基于l~p空间力学模型的三维点云配准算法

为了提高三维激光扫描点云的配准效率和精度,提出一种基于l~p空间力学模型的点云配准算法。针对待配准的两组点云数据,首先计算两片点云的重心,通过重心化将两组点云移到以重心为原点的同一坐标系下,然后利用l~p空间力学模型将复杂的两组点云数据分别简化为三个特征向量表示的模型,再根据两点云特征向量的对应关系利用奇异值分解方法求解刚体变换旋转矩阵,得到初始配准参数,最后使用改进的最近点迭代(ICP)算法实现两组点云的精确配准。本文算法可以处理无序散乱点云样本。相比于经典ICP算法,本文算法对Bunny点云数据的配准效率提高了72%,对Dragon点云数据的配准速度提高了4倍。实验表明,本文算法收敛速度较快,效果优良。     

基于改进SURF算法的人脸点云配准

精准的三维人脸重建是三维人脸识别、三维人脸表情仿真等技术实现的重要前提。基于以往图像特征点和点云数据的三维配准算法研究,提出了一种计算量小、实时性较高的人脸配准算法。提取人脸图像特征点,计算64维的SURF描述符;利用RANSAC算法剔除不稳定匹配点;利用奇异值分解SVD求解粗配准变换矩阵;利用改进的最近点迭代算法求解最终变换矩阵。实验结果显示配准误差只有8.71895×10~(-5)m~2,总耗时为6.61s,相比较SIFT算法和手动寻找匹配点,速度快、精度高。     

基于几何特征和图像特征的点云自适应拼接方法

多视点云拼接技术是物体三维测量过程中的重要环节。现有的无标志点三维点云自动拼接方法在对不同表面进行测量拼接时稳定性较差。针对此问题,提出了一种基于几何特征和图像特征的点云自适应拼接方法。该方法建立了一个配准算法选择模型,通过引入配准算法判断因子来综合评价物体表面的几何、纹理复杂程度,从而系统可根据判断因子自适应地选择合适的配准算法,实现基于几何特征配准和基于图像特征配准的有机结合。并在特征点匹配过程中,采用随机抽样一致(RANSAC)算法对误匹配特征点进行剔除。实验结果表明,该方法可实现不同表面的稳定点云拼接。     

用于三维重建的点云单应性迭代最近点配准算法

点云配准是光学三维(3D)轮廓测量术的关键技术之一。无标志点的点云配准大多由迭代最近点(ICP)算法实现。为提高ICP算法的性能,提出了一种基于点云单应性的迭代最近点配准算法。描述了该算法中单应性点对的建立方法,并推导了点云之间的坐标变换。用一种手持式三维轮廓扫描仪对一个同时具备高频轮廓和低频轮廓的石膏像进行扫描,共得到92帧点云。利用改进ICP算法,82帧点云被成功配准。同时也利用三种具有代表性的ICP算法对这92帧点云进行配准实验以作比较。实验表明,该算法具有稳健性强、收敛速度快、收敛精度高的优点,有助于三维模型的快速重建。     

利用结构特征的点云快速配准算法

为提高三维激光扫描点云的配准精度以及效率,解决数据点缺失、点云散乱时的配准问题,结合点云的全局和局部结构特征的不变特性,提出基于全局结构特征的初始配准算法和利用局部结构特征的快速精确配准算法。首先,给出全局结构特征的定义,并阐明初始配准方法,证明在点云样本集缺失数据时初始配准算法的有效性;然后,给定一种空间区域的划分方式,并找出划分的空间区域中两个点云的对应点;最后,通过找出的有限个对应点实现点云的精确配准。在仿真和实验数据处理时,该精确配准算法能够有效地完成缺失、散乱点云的精确、快速配准,且在效率和精度上比其他几种算法具有明显优势。     

