固体核磁共振研究固体酸催化剂酸性进展

酸性直接与固体酸催化剂的活性相关,因此研究固体酸催化剂的酸性受到了科研工作者的广泛关注. 固体核磁共振技术已经成为研究固体酸催化剂酸性的一种强有力的工具. 该文介绍了固体核磁共振的特点和各种常用技术,着重综述了固体核磁共振研究固体酸催化剂酸性的进展.     

固体核磁共振技术研究金属氧化物类固体酸催化剂的酸碱性

固体核磁共振技术是研究固体催化剂酸碱性的有效工具.本文主要介绍了本课题组利用固体核磁共振技术进行固体酸催化剂酸碱性研究的进展,包括吸附水分子对金属氧化物表面酸性质影响的研究,以及结合酸碱探针分子共吸附表征方法对金属氧化物表面酸碱性的研究,对固体核磁共振技术定性和定量分析固体催化剂的酸碱性提出了一些新的见解.     

氧化物纳米材料表面结构与性质的固体核磁共振波谱研究

氧化物纳米材料的多种应用与其表面结构和性质密切相关.近年来,固体核磁共振波谱在相关研究中提供了关键信息.本综述总结了近期发展的、以固体核磁共振波谱为主的两种表征氧化物纳米材料表面结构和性质的方法,包括表面选择的同位素标记¹⁷O核磁共振波谱与动态核极化表面增强核磁共振波谱,并对氧化物纳米材料的固体核磁共振波谱研究的发展趋势进行了展望.     

五配位铝强化硅铝固体酸的固体核磁共振研究

Brønsted酸（B酸）是无定型硅铝（ASAs）表面最重要的催化活性位点.通常认为B酸位的形成只依赖于不饱和四配位铝（Al^IV）,且仅具有弱B酸性.通过合成五配位铝（Al^V）富集的ASAs能够大幅提升高铝硅比（Al/Si）时的B酸含量及强度,克服传统Al^IV富集的ASAs的酸性强化瓶颈.本文介绍了Al^V在ASAs酸性强化及合成单原子催化剂中的重要作用.通过采用多种二维固体核磁共振（SSNMR）及原位质子NMR技术,证明了Al^V能够大量富集在ASAs表面,着重介绍了两种基于Al^V的新B酸位的形成机制,并阐明了Al^V诱导单原子催化剂在ASAs表面形成的机理.     

固体核磁共振技术在锡硅分子筛表征中的应用

生物质等绿色资源的高效转化利用是催化科学的重要发展方向.锡硅分子筛因具有优良的催化性能而得到相关研究者的普遍关注.准确构建催化剂活性中心结构/酸性与催化反应性能之间的构效关系是新型高效催化剂设计与研发的基础.固体核磁共振（NMR）是研究分子筛活性中心局域结构、酸特性与催化反应机理的重要手段.本文简述了近年来固体NMR技术在锡硅分子筛研究领域的一系列主要进展,并进行了展望.     

