which 3 mg/cc of cupric nitrate is added, reveals the dislocation sites on (111) faces of these crystals. The etching action on (111) and (111 ) faces is different. Different microhardness values are recorded on (111) and (111 ) faces of these crystals. The difference in etching action as well as in microhardness values on (111 ) and (111) faces is discussed.     

Mn、Cu共掺ZnO磁性的研究

本文采用水热法,分别以ZnO、Zn(OH)2为前驱物,添加一定量的MnCl4.4H2O和CuSO4.2H2O, 3mol/LKOH作矿化剂,温度430℃,填充度35%,反应24h,制备了Mn、Cu共掺ZnO晶体。当前驱物为Zn(OH)2时,所得晶体大部分为短柱状晶体,显露正负极面{0001}、{0001-}、负锥面-p{101-1-}和柱面m{1-010},长度约为30 ～50μm。少部分晶体为单锥六棱柱状,显露正锥面p{101-1},柱面m{1-010},负极面-c{0001-},晶体的长度约为100μm,长径比为5:1。当ZnO用作前驱物时,短柱状晶体长度大约为10 ～30μm,晶体的六棱对称性都出现较大的偏差。X射线荧光能谱分析表明,前驱物为ZnO、Zn(OH)2时,Mn离子含量在分别为3.19%和1.62%原子分数,没有检测到Cu离子。虽然Mn、Cu离子的掺入会明显影响晶体形态,磁性测量显示掺杂Mn、Cu的ZnO仍为反铁磁。     

Growth of pyroxene-type MnGeO3 and (Mn,Mg)GeO3 crystals by the floating-zone method

Pyroxene-type solid–solution crystals of (Mn_1−xMg_x)GeO₃ with x=0.06, 0.10 and 0.20 have been grown by the floating-zone method. The end member crystal of MnGeO₃ is broken into small pieces by the orthorhombic-to-monoclonic phase transition during cooling after growth. On the other hand, the solid–solution crystals keep the orthorhombic structure between the melting points and room temperature and no crack is formed. The unit cell volumes are significantly decreased with an increase in Mg content.     

An X-ray Study of KBrxI1−x Mixed Crystals

KBr_xI_1−x mixed crystals have been prepared by melting and their X-ray patterns have been recorded with a powder diffractometer. From measurements of the Bragg reflections, the lattice constants, grain size, lattice straian and mean Deby-Waller factor have been determined. In the composition region × < 0.2 and × > 0.7, the lattice constant follows Vegard's law. However, in the region 0.2 < × < 0.7 where a miscibility gap has been reported, single phase mixed crystals are formed but the lattice constants have values larger than those expected from Vegard's law, indicating a strained lattice. The lattice strain directly determined from the half-widths of the Bragg reflections also shows larger values in the same composition region. The mean Debye-Waller factor shows a decrease with the degree of mixing, assuming a minimum value in the equimolar region.