Young’s modulus and internal friction in porous biocarbon white pine wood precursors

This paper reports on a study performed in the temperature range 100–293 K, in air and in vacuum, for the amplitude and time dependences of the Young’s modulus and the internal friction (ultrasound damping) of biocarbon precursors prepared from white pine wood at two pyrolysis (carbonization) temperatures of 1000 and 2400°C. The measurements have been conducted by the resonance technique with a composite vibrator on samples cut along and across the tree growth direction. The desorption of molecules of the external medium at low amplitudes of ultrasonic vibrations has been found to produce the pronounced influence on the effective elastic modulus and elastic vibration decrement. The data obtained from acoustic measurements of the amplitude dependences of the elastic modulus have been used to estimate the microplastic properties of the samples. It has been shown that increasing the carbonization temperature gives rise to noticeable changes in the Young’s modulus and internal friction, as well as to reduction of the microplastic stress σ _y of the biomaterial studied. The stress σ _y of the samples cut across the growth direction has been found to be substantially smaller than that of the “longitudinal” samples. The elastic and microplastic properties of precursors prepared from white pine wood have been compared with those of the white eucalyptus wood.     

Elastic and inelastic properties of SiC/Si biomorphic composites and biomorphic SiC based on oak and eucalyptus

This paper reports on the results of a comparative investigation into the elastic and microplastic properties of biomorphic SiC/Si composites and biomorphic SiC prepared by pyrolysis of oak and eucalyptus with subsequent infiltration of molten silicon into a carbon matrix and additional chemical treatment to remove excess silicon. The acoustic studies were performed by the composite oscillator technique using resonant longitudinal vibrations at frequencies of about 100 kHz. It is shown that, in biomorphic SiC (as in biomorphic SiC/Si) at small-amplitude strains ε, adsorption and desorption of the environmental (air) molecules determine to a considerable extent the Young’s modulus E and the internal friction (decrement of acoustic vibrations δ) and that the changes in E and δ at these amplitudes are irreversible. The stress-microplastic strain curves are constructed from the acoustic data for the materials under study at temperatures of 100 and 290 K.     

Young’s modulus and internal friction of the SiC/Si biomorphic composite based on the sapele wood precursor

The effect of the vibrational strain amplitude on the Young’s modulus and ultrasound absorption (internal friction) of a SiC/Si biomorphic composite prepared by pyrolysis of sapele wood followed by infiltration of silicon were investigated. The studies were conducted in air and in vacuum by the acoustic resonance method with the use of a composite vibrator in longitudinal vibrations at frequencies of about 100 kHz. Measurements performed on sapele wood-based bio-SiC/Si samples revealed a substantial effect of adsorption-desorption of molecules contained in air on the effective elasticity modulus and elastic vibration decrement. Microplastic characteristics of the SiC/Si composites prepared from wood of different tree species were compared.     

Concentration dependences of the elastic constants of the two-dimensional graphene-silicene system

The concentration dependences of the elastic constants of the two-dimensional Si _x C_{1 − x} system have been investigated with the use of the Harrison bonding-orbital method and the Keating model. The central and non-central force constants and the Grüneisen parameter have been considered by means of the bonding-orbital method. All quantities under consideration have been shown to exhibit a nonlinear behavior during the transition from graphene to silicene. A nontrivial role of the short-range repulsion has been discussed. The second-order and third-order elastic constants, the pressure dependences of the second-order elastic constants, as well as the Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus have been investigated in the Keating model. It has been found that the elastic constants and Young’s modulus change almost linearly upon the transition from graphene to silicene, whereas the other quantities under consideration exhibit nonlinearity.     

Micromechanical properties of carbon–silica aerogel composites

Materials’ endurance to mechanical stress is desirable from a technological point of view. In particular, in the case of silica aerogels, an improvement of the material elasticity is needed for some applications. Carbon–silica aerogel composites have been obtained and their mechanical properties, Young’s modulus, elastic parameter and hardness, have been evaluated with a dynamical, non-destructive microindentation technique. Large changes are found in Young’s modulus when only a small amount of carbon is added. This is clearly shown in the shape of the indentation curves as well as in the increase of the elastic parameter value, which evaluates the percentage of elasticity versus plasticity. Young’s modulus values obtained for carbon–silica aerogels show a similar variation with the carbon mass fraction to that predicted by a commonly used model for composite materials. The measured hardness values corresponding to the total elastoplastic deformation do not show such a prominent dependency on the carbon mass fraction as the elastic parameter and Young’s modulus do and they are similar to those measured for the pure-silica aerogel. Received: 18 May 2001 / Accepted: 30 July 2001 / Published online: 30 October 2001     