面向光学测量跨源点云的多尺度采样配准方法

为了实现具有不同测量尺度、分辨率与精度等特性的跨源点云的精确配准,提出了基于多尺度采样的测量点云数据配准方法。通过尺度滑移算法来滤除高频细节信息,保留轮廓数据,并结合体素网格邻域法来实现点云数据的降采样;对于宏观结构光视觉测量的低分辨率点云数据,通过基于深度学习的渐进式三维点云上采样算法可以精确还原结构光点云的轮廓细节,实现跨源点云在尺度与分辨率上的统一。最后,采用迭代最近点法对处理后尺度近似的数据进行配准,并将配准关系逆向用于原始跨源点云的配准。实验结果表明,多尺度采样方法对于跨源点云的配准精度有所提高,能有效用于发动机叶片等零部件的高性能检测。     

基于曲率图的颅骨点云配准方法

为了提高颅骨点云模型的配准精度和收敛速度,提出一种基于曲率图的颅骨点云配准方法。首先对颅骨点云提取以特征点为中心并且包含其相邻点的三维形状块,将所有点投影到二维平面上;将投影点量化到二维支撑区域的相应单元中,并将其加权曲率编码为曲率分布图来构造特征点的区域曲率图描述符;然后基于区域曲率图描述符匹配具有相似局部形状的点来建立匹配点对,采用奇异值分解方法计算颅骨点云间的刚体变换关系,实现颅骨粗配准;最后通过引入动态迭代系数对迭代最近点(ICP)算法进行改进,使用改进的ICP算法实现颅骨的细配准。实验结果表明,所提粗配准方法是一种有效的初始配准方法。与ICP算法相比,改进的ICP算法在配准精度和收敛速度上分别提高了约11%和37%,配准耗时降低了约34%。为了验证所提方法的普适性,还采用兔子点云模型进行验证,结果显示改进的ICP算法的配准效果优于ICP算法。     

基于多源信息融合的果树冠层三维点云拼接方法研究

构建了基于彩色相机和光学混合探测(PMD)相机的多源视觉系统,旨在建立具有真彩色信息的果树冠层三维点云模型,为果树的剪枝、疏花疏果和采摘等果园管理提供技术支持。针对PMD相机获取的目标场景三维点云,结合PMD相机的幅度图像和密度聚类算法提取有效点,利用前期研究的图像配准方法得到多源图像之间的坐标转换关系,完成了果树冠层多源信息融合。通过主成分分析法得到较好的初始位置,再采用最近点迭代算法,实现两组三维点云之间的拼接。对自然场景下的开花期和坐果期的果树冠层三维点云拼接方法进行了实验验证,结果表明多视角三维点云拼接误差为2.62cm,可以较好地弥补单个角度下拍摄造成的数据缺失,实现了果树冠层完整的三维显示。     

基于多维混合柯西分布的点云配准

为提高三维点云在数据随机缺失和噪声干扰等复杂情况下的配准精度,提出一种基于多维混合柯西分布(MMC)的点云配准方法。将点云数学模型扩展为MMC模型,求解模型各参数,并构造出特征四面体,以优化旋转矩阵与平移向量;通过最大期望算法分别求出目标点云和待配准点云在MMC模型下的数据中心、协方差矩阵和权重的值。仿真与实验数据表明:与几种常用的算法相比,MMC算法即使在点云数据存在遮挡、缺失,大小不一致,含随机噪声,且具有无序性的条件下,也能精确配准,且具有良好的稳健性。     

一种基于三维形状上下文特征的点云配准算法

针对点云配准过程中点云数据量大、配准时间长、配准精度低的问题,提出了一种基于内部形态描述子（intrinsic shape signatures, ISS）和三维形状上下文描述子（3D shape context, 3DSC）的点云配准算法。该方法首先使用体素网格滤波器对点云进行下采样,接着利用ISS算法提取特征点,并通过3DSC进行描述,然后通过改进的随机采样一致性（randon sample consensus, RANSAC）算法进行粗匹配,最后用改进的迭代最近点算法（iterative closest point, ICP)对点云进行精匹配。试验结果表明,与基于ISS+3DSC的三维正态分布变换(normal distribution transformation, NDT)算法和基于采样一致性初始配准（sample consensus initial aligment, SAC-IA）的ICP算法相比,本文算法的配准精度及效率更高,且对于数据量大的点云也有较好的匹配效果。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.