A comparative analysis of reduction quality for probabilistic and possibilistic measurement models

In this article, several known and new methods of solving the measurement data interpretation problem for probabilistic and possibilistic measurement models are compared and the dependency of their quality on the completeness and accuracy of the measurement model is analyzed. It is shown that optimal use of a researcher’s prior information about the measurement model allows one to significantly increase the accuracy of the interpretation of measurements. In some cases the error of possibilistic interpretation was less than that of probabilistic one, even though possibilistic interpretation minimizes the necessity of the error, rather than the mean squared error. This is due to the fact that prior information may be sufficient to model the input signal using a fuzzy vector, but insufficient to model it using a random vector.     

The possibility of estimating the values of a function at given points of the measurement results of a finite number of its linear functionals

The possibility of estimating the values of a function at given points of its domain is investigated. The estimation uses results of the measurements of a finite number of linear functionals; the results of the measurements are distorted by an error. It is shown that only the component of the functions from the linear finite-dimensional subspace can be estimated with a finite error. A method for estimating this component with accuracy control is proposed. The mathematical methods of measurement reduction proposed by Yu.P. Pyt’ev are used. An example of the estimation of an emission spectrum that is measured by a double-slit spectrometer is described.     

Theoretical study of the dependences of the young’s and torsion moduli of thin single-layer carbon zigzag and armchair nanotubes on the geometric parameters

The Young’s and torsion moduli of single-layer carbon (m, 0) and (m, m) nanotubes are studied. It is demonstrated that both moduli depend on the chirality, diameter, and length of the nanotube. It is found for the first time that the torsion modulus increases with the nanotube diameter and diminishes with an increase in its length. By considering nanotubes with various values of the diameter-to-length ratio, it is shown that the Young’s and torsion moduli of the nanotubes saturate at a diameter-to-length ratio of ～0.3. The values of the torsion modulus as calculated from the Young’s modulus we obtained and from the deformation energy do not coincide, which can be attributed to the effect of dangling bonds at the open ends of the nanotubes. Energy calculations are performed using the Goodwin modification of the semiempirical Harrison tight-binding method.     

新视角审视补偿法测电阻电路

从欧姆定律、伏安法的视角审视各种补偿法测电阻电路,实际上各种补偿法测电阻电路都是和伏安法一样按欧姆定律方式设计的。实践表明按从消除伏安法测电阻电路系统误差逐步推演出完全补偿法的测电阻电路,再讲授补偿法的原理的思路设计教学,收到了很好的效果。     

On determination of the structural parameters of polydisperse magnetic fluids by small-angle neutron scattering

Factors affecting the determination of the structural parameters of polydisperse particles of typical magnetic fluids (MFs) from small-angle neutron scattering data (SANS), including the possible anisotropy of the particle shape and the residual incoherent background, are analyzed. It is shown that the effect of particle anisotropy on scattering must be considered in combination with the influence of their polydispersity. The relative shift in the MF’s structural parameters caused by particle anisotropy does not exceed 10–20% for particles with an anisotropy parameter which is less than four and becomes insignificant for more anisotropic particles. The main effect of the residual incoherent background of neutron scattering is related to determination of the thickness of the stabilizing shell and the generalized contrast parameter. It is shown that restrictions on the available maximum values of the scattering vector, measured in the experiment, lead to a relative shift in these parameters by up to 10%, while the other structural parameters (the average particle radius and the width of the size distribution) are determined with sufficiently high accuracy (the relative systematic error is 5% or less).     

Polarization effects in apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy: an experimental study

Strong electric-field enhancements at the apex of a tungsten tip illuminated by an external light source were recently predicted theoretically. We present an experimental study of the dependence of this effect on the polarization angle of the incident light. It is shown that the intensity of the light scattered by the tungsten tip of an apertureless scanning near-field optical microscope is 2 orders of magnitude higher when the incident light is p polarized than when it is s polarized. This experimental result is in good agreement with theoretical predictions and provides an easy way to test the quality of the tips.     

Improvement of the sensitivity of measurements in the formation of holographic interferograms of wedge plates

We consider the method for improving the sensitivity of measurements in the formation of aberration-free interference images of wedge plates, which do not require a priori knowledge of the position of the wedge edge. It is shown that the sensitivity in the measurement of the wedge angle in real time interferometry is doubled in the case of recording on the reference hologram of the wedge plate followed by its reconstruction by the object light wave that has passed through the wedge plate rotated through 180° relative to the normal. It turns out that recording of a pair of holograms of the wedge plate, one of which is the image of the wedge plate turned through 180° relative to the normal to the plate, makes it possible to increase the sensitivity of measurements by more than an order of magnitude by eliminating the systematic components of measuring errors due to complete compensation of aberrations. The results of experimental testing of the method are considered.     