Elasticity and inelasticity of the SiC/Al-13Si-9Mg biomorphic metal ceramics

The acoustic investigations of the elastic (Young’s modulus) and microplastic properties of a composite material, the SiC/Al-13Si-9Mg biomorphic metal ceramic, were performed. The ceramic was prepared by infiltration of the Al-13Si-9Mg melt into porous silicon carbide derived from wood of two species of trees, beech and sapele. The measurements were performed with a composite piezoelectric vibrator under resonance conditions, with rod-shaped samples vibrated longitudinally at about 100 kHz over a wide range of vibrational strain amplitudes, which included both the linear (amplitude-independent) and nonlinear (microplastic) regions. It was shown that the Young’s modulus and the microplastic properties of the composite are anisotropic and depend substantially on the tree species, particularly when longitudinal vibrations are excited in samples cut along the tree fibers.     

Amplitude dependence of the internal friction and Young’s modulus defect of polycrystalline indium

The dependences of the internal friction and the Young’s modulus defect of polycrystalline indium on the oscillatory strain amplitude have been studied over a wide range of temperatures (7–320 K) and oscillatory strain amplitudes (10⁻⁷−3.5 × 10⁻⁴) at oscillatory loading frequencies of about 100 kHz. It has been revealed that the amplitude dependences of the internal friction and the Young’s modulus defect include stages associated with the interaction of dislocations with point defects and the interdislocation interaction. The temperature range characterized by the formation of point-defect atmospheres (the Cottrell atmospheres) near dislocations in indium has been determined.     

Internal friction and Young’s modulus of a carbon matrix for biomorphic silicon carbide ceramics

The amplitude, temperature, and time dependences of the Young’s modulus and internal friction (ultrasonic attenuation) of a eucalyptus-based carbon biomatrix intended for preparing biomorphic silicon carbide ceramics were studied. Adsorption and desorption of molecules of the ambient medium (air) was shown to determine, to a considerable extent, the effective Young’s modulus and acoustic vibration decrement of a specimen. A doublet maximum in the temperature dependence of ultrasonic attenuation was observed at a temperature close to the sublimation temperature of solid CO₂. The microplastic properties of the material were estimated from acoustic measurement data.     

Elasticity,anelasticity, and microplasticity of directionally crystallized aluminum-germanium alloys

The structure, Young’s modulus defect, and internal friction in aluminum-germanium alloys have been studied under conditions of longitudinal elastic vibrations with a strain amplitude in the range of 10^?6?3 × 10^?4 at frequencies about 100 kHz. The ribbon-shaped samples of the alloys with the germanium content from 35 to 64 wt % have been produced by drawing from the melt by the Stepanov method at a rate of 0.1 mm/s. It has been shown that the dependences of the Young’s modulus defect, logarithmic decrement, and vibration stress amplitude on the germanium content in the alloy at a constant strain amplitude have an extremum at 53 wt % Ge. This composition corresponds to the eutectic composition. The dependences of the Young’s modulus defect, the decrement, and vibration stress amplitude at a constant microstrain amplitude have been explained by the vibrational displacements of dislocations, which depend on the alloy structure.     

Elastic,micro- and macroplastic properties of polycrystalline beryllium

The Young’s modulus and the internal friction of beryllium polycrystals (size grain from 6 to 60 μm) prepared by the powder metallurgy method have been studied as functions of the amplitude and temperature in the range from 100 to 873 K. The measurements have been performed using the composite piezoelectric vibrator method for longitudinal vibrations at frequencies about 100 kHz. Based on the acoustic measurements, the data have been obtained on the elastic and inelastic (microplastic) properties as functions of vibration stress amplitudes within the limits from 0.2 to 30–60 MPa. The microplastic deformation diagram is shown to become nonlinear at the amplitudes higher than 5 MPa. The beryllium mechanical characteristics (the yield strength σ _0.2, the ultimate strength σ _u , and the conventional microscopic yield strength σ _y ) obtained with various grain sizes are compared. At room temperature, all the parameters satisfactorily obey the Hall-Petch relationship, although there is no complete similarity. The temperature dependences are quite different, namely: σ _0.2(T) and σ _u (T) decrease monotonically during heating from room temperature to higher temperatures; however, σ _y (T) behaves unusually, and it has a minimum near 400 K. The different levels of stresses and the absence of similarity indicate that the scattering of the ultrasound energy and the formation of a level of the macroscopic flow stresses in beryllium occur on dislocation motion obstacles of different origins.     

