AlmN2和AlmN2＋ (m＝1～8)团簇结构与稳定性的量子化学研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法, 在6-311G*水平上对Al_mN₂和Al_mN₂^＋ (m＝1～8)团簇的几何构型、电子结构、振动频率和分子轨道进行了理论研究. 结果表明, Al_mN₂类团簇的基态结构有两种基本构型, 一种是以N—N键为核心周围与Al原子相配位形成的, 一种是由两个Al_nN (n≤m/2)分子碎片通过共用Al原子或Al—Al键相互结合形成的. 对Al_nN分子碎片相互结合形成结构的绝热电离能讨论得到, m为偶数的团簇比m为奇数的稳定.     

二元合金团簇CoGe-n(n=1~12)的结构和稳定性

用密度泛函(DFT)方法与反射式飞行时间质谱及光电子能谱的实验结果相结合, 研究了二元合金团簇负离子CoGe-n(n=1~12)的结合能、几何结构与电子结构. 理论计算得到的电子亲和势(EA)光电子能谱测量的结果符合得较好. 通过分态密度(PDOS)分析了s, p和d轨道电子的相互作用规律. 讨论了团簇的稳定性, 认为CoGe-10具有幻数团簇的性质.     

密度泛函理论研究(IrO2)n(n = 1-5)纳米团簇的稳定性及其电子性质

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)中的UB3LYP方法全参数优化了(IrO_2)n(n=1~5)纳米团簇的几何构型,并对能量、频率、电子性质以及相对稳定性进行了研究。结构优化表明,当n=1,2时,团簇为平面结构,n2时为三维结构。计算结果表明,桥位O原子与Ir原子之间有更多的电荷发生转移;通过计算解离能可知(IrO_2)n(n=2~5)纳米团簇中Ir4O8为稳定分子;经计算垂直电离能和垂直电子亲和势可知n=2,4为团簇的幻数。     

基于密度泛函理论分析团簇ConMoS(n=1~5)电子性质、光学性质及磁性

为了从理论层面深入探究团簇Co_nMoS （n=1~5）的电子性质、光学性质及磁性,弄清其内在关联,依据拓扑学原理和密度泛函理论,在B3LYP/def2-TZVP量子化学水平和多个自旋多重度下对该团簇进行结构优化并分析。结果表明：团簇Co_nMoS共有21种稳定构型;通过对NPA （自然布居分析,natural population analysis）电荷、静电势、亲电指数、电离势、光学电负性和折射率等分析得出,金属原子有高概率失去电子,非金属原子相对更容易得到电子,团簇Co₅MoS中的构型5a在最稳定构型中有高的得失电子能力、反应活性和折射率,Co和Mo原子易发生亲核反应,S原子易发生亲电反应;对该团簇自旋布居数、原子磁矩、轨道磁矩和态密度分析发现,该团簇磁性主要由Co原子的d轨道提供,且团簇Co₃MoS表现出了比其它尺寸团簇更为稳定和优异的磁性。最终得出团簇Co₃MoS在磁性方面有较好的表现且构型5a在活性和光学领域有一定的潜力。     

基于密度泛函理论分析团簇ConMoS(n=1~5)电子性质、光学性质及磁性

为了从理论层面深入探究团簇 Co_nMoS(n=1~5)的电子性质、光学性质及磁性,弄清其内在关联,依据拓扑学原理和密度泛函理论,在B3LYP/def2-TZVP量子化学水平和多个自旋多重度下对该团簇进行结构优化并分析。结果表明：团簇ConMoS共有21种稳定构型;通过对NPA(自然布居分析,natural population analysis)电荷、静电势、亲电指数、电离势、光学电负性和折射率等分析得出,金属原子有高概率失去电子,非金属原子相对更容易得到电子,团簇Co₅MoS中的构型5a在最稳定构型中有高的得失电子能力、反应活性和折射率,Co和Mo原子易发生亲核反应,S原子易发生亲电反应;对该团簇自旋布居数、原子磁矩、轨道磁矩和态密度分析发现,该团簇磁性主要由Co原子的d轨道提供,且团簇Co₃MoS表现出了比其它尺寸团簇更为稳定和优异的磁性。最终得出团簇Co₃MoS在磁性方面有较好的表现且构型5a在活性和光学领域有一定的潜力。     