固体酸催化剂及分子筛晶化过程的核磁共振研究

介绍了一些常规固体核磁共振的技术的发展状况, 并综述了固体核磁共振在多孔材料中的应用情况, 其中包括沸石分子筛酸性和结构表征以及目前在分子筛合成机理研究中的应用进展. 本文的主要内容是利用固体核磁共振结合其它表征技术研究了一类介孔固体酸催化材料的酸性以及两种微孔磷铝分子筛的合成晶化过程.  利用有机聚合物为模板剂合成出两种介孔复合氧化物MoO_x/ZrO₂与WOx/ZrO₂固体酸材料. 并对其进行了物理化学性质的表征. 研究发现它们在较高的焙烧温度下仍保持有较高的比表面积及规整的孔径. 利用固体核磁共振技术及DFT计算的方法发现在介孔WO_x/ZrO₂及MoO_x/ZrO₂表面存在两种类型的Br[AKo¨D]nsted酸位, 其酸强度强于传统的HZSM-5分子筛, 与典型的固体强酸硫酸锆相当, 但弱于100％的硫酸. 借助于理论计算清楚地揭示了酸性位的具体结构和酸强度信息, 且计算结果与实验结果符合得非常好. 除了弱酸性的Zr-OH基团外, 在介孔氧化锆表面存在大量的Lewis酸位（配位不饱和的Zr⁴⁺）. 在引入Mo或W物种后, Mo-OH或W-OH与不饱和的Zr⁴⁺配位产生作为Br[AKo¨D]nsted酸位的桥式Mo-OH-Zr(或W-OH-Zr)羟基, 并且导致氧化锆表面Lewis酸位的大量减少. 利用理论计算证实了单聚或多聚体形式的桥式Mo-OH-Zr(或W-OH-Zr)羟基是强Br[AKo¨D]nsted酸性位产生的根源, 同时提出了酸性位形成的机理. 利用水热晶化法合成了AlPO₄-5和MgAPO-36两种具有重要工业潜在应用价值的分子筛材料并用固体核磁共振技术结合X射线衍射、傅里叶红外、高分辨电子显微镜等技术研究了它们的详细晶化过程. 研究发现在HF存在条件下加热120 min后具有AFI类型的骨架晶化开始. 此时³¹P NMR谱中在δ -22与 δ -29处出现两个来源于骨架P-O-Al单元的信号, ¹⁹F NMR谱中在 δ -120处出现来源于骨架F-Al_pen-O-P单元的信号, 证实了晶体骨架开始形成. 另外, 凝胶中五配位Al（F-Al_pen-O-P）的出现是分子筛晶化开始的另一个标志. 利用²⁷Al→³¹P HETCOR、 ³¹P{²⁷Al} TRAPDOR及¹H→³¹P CP/MAS等双共振实验详细研究了初始凝胶相及晶化开始时凝胶相的结构, 在120 min加热凝胶中区分出具有不同化学环境的配位P原子, 提出了详细的晶化过程机理.  对于另一种具有高活性的镁取代的MgAPO-36分子筛催化材料, XRD发现在第二阶段423 K时, 加热1.5 h后骨架晶化开始. ³¹P NMR证实此时凝胶相中形成了P-O-Al及Mg-O-P骨架单元, 此后（2 h）凝胶相中出现半晶相的棒状颗粒. 并最终晶化为不规则球状的MgAPO 36晶体（18 h后）. 利用²⁷Al→³¹P HETCOR及¹H→³¹P CP/MAS分析了中间凝胶相的微观结构并利用³¹P{²⁷Al} TRAPDOR NMR技术研究骨架晶化开始时凝胶相中P(nAl) (n=1~4)的配位结构, 得出了5种具有不同配位状态的微观化学环境, 提出了详细的晶化过程机理.     

高聚物微观结构的固体NMR研究

核磁共振波谱是研究高聚物结构和动力学的有效手段,特别是固体高分辨NMR实验方法的不断发展及谱仪技术的进步,使这方面的研究不断深入. 文中简述了若干固体高分辨NMR技术在固态高聚物结构研究中的应用和重要进展. 部分实验工作在Varian UNITYplus 400MHz NMR谱仪的固体单元上完成.     

沸石^17O固体核磁共振研究进展

沸石作为一类最重要的固体氧化物材料,是17O固体核磁共振最早研究对象之一.近年来,随着核磁共振谱仪磁体场强的不断提高,以及新脉冲序列的发展,17O固体核磁共振被越来越多地应用于沸石的结构表征,在研究骨架氧结构以及测定Brnsted酸位的O-H键长等方面都提供了非常丰富的信息.本文将介绍17O固体核磁共振的特点,回顾20年来它在沸石研究方面的发展并着重介绍近期这一方面的研究突破.     

石墨烯固体酸催化转化葡萄糖为化学品

利用氢化钠和丙磺酸内酯合成出了磺化石墨烯催化剂,采用XPS、FT-IR、TEM等方法对其进行了表征,并且对此催化剂催化葡萄糖的转化反应进行了研究．探究此催化剂在纯水中、没有添加任何有机溶剂下催化转化葡萄糖制备高附加值化学品方面的催化活性,在最优的反应条件下, 5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)最高产率可达28.8%,产物甲酸、乳酸和HMF的总产率可达51.94%．经过5次催化反应,催化剂仍表现出相对高的催化活性,三种产物的产率依然较高,表明此种固体酸催化剂有很好的热稳定性．     