Micromechanical properties of carbon nitride films deposited by radio-frequency-assisted filtered cathodic vacuum arc

Super-hard and elastic carbon nitride films have been synthesized by using an off-plane double-bend filtered cathodic vacuum arc combined with a radio-frequency nitrogen-ion beam source. A nanoindenter was used to determine the micromechanical properties of the deposited films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to study the composition and bonding structure of the deposited films. The influence of nitrogen ion energy on the structure and micromechanical properties of the deposited films was systematically studied. As the nitrogen ion energy is increased, the microhardness, Young’s modulus and elastic recovery also increase, reaching a maximum of 47 GPa, 400 GPa, and 87.5%, respectively, at a nitrogen ion energy of 100 eV. Further increase in nitrogen ion energy results in a decrease in microhardness, Young’s modulus and elastic recovery of the deposited films. The formation of five-membered rings, as indicated by XPS, which causes bending of the basal planes and forms a three-dimensional rigid covalent bond network, contributes to the super-hardness, Young’ s modulus and high elastic recovery of the films deposited at a nitrogen ion energy of 100 eV. Revised version: 29 October 2001 / Accepted: 7 November 2001 / Published online: 2 May 2002     

Elasticity and inelasticity of biomorphic silicon carbide ceramics

The effect of the vibration strain amplitude on the Young modulus and ultrasonic absorption (internal friction) in biomorphic SiC ceramics is investigated in the temperature range 116–296 K. The biomorphic SiC ceramics is prepared through pyrolysis of eucalyptus with subsequent infiltration of silicon. It is demonstrated that the vibration loading of samples in air and under vacuum is accompanied by a number of unexpected effects. The behavior of the studied ceramics is governed by at least two mechanisms, which, to a large extent, are responsible for the elastic and inelastic properties of the material. One mechanism is associated with the adsorption-desorption of environmental molecules (hypothetically, owing to the presence of pores and residual carbon), and the other mechanism involves microplastic deformation due to the motion of dislocations or other (similar) structural units.     

Elastic constants of lead-bismuth alloys

A study of ultrasonic velocities and internal friction has been carried out in Pb-Bi alloys in the concentration range of 0 to 49.5 atomic % Bi using the composite oscillator technique. From the velocity and density data a set of elastic constants namely, Young’s modulus, rigidity modulus, bulk modulus and Poisson’s ratio are estimated. The results are interpreted in terms of the phase changes occurring in the alloy system. Internal friction is found to be more sensitive than the elastic constants to the phase changes.     

Acoustic study of the elastic and inelastic properties of high-pressure polyethylene samples with different irradiation histories

The influence of vibrational deformation amplitude ε on the dynamic elasticity modulus (Young’s modulus E) and internal friction (logarithmic decrement δ) of high-pressure polyethylene samples with different histories is studied. Acoustic measurements are made by a resonance method using the longitudinal vibrations of a composite piezoelectric vibrator at a frequency of ≈ 100 kHz. The dependences E(ε) and δ(ε) are taken at room temperature. From the acoustic data, the elasticity and microplasticity of the samples are estimated. It is found that the microplasticity remains almost unaffected upon irradiation and aging, while the elasticity modulus and breaking elongation per unit length considerably depend on the history and clearly correlated with each other. The observed effects are explained by the fact that atom-atom interaction and defects inside polymer macromolecules substantially influence the elastic modulus and breaking strength, while the inelastic microplastic strain is most likely associated with molecule-molecule interaction, which is affected by irradiation insignificantly.     