(GaP)n和(GaP)n－ (n＝10～16)团簇的结构与稳定性研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP/Lanl2dz方法对(GaP)_n和(GaP)_n^－ (n＝10～16)团簇的一系列异构体的结构和稳定性进行了研究. 讨论了中性团簇得到一个电子之后, 几何结构和电子性质的变化. 频率分析预测出最强吸收峰位于341～390 cm^－1区域. 从能隙、结合能和能量二次差分等方面综合考虑, 具有T_h对称性的(GaP)₁₂和(GaP)₁₂^－分别是中性(GaP)_n和阴离子(GaP)_n^－团簇中最稳定的, 而具有T_d点群结构的(GaP)₁₆也比较稳定, 究竟哪种结构易于合成还有待于实验的进一步证实. 在相同理论水平上计算了基态(GaP)_n (n＝10～16)的绝热电子亲合势(AEAs)及其基态阴离子的垂直电离能(VDEs), 这对以后的实验数据分析将有一定的参考价值.     

GamN (m＝1～9)团簇结构与稳定性的量子化学研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法, 在6-31G*水平上对Ga_mN (m＝1～9)团簇的几何构型、电子结构、振动频率等性质进行了理论研究. 给出了将Ga_mN团簇中化学键键型和成键数目的多少与团簇的稳定性相结合, 可以较快找到Ga_mN团簇基态结构的一种方法. 通过对基态结构的能量二次差分讨论, 得到m为奇数的Ga_mN团簇比m为偶数的稳定.     

VB2n-(n=8~12)团簇几何结构、电子及热力学特性的理论研究

基于卡里普索结构预测程序和密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算,搜索确定了VB_2n^-（n=8~12）团簇的基态和亚稳态结构。结果发现,V原子的掺杂完全改变了原硼团簇的结构并提高了原体系的稳定性。掺杂体系基态结构分别呈现高对称性的鼓状（VB₁₆^-：C_2v）、管状（VB₁₈^-：C_2v和VB₂₀^-：C_s）及笼状（VB₂₂^-：C₂和VB₂₄^-：D_3h）结构。基于基态结构,研究了体系的电荷转移和极化率,拟合出了光电子能谱、红外和拉曼谱图,分析了流变键和芳香特性。最后,研究了体系的热力学特性,讨论了温度对热力学参数的影响。     

Cu_nNi(n=2-13)团簇基态结构和电子特性的密度泛函研究

基于第一性原理,利用密度泛函理论中广义梯度近似(GGA)对团簇Cun-1Ni和Cun(n=3-14)进行了结构优化和能量计算,结果表明,单质Cu团簇不是以密实结构而是以类平面结构生长,但Ni的掺杂使得Cu团簇结构以二十面体为基础生长并且增加了团簇的稳定性;团簇结合能的二阶差分计算表明Cu3Ni,Cu7Ni和Cu9Ni结构最为稳定;在团簇的最稳定结构中Ni原子趋于占据团簇的中心位置和更多的Cu原子形成化学键;位于表面的Cu原子成为Mülliken电荷的接受体而带负电性,这也可能是Ni掺杂Cu合金耐腐蚀性增强的原因之一;Ni的掺杂使原来没有磁性的铜团簇显示了磁性且总自旋磁矩表现明显的奇偶振荡,为1或2μB,与团簇的尺寸无关.     

TinO2和TinO2-(n=1-10)团簇的几何结构、电子和磁性质

基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法,研究了TinO2和TinO2-(n=1-10)团簇的几何结构、电子结构以及磁性.结果表明,两个氧以分离的原子状态吸附在金属团簇的表面,呈现出以一个钛原子为中心的O-Ti-O的相邻吸附形式.中性团簇和阴离子团簇的能量最低结构相似.稳定性分析表明TinO2具有很高的稳定性,特别是TiO2和Ti7O2.此外,详细讨论了团簇的电离势、电子亲和能、电子解离能和能隙.基于最低能量结构,讨论了团簇的磁性,发现电荷从Ti原子向O原子转移,并且电荷转移主要发生在TinO2的Ti-3d、Ti-4s和O-2p轨道.磁性团簇中反铁磁序占据主导,磁矩主要来源Ti-3d电子的贡献,而两个氧原子的贡献非常小.     

