Sound fluctuations caused by internal waves in a shallow sea

Estimates are presented for the fluctuations of the parameters of low-frequency sound fields in shallow-water regions of the Barents Sea, in the presence of seasonal internal gravity waves. The objective of the experiments is to reveal the main mechanisms that govern the sound fluctuations and their statistical parameters on paths of moderate lengths (50–60 to 100–120 km). Another objective is to determine the features of the sound interaction with internal waves for the sound speed profile of the summer—autumn type for which the water stratification is most pronounced. As the probing signals, continuous tonal ones produced by bottommoored sources at the frequencies about 100 and 300 Hz are used along with the 1/3-octave noise signals with the central frequency 1000 Hz, which are generated by a source deployed from a vessel. For the signal reception, both fixed bottom-moored hydrophones and a vertical chain of hydrophones are used, the chain also being deployed from the vessel. The water temperature, the salinity, and the thermocline displacements are monitored with standard hydrographic sensors. The following main results are presented: the estimate of the degree of correlation between the sound fluctuations and the parameters of the water layer, the comparison of the fluctuations in the signal amplitude envelope with the data obtained in other regions, and the estimate of the statistical parameters of the signal amplitude fluctuations, including their dependence on the path length. One more result consists in the proof of the wave nature of the interaction of sound and internal waves, which manifests itself in a strong dependence of the sound interaction with internal waves of discrete frequencies on the frequency of the probing signal and on the angle at which these wave beams intersect. An attempt is made to explain the observed phenomena by the synchronism in the interacting sound and gravity waves. The data obtained can be used to analyze and compare the fluctuations of the sound fields in the ocean, especially in shallow-water regions.     

Sound field phase front variations in shallow water in the presence of intense internal waves

The method of vertical modes and horizontal rays and the method of parabolic equation in the horizontal plane are used to study space-time fluctuations of the phase front of the sound field in the presence of a train of internal waves passing through the acoustic path. The possibility of measuring the distortions of the phase front with a simultaneous filtering of modes by a