量化计算在预测NMR参数和固体催化剂酸性中的应用

本论文将量化计算和NMR实验方法相结合,研究了有机分子在分子筛孔道中的吸附以及分子筛H-MCM-22和重要烷基化催化剂BF₃/γ-Al₂O₃的酸结构和酸强度, 同时我们成功将组合量子化学ONIOM-GIAO方法用到大体系化学位移的计算.  (1) 将ONIOM-GIAO方法用来预测有机固体化合物和吸附在分子筛孔道中有机小分子的¹³C化学位移屏蔽张量. 以前该方法仅被用来研究小的体系,我们成功将其用于预测氨基酸分子和一系列被吸附有机分子的¹³C的化学位移. ONIOM-GIAO方法充分将氨基酸晶体(或分子筛骨架)的空间结构和静电势的影响考虑到活性中心化学位移的计算中,计算得到的¹³C化学位移与实验值符合得非常好.  (2) 分子筛中铝原子和Brǒnsted酸性质子的分布将直接影响到分子筛的催化反应活性. 我们利用ONIOM方法研究了铝原子在分子筛MCM-22骨架中的分布状态,结合探针分子(丙酮和三甲基膦氧)的固体NMR实验,确定了MCM-22分子筛的酸强度和酸分布,合理地解释该分子筛对某些催化反应所表现出的独特选择性.  (3) 结合固体NMR实验结果,用量化计算方法从原子分子水平揭示了重要烷基化催化剂BF₃/γ-Al₂O₃酸位形成机理,提出来了BF₃表面修饰γ-Al₂O₃后所产生Brǒnsted和Lewis酸性位的结构. 理论计算提出的酸性位的结构和酸强度特征完全符合NMR的实验结果.  (4) 量化计算表明当异丙醇与萘分子共吸附在丝光沸石孔道中,异丙醇呈现被分子筛Brǒnsted酸质子化的趋势. 这是由于萘分子大的共轭体系所表现出的强溶剂诱导效应,分散了异丙醇碳正离子的电荷,这是一种新的非极性溶剂所产生的诱导效应.     

Advances in solid-state NMR of membrane proteins

Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) is an NMR spectroscopy applied to condensed-phase systems, including membrane proteins. Membrane protein fold and function are dependent upon interactions with surrounding bilayer components. Structural and functional analyses are thus challenging, and new approaches are needed to better characterise these systems. SSNMR is uniquely suited to the examination of membrane proteins in native environments, and has the capabilities to elucidate complex protein mechanisms and structures. Notable research implementing SSNMR is aimed at developing new strategies and technology to efficiently target membrane proteins within synthetic and biological membranes. Significant advances have been made: observation of protein function in native environments, emergence of in situ methods to examine integral proteins within natural membranes, sensitivity enhancement techniques and cutting-edge structure determination methods. We present how these advances are applied to answer outstanding questions in structural biology. Experiments have shown consistent results for protein investigations in biological membranes and synthetic lipid compositions, indicating that SSNMR is an innovative and direct approach for the study of these systems.     

Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of the nature, property, and activity of acid sites on solid catalysts

Further progress in the field of heterogeneous catalysis depends on our knowledge of the nature and behavior of surface sites on solid catalysts and of the mechanisms of chemical reactions catalyzed by these materials. In the past decades, solid-state NMR spectroscopy has been developed to an important tool for routine characterization of solid catalysts. The present work gives a review on experimental approaches and applications of solid-state NMR spectroscopy for investigating Brønsted and Lewis sites on solid acids. Studies focusing on the generation of surface sites via post-synthesis modification routes of microporous and mesoporous materials support the development of new and the improvement of existing catalyst systems. High-temperature and flow techniques of in situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy allow a deeper insight into the mechanisms of heterogeneously catalyzed reactions and open the way for studying the activity of acidic surface sites. They help to clarify the activation of reactants on Brønsted and Lewis acid sites and improve our understanding of mechanisms affecting the selectivity of acid-catalyzed reactions.     

固氩高压物态方程和弹性性质的密度泛函理论计算

 用平面波赝势方法结合局域密度近似密度泛函理论（DFT-LDA）计算了零温下固态氩晶体在压力0~82 GPa的p-V关系和弹性性质,计算结果与静高压实验数据符合较好,计算结果表明局域密度近似方法能较好地描述固氩晶体高压下的性质,采取合理的方法和计算参数,惰性气体固态晶体高压下的力学性质可以比较准确地计算出来,这可为一些还不能通过实验进行研究的物态分析提供借鉴。     

Solid‐State NMR Studies of Pharmaceutical Systems

Abstract

High‐and low‐resolution solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) applications to the study of pharmaceuticals are reviewed. Examples are shown involving the use of mono‐and bidimensional SSNMR techniques based on different nuclear interactions and the measurement of several nuclear parameters, such as chemical shifts, line widths, and relaxation times (T₁, T₂, T_1ρ). The systems investigated include pure active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), substances used as drug excipients, and solid dispersions formed by APIs and excipients, up to final drug formulations. The most important aspects treated concern structural, dynamic, and morphological properties, and, in particular, identification, characterization, and quantitation of polymorphs and related forms, conformational and crystalline packing behavior, amorphous phase properties and stability, effects of drug processing, molecular motions, API‐excipient and excipient‐excipient chemical and physical interactions, and phase mixing in heterophasic systems.     