Comparison of Adsorption Probabilities of O(2) and CO on Copper Cluster Cations and Anions

Reactions of size-selected copper cluster cations and anions, Cu(n)(±), with O(2) and CO have been systematically investigated under single collision conditions by using a tandem-mass spectrometer. In the reactions of Cu(n)(±) (n = 3-25) with O(2), oxidation of the cluster is prominently observed with and without releasing Cu atoms at the collision energy of 0.2 eV. The reactivity of Cu(n)(+) is governed to some extent by the electronic shell structure; the relatively small reaction cross sections observed at n = 9 and 21 correspond to the electronic shell closings, and those at odd sizes in n ≤ 16 match with the clusters having no unpaired electron. On the other hand, the reactivity of Cu(n)(-) exhibits no remarkable decrease by the electronic shell closings and the even-numbered electrons. These behaviors may be due to an influence of the electron detachment of the reaction intermediate, Cu(n)O(2)(-). Both the cations and anions show the dominant formation of Cu(n-1)O(2)(±) in n ≤ 16 and Cu(n)O(2)(±) in n ≥ 17 in the experimental time window. By contrast, Cu(n)(-) (n = 3-11) do not react with CO at the collision energy of 0.2 eV, while Cu(n)(+) (n = 3-19) adsorb CO though the cross sections are relatively small. The difference in the reactivity between the charge states can be understood in terms of the frontier orbitals of the Cu cluster and O(2) or CO.     

Photodissociation of noble metal-doped carbon clusters

Noble metal carbide cluster cations (MC(n)(+), M = Cu, Au) are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed molecular beam and detected with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Copper favors the formation of carbides with an odd number of carbon atoms, while gold shows marked drops in ion intensity after clusters with 3, 6, 9, and 12 carbons. These clusters are mass selected and photodissociated at 355 nm. Copper carbides with an odd number of carbons fragment by eliminating the metal from the cluster; for the small species it is eliminated as Cu(+) and for the larger species it is lost as neutral Cu. Copper carbides with an even number of carbons also lose the metal, but in addition to this they eliminate neutral C(3). This even-odd alternation, with the even clusters having mixed fragments, holds true for clusters as large as CuC(30)(+). No loss of C(2) is observed for even the largest clusters studied, indicating that fullerene formation does not occur. The gold carbide photodissociation data closely parallel that of copper, with even clusters losing primarily C(3) and odd ones losing gold. Comparisons to known carbon cluster ionization potentials give some insight into the structures of carbon photofragments. DFT calculations performed on CuC(3-11)(+) allow comparisons of the energetics of isomers likely present in our experiment, and metal-carbon dissociation energies help explain the even-odd alternation in the fragmentation channels. The simplest picture of these metal-doped carbides consistent with all the data is that the small species have linear chain structures with the metal attached at the end, whereas the larger species have cyclic structures with the metal attached externally to a single carbon.     

Cluster increments for macropolyhedral boranes

Cluster increments derived for individual cluster fragments reproduce the DFT computed relative stabilities of macropolyhedral boranes usually within +/-6 kcal mol(-1). A simple summation procedure helps to select the best partner for a given cluster fragment in order to construct the thermodynamically most stable macropolyhedral borane. Cluster increments are considerably smaller for nido-cluster fragments with an even number of vertexes than for odd nido-cluster fragments pointing towards high thermodynamic stability of macropolyhedral boranes with even numbered nido-units.     