Status and accuracy of the Monte Carlo generators for luminosity measurements

The status and accuracy of the precision Monte Carlo generators used for luminosity measurements at flavour factories is reviewed.It is shown that,thanks to a considerable,long-term effort in tuned comparisons between the predictions of independent programs,as well as in the validation of the generators against the presently available calculations of the next-to-next-to-leading order QED corrections to Bhabha scattering,the theoretical accuracy reached by the most precise tools is of about one per mille.This error estimate is valid for realistic experimental cuts,appears to be quite robust and is already sufficient for very accurate luminosity measurements.However,recent progress and possible advances to further improve it are also discussed.     

Signal enhancement by diffusion: experimental observation of the "DESIRE" effect

Inadequate signal-to-noise ratio is a major factor limiting applications of magnetic resonance microscopy. The "Diffusion Enhancement of Signal and Resolution" (DESIRE) scheme promises potential sensitivity enhancements of between one and three orders of magnitude, but images using this mechanism have not been shown to date. Here, we report the first images obtained using the DESIRE method, and obtain excellent agreement between numerical simulations and experimental data with signal-to-noise enhancements of close to one order of magnitude.     

相移干涉仪中探测器非线性误差及其补偿

通过对多个相移算法的理论分析和数值模拟,发现探测器的非线性响应在相位中会引入2倍空间频率的系统误差。结果表明,非标准相移算法随着探测器非线性度的增加,相对误差也越来越大。提出了压电陶瓷驱动器的移相误差和光电探测器的非线性误差相互抵消的误差补偿技术,并给出了判别误差匹配有效性的实用判据。仿真表明,这种误差补偿技术可以使测量误差减小约一个量级。证明了在不考虑波前幅度信息时,标准相移算法对光电探测器的非线性为零响应,不影响仪器精度。     

Analysis of Methods of Performance Evaluation of Direct-Detection Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Communication Systems

Abstract

The performance assessment of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals in direct-detection transmission systems by using the error vector magnitude and several bit error ratio approaches is analyzed and compared through numerical simulation. It is shown that excellent accuracy of the bit error ratio estimates is obtained by a semi-analytical Gaussian approach for all the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system configurations analyzed and that the error vector magnitude only provides reliable estimates of the system performance when the system is dominantly impaired by noise. Additionally, a novel Q-factor approach for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing optical signals showing improved bit error ratio estimates is also presented.     

温度误差对激光陀螺零偏温度补偿精度的影响分析

分析了温度测量误差对环形激光陀螺(RLG)零偏补偿精度的影响,通过仿真,在动态温度模型中,发现温度测量误差主要通过温度变化率对补偿结果产生影响,提出了该模型在陀螺零偏动态温度补偿中是否考虑温度测量误差的标准。仿真结果表明,对使用的温度补偿模型与温度传感器而言,在温度补偿精度明显小于0.001°/h时,要考虑温度测量误差的影响。     

Measurement of small phase shifts of radio signals using acoustooptic reduction

Results are presented of model-based experimental investigations of an interference correlator intended for the measurement of small phase shifts of radar signals received from two antennas. The correlator is based on a Mach-Zender interferometer system. Introduction of a radio signal for the data reduction was simulated by phase diffraction gratings placed in the interferometer arms and displaced relative to one another. The operation of the system was investigated in a regime with measurements in the region of the extrema of the correlation function and in a regime with measurements near zeros (extrema of the derivative) of the correlation function. The investigations were carried out for signals formed in first, second, and third order of diffraction. It is shown that the sensitivity of the system for measurements in the region of a correlation-function zero is higher by an order of magnitude than in the extrem~ m region. It is shown that for radio signals in the 100-MHz band, with allowance for the experimental measurement error, the accuracy of determining the time delays reaches 10^–11 sec. The accuracy with which geometric displacements of diffraction gratings are determined reaches 5·10^-5 mm.Lebedev Physics Institute. Severo-Osetinsk State University.     

On the accuracy of perturbative solutions to wave scattering from rough closed surfaces

The method of small perturbations is applied to the problem of plane-wave scattering from a soft circular surface with sinusoidal roughness. Rayleigh-theory and extinction-theorem perturbative solutions of arbitrary order are developed, and they are compared to each other as well as to an exact solution. A numerical study yields quantitative information about effects associated with the use of the Rayleigh hypothesis, about the merit of higher-order solutions, and about the reliability of the error criteria that measure a posteriori the conformity of perturbative solutions to the boundary condition. It is shown that the accuracy of perturbative solutions depends not only on the height, but also on the slope, of surface corrugations. Moreover, it is shown that the Rayleigh hypothesis does not affect the accuracy of far-field perturbative calculations. The mean extinction error is proposed as a measure for the error of the extinction-theorem perturbative solution.     