Laser-Induced Fluorescence of Base Adsorbed on Surface Sites in Solid Catalysts

The interaction of quinoline with the surface of Nafion-H and Nafion-H (13 wt%)/silica gel composites, silica gel itself, HY zeolite, dealuminated or not, and two types of alumina is studied by laser-induced fluorescence. Strong Brønsted acid sites interact with quinoline to form the quinolinum, that ion being revealed by a band peaking at 390 nm. When Lewis acid sites are present, a complex formed between these sites and quinoline is observed. A dimeric species and the diffusion of the adsorbates on the surface of the Nafion-H polymer are discussed.     

Multidimensional solid-state NMR spectroscopy of plant cell walls

Plant biomass has become an important source of bio-renewable energy in modern society. The molecular structure of plant cell walls is difficult to characterize by most atomic-resolution techniques due to the insoluble and disordered nature of the cell wall. Solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy is uniquely suited for studying native hydrated plant cell walls at the molecular level with chemical resolution. Significant progress has been made in the last five years to elucidate the molecular structures and interactions of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides in plant cell walls. These studies have focused on primary cell walls of growing plants in both the dicotyledonous and grass families, as represented by the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana, Brachypodium distachyon, and Zea mays. To date, these SSNMR results have shown that 1) cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins form a single network in the primary cell wall; 2) in dicot cell walls, the protein expansin targets the hemicellulose-enriched region of the cellulose microfibril for its wall-loosening function; and 3) primary wall cellulose has polymorphic structures that are distinct from the microbial cellulose structures. This article summarizes these key findings, and points out future directions of investigation to advance our fundamental understanding of plant cell wall structure and function.     

Analysis of Solid Catalysts Surfaces Using Laser-Induced Luminescence Diagnosis

Two applications of laser-induced luminescence spectroscopy for characterizing species at low concentrations in Y zeolites are reported. In reduced copper-exchanged NaY zeolites, time-resolved laser-induced phosphorescence of Cu⁺ ions allows the determination of the density of different Cu⁺ sites, while in acidic Y zeolites, adsorption sites of an aromatic base, quinoline, are identified by laser-induced fluorescence.     

Experimental aspect of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance studies of biomaterials such as bones

Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy is increasingly becoming a popular technique to probe micro-structural details of biomaterial such as bone with pico-meter resolution. Due to high-resolution structural details probed by SSNMR methods, handling of bone samples and experimental protocol are very crucial aspects of study. We present here first report of the effect of various experimental protocols and handling methods of bone samples on measured SSNMR parameters. Various popular SSNMR experiments were performed on intact cortical bone sample collected from fresh animal, immediately after removal from animal systems, and results were compared with bone samples preserved in different conditions. We find that the best experimental conditions for SSNMR parameters of bones correspond to preservation at −20 °C and in 70% ethanol solution. Various other SSNMR parameters were compared corresponding to different experimental conditions. Our study has helped in finding best experimental protocol for SSNMR studies of bone. This study will be of further help in the application of SSNMR studies on large bone disease related animal model systems for statistically significant results.     

Viscoelastic locally resonant double negative metamaterials with controllable effective density and elasticity

A metamaterial that is composed of solid viscoelastic elements with controllable properties is proposed in this Letter. This enables an adaptable and general acoustic metamaterial to be practically realised. An array of masses with a single elastic connection to a supporting viscoelastic structure, such as one that is dynamically equivalent to an array of Helmholtz resonators, only provides a system with negative effective mass. A local active control scheme applied to each of these masses can emulate additional elastic connections to the supporting structure. An array of masses with a suitable local control scheme can provide both the negative effective stiffness and mass required for negative refraction. The tuneable feedback control parameters determine the characteristics of the region of double negativity.