Adsorption of molecular hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide on Au clusters

The authors present theoretical results describing the adsorption of H2 and H2S molecules on small neutral and cationic gold clusters (Au(n)((0/+1)), n=1-8) using density functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation. Lowest energy structures of the gold clusters along with their isomers are considered in the optimization process for molecular adsorption. The adsorption energies of H2S molecule on the cationic clusters are generally greater than those on the corresponding neutral clusters. These are also greater than the H2 adsorption energies on the corresponding cationic and neutral clusters. The adsorption energies for cationic clusters decrease with increasing cluster size. This fact is reflected in the elongations of the Au-S and Au-H bonds indicating weak adsorption as the cluster grows. In most cases, the geometry of the lowest energy gold cluster remains planar even after the adsorption. In addition, the adsorbed molecule gets adjusted such that its center of mass lies on the plane of the gold cluster. Study of the orbital charge density of the gold adsorbed H2S molecule reveals that conduction is possible through molecular orbitals other than the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level. The dissociation of the cationic Au(n)SH2+ cluster into Au(n)S+ and H2 is preferred over the dissociation into Au(m)SH2+ and Au(n-m), where n=2-8 and m=1-(n-1). H2S adsorbed clusters with odd number of gold atoms are more stable than neighboring even n clusters.     

Structural evolution and stabilities of neutral and anionic clusters of lead sulfide: joint anion photoelectron and computational studies

The geometric and electronic structures of both neutral and negatively charged lead sulfide clusters, (PbS)(n)/(PbS)(n)(-) (n = 2-10) were investigated in a combined anion photoelectron spectroscopy and computational study. Photoelectron spectra provided vertical detachment energies (VDEs) for the cluster anions and estimates of electron affinities (EA) for their neutral cluster counterparts, revealing a pattern of alternating EA and VDE values in which even n clusters exhibited lower EA and VDE values than odd n clusters up until n = 8. Computations found neutral lead sulfide clusters with even n to be thermodynamically more stable than their immediate (odd n) neighbors, with a consistent pattern also being found in their HOMO-LUMO gaps. Analysis of neutral cluster dissociation energies found the Pb(4)S(4) cube to be the preferred product of the queried fragmentation processes, consistent with our finding that the lead sulfide tetramer exhibits enhanced stability; it is a magic number species. Beyond n = 10, computational studies showed that neutral (PbS)(n) clusters in the size range, n = 11-15, prefer two-dimensional stacking of face-sharing lead sulfide cubical units, where lead and sulfur atoms possess a maximum of five-fold coordination. The preference for six-fold coordination, which is observed in the bulk, was not observed at these cluster sizes. Taken together, the results show a preference for the formation of slightly distorted, fused cuboids among small lead sulfide clusters.     

羰基镍簇Ni(CO)n(n=1-4)的结构和Ni-CO键解离性质的密度泛函理论研究

在密度泛函理论框架下, 应用不同泛函计算了配合物Ni(CO)n(n=1~4)的平衡几何构型和振动频率. 考察了泛函和基组重叠误差对预测Ni—CO键解离能的影响. 计算结果表明, 用杂化泛函能得到与实验一致的优化几何构型和较合理的振动频率. 对Ni(CO)n(n=2~4)体系, 用“纯”泛函, 如BP86和BPW91, 可得到与CCSD(T)更符合、 并与实验值接近的解离能. 当解离产物出现单个金属原子或离子(如金属羰基配合物的完全解离)时, BSSE校正项的计算中应保持金属部分的电子结构一致. 只有考虑配体基组和不考虑配体基组两种情况下金属的电子构型与配合物中金属的构型一致时, 才能得到合理的BSSE校正, 从而预测合理的解离能.     

Experimental and theoretical studies of (CsI)n Cs+ cluster ions produced by 355 nm laser desorption ionization

Collision cross-sections of gas-phase (CsI)n = (1-7)Cs(+) cluster ions formed by pulsed-UV laser (355 nm) desorption ionization are measured by ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Experimental collision cross-sections are compared with calculated cross sections of candidate structures generated from a search for the lowest energy structures at the DFT/B3LYP/LACV3P** and MP2/LACVP3P** levels. The relative stabilities of these candidate structures are examined by IM-CID-MS, and the experimental results are compared to theoretical predictions. Analysis of (CsI)n = (1-7)Cs(+) cluster ion dissociation energies shows that the lower fragmentation thresholds are observed for cluster ions with the lower predicted stability.     