Metamagnetism in heavy-fermion systems

Some heavy-fermion systems show enhancements of the susceptibility at a critical magnetic field. A 200% to 300% increase above the low-field Pauli paramagnetic value is reached. It is shown that quasiparticle interactions, in addition to the special DOS, may account for the effect.     

Mesh quality effects on the accuracy of CFD solutions on unstructured meshes

The order of accuracy and error magnitude of node- and cell-centered schemes are examined on representative unstructured meshes and flowfield solutions for computational fluid dynamics. Specifically, we investigate the properties of inviscid and viscous flux discretizations for isotropic and highly stretched meshes using the Method of Manufactured Solutions. Grid quality effects are studied by randomly perturbing the base meshes and cataloguing the error convergence as a function of grid size. For isotropic grids, node-centered approaches produce less error than cell-centered approaches. Moreover, a corrected node-centered scheme is shown to maintain third order accuracy for the inviscid terms on arbitrary triangular meshes. In contrast, for stretched meshes, cell-centered schemes are favored, with cell-centered prismatic approaches in particular showing the lowest levels of error. In three dimensions, simple flux integrations on non-planar control volume faces lead to first-order solution errors, while second-order accuracy is recovered by triangulation of the non-planar faces.     

移相干涉术的一种新算法：重叠四步平均法

提出了一种能大大地减小由于移相器的位移误差而引起相位复原误差的新方法，即重叠四步平均法（Ｏｖｅｒｌａｐｐｉｎｇ Ａｖｅｒａｇｉｎｇ ４－Ｆｒａｍｅ （ＯＡＦ） Ａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ）。给出了这种方法的盯们复原精度与移相器的位移误差之间的关系式，从关系式中可见，ＯＡＦ算法大大地减小由于移相器的位移误差而引起相位复原误差，通过计算机模拟，得到了各种算法的相位复原精度与移相器的位移误差之间的关系曲线，分析     

Modulation of the distance dependence of paramagnetic relaxation enhancements by CSA x DSA cross-correlation

Paramagnetic metal ions with fast-relaxing electronic spin and anisotropic susceptibility tensor provide a rich source of structural information that can be derived from pseudo-contact shifts, residual dipolar couplings, dipole-dipole Curie spin cross-correlation, and paramagnetic relaxation enhancements. The present study draws attention to a cross-correlation effect between nuclear relaxation due to anisotropic chemical shielding (CSA) and due to the anisotropic dipolar shielding (DSA) caused by the electronic Curie spin. This CSA x DSA cross-correlation contribution seems to have been overlooked in previous interpretations of paramagnetic relaxation enhancements. It is shown to be sufficiently large to compromise the 1/r6 distance dependence usually assumed. The effect cannot experimentally be separated from auto-correlated DSA relaxation. It can increase or decrease the observed paramagnetic relaxation enhancement. Under certain conditions, the effect can dominate the entire paramagnetic relaxation, resulting in nuclear resonances narrower than in the absence of the paramagnetic center. CSAxDSA cross-correlation becomes important when paramagnetic relaxation is predominantly due to the Curie rather than the Solomon mechanism. Therefore the effect is most pronounced for relaxation by metal ions with large magnetic susceptibility and fast-relaxing electron spin. It most strongly affects paramagnetic enhancements of transverse relaxation in macromolecules and of longitudinal relaxation in small molecules.     

Noncontact thermal pyrometry for condensed materials

Pyrometry technique is suggested aimed at minimizing the measurement error and increasing the accuracy of contactless temperature measurements. Significantly, the suggested method of pyrometer calibration allows using a two-tiered approach with preliminary or additional recording of the system’s state and thermal radiation to refine temperature measurements. To improve the reliability of results and extend the application range of thermal pyrometry, it is necessary to decrease the influence of the relative error of the spectral ratio on measuring data.     

The statistical behaviour of nonresonant cars intensities

The statistical properties of CARS light generated by the mixing of incoherent pump and Stokes sources have been investigated analytically. The intensity probability densities for CARS generation from the nonresonant susceptibility are presented for several cases. It is shown that when second harmonic generation is used to provide pump sources of the right frequency, the resulting non-gaussian intensity fluctuations give rise to large enhancements of the nonresonant signal. The magnitude of the effect is dependent on the conversion efficiency of the frequency-doubling process, and is in good agreement with experiment.