Anisotropy of the thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of the SiC/Si biomorphic composite based on a white-eucalyptus biocarbon template

The thermal conductivity κ and electrical resistivity ρ of a cellular ecoceramic, namely, the SiC/Si biomorphic composite, are measured in the temperature range 5–300 K. The SiC/Si biomorphic composite is fabricated using a cellular biocarbon template prepared from white eucalyptus wood by pyrolysis in an argon atmosphere with subsequent infiltration of molten silicon into empty through cellular channels of the template. The temperature dependences κ(T) and ρ(T) of the 3C-SiC/Si biomorphic composite at a silicon content of ～30 vol % are measured for samples cut out parallel and perpendicular to the direction of tree growth. Data on the anisotropy of the thermal conductivity κ are presented. The behavior of the dependences κ(T) and ρ(T) of the SiC/Si biomorphic composite at different silicon contents is discussed in terms of the results obtained and data available in the literature.     

Elastic properties of graphene: The Keating model

The elastic properties of graphene have been described in terms of the Keating model. It has been shown that the two-dimensional structure of graphene is described by two independent elastic constants, like an isotropic solid. The Young’s modulus and the Poisson’s ratio have been determined. The results are compared with the experimental data obtained for graphite.     

Deposition of fullerene films from the ablation plasma generated by high-power ion beams on graphite targets

A possibility of deposing carbon films with a high content of C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerenes from an ablation plasma generated as a result of irradiation of graphite targets by pulsed high-power ion beams is shown. The relative contents of the crystalline diamond-like carbon phase, crystalline fullerene phase, and amorphous carbon phase have been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis for different deposition conditions. The nanohardness and Young’s modulus of the deposited films and their adhesion to the single-crystal silicon substrate have been measured.     

Consideration of mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes under various loading conditions

In this article, mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with various radiuses under tensile, compressive and lateral loads are considered. Stress–strain curve, elastic modulus, tensile, compressive and rotational stiffness, buckling behaviour, and critical axial compressive load and pressure of eight different zigzag and armchair SWCNTs are investigated to figure out the effect of radius and chirality on mechanical properties of nanotubes. Using molecular dynamic simulation (MDS) method, it can be explained that SWCNTs have higher Young’s modulus and tensile stiffness than compressive elastic modulus and compressive stiffness. Critical axial force of zigzag SWCNT is independent from the radius, but that of armchair type rises by increasing of radius, also these two types show different buckling modes.     

Elastic,electronic and thermodynamic properties of fluoro-perovskite KZnF3 via first-principles calculations

The elastic, electronic and thermodynamic properties of fluoro-perovskite KZnF₃ have been calculated using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method. The exchange-correlation potential is treated with the generalized gradient approximation of Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (GGA-PBE). Also, we have used the Engel and Vosko GGA formalism (GGA-EV) to improve the electronic band structure calculations. The calculated structural properties are in good agreement with available experimental and theoretical data. The elastic constants C _ij are calculated using the total energy variation with strain technique. The shear modulus, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio and the Lamé coefficients for polycrystalline KZnF₃ aggregates are estimated in the framework of the Voigt-Reuss-Hill approximations. The ductility behavior of this compound is interpreted via the calculated elastic constants C _ij . Electronic and bonding properties are discussed from the calculations of band structure, density of states and electron charge density. The thermodynamic properties are predicted through the quasi-harmonic Debye model, in which the lattice vibrations are taken into account. The variation of bulk modulus, lattice constant, heat capacities and the Debye temperature with pressure and temperature are successfully obtained.     

Elasticity and inelasticity of silicon nitride/boron nitride fibrous monoliths

A study is reported on the effect of temperature and elastic vibration amplitude on Young’s modulus E and internal friction in Si₃N₄ and BN ceramic samples and Si₃N₄/BN monoliths obtained by hot pressing of BN-coated Si₃N₄ fibers. The fibers were arranged along, across, or both along and across the specimen axis. The E measurements were carried out under thermal cycling within the 20–600°C range. It was found that high-modulus silicon-nitride specimens possess a high thermal stability; the E(T) dependences obtained under heating and cooling coincide well with one another. The low-modulus BN ceramic exhibits a considerable hysteresis, thus indicating evolution of the defect structure under the action of thermoelastic (internal) stresses. Monoliths demonstrate a qualitatively similar behavior (with hysteresis). This behavior of the elastic modulus is possible under microplastic deformation initiated by internal stresses. The presence of microplastic shear in all the materials studied is supported by the character of the amplitude dependences of internal friction and the Young’s modulus. The experimental data obtained are discussed in terms of a model in which the temperature dependences of the elastic modulus and their features are accounted for by both microplastic deformation and nonlinear lattice-atom vibrations, which depend on internal stresses.