HcnS^—与HSC^—n簇离子的量子化学从头计算

应用量子化学从头计算能量解析梯度法，以ＨＦ６／３１Ｇ为基组优化了ＨＣｎＳ＾－与ＨＳＣ＾－ｎ（ｎ＝１～９）同分异构团簇离子的几何结构，计算了它们的电子总能量，结果显示ＨＣｎＳ＾－比相应的ＨＳＣ＾－ｎ稳定，从相邻簇离子的能量差及簇离子的平均原子结构能可知ｎ为偶数的ＨＣｎＳ＾－与ＨＳＣｎ＾－较ｎ为奇数的簇离子稳定，能量的差异随着ｎ的增加而逐渐减小，计算和实验结果完全相符，还分别计算了ＨＣｎＳ＾－失去Ｈ，     

Structure and dissociation characteristics of metal chloride anion clusters containing redox-active metal ions studied by laser desorption and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and ab initio calculations

Copper chloride anion clusters with both copper oxidation states can be made by laser desorption of CuCl(2) crystals. We have used this method to study the dissociation characteristics of such cluster ions. The stability and the structure of the observed complexes were probed by ab initio calculations. These calculations show that many of these complexes are bridged structures. Thus, for the Cu(2)Cl(4) dimer anion, formally [ClCu-Cl-CuCl(2)](-) , with putative mixed copper oxidation states, the two copper ions become equivalent through bridging. Such bridging does not occur when redox inactive metal ions are present as in [ClCu-Cl-CaCl(2)](-) . By observing the dissociation characteristics of a variety of metal chloride cluster anions produced from binary mixtures, the following Cl(-) affinity order is obtained: FeCl(3) > CuCl > CaCl(2) > FeCl(2) > AgCl ≈ CuCl(2) ≈ ZnCl(2) > LiCl. Ab initio calculations on the Cl(-) affinity of selected chlorides confirm this order as do Cl(-) affinity estimates from the experimentally known vertical electron detachment energies of the superhalogens CaCl(3)(-) and LiCl(2)(-) . An equimolar mixture of CuCl(2) and FeCl(3) produces an intense cluster ion, which, from (65)Cu labeling experiments, is best described as FeCl(4)(-)···Cu(+)···(-)Cl(4) Fe, a Cu(+) bound superhalogen FeCl(4)(-) dimer. The Cu(+) ion can be replaced by the redox inactive alkali cations and by Ag(+) but these metal ion bound FeCl(4)(-) dimers show an entirely different fragmentation behavior which is attributed to the absence of bridging. Electrospray ionization (ESI) of CuCl(2) produces an extended series of (CuCl(2))(n) Cl(-) anions (n = 1-11) and so in ESI very limited reduction of Cu(2+) takes place. The (CuCl(2))(n) Cl(-) anions show an abundant dissociation via loss of neutral Cu(2)Cl(4) which according to our ab initio calculations is 9 kcal/mol more stable than two CuCl(2).     

Role of axially coordinated surface sites for electrochemically controlled carbon monoxide adsorption on single crystal copper electrodes

The adsorption of CO on low index copper single crystals in electrochemical environments has been investigated. The results, analysed through a combination of in situ infrared spectroscopy, DFT and cyclic voltammetry, reveal a unique adsorption behaviour when compared to previous studies on copper and the more widely studied noble metal surfaces. By employing small, weakly specifically adsorbed electrolytes, it is shown that carbon monoxide is adsorbed over a much wider electrode potential range than previously reported. The electrochemical Stark shift (δν/δE) observed is similar for the three Cu(hkl) surfaces examined despite different surface coverages. Most notably, however, is an electrochemical feature observed at ca. -1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) on the (110) surface. It is proposed that this voltammetric feature arises from the reduction/oxidation of Cu(δ+) surface sites involved in the binding of carbon monoxide with the participation of the electrolyte anion. This provides additional specific sites for CO adsorption. DFT calculations support the proposed presence of low-coordination copper sites stabilised by electrolyte anions. An experimental electron transfer rate constant of 4.2 s(-1) to the Cu(δ+) surface sites formed was found. These new observations concerning the surface electrochemistry of CO on Cu indicate that the electrocatalytic behaviour of Cu electrodes in processes such as CO(2) reduction need to be re-evaluated to take account of the rich adsorption behaviour of CO, including the co-adsorption of the electrolyte anion to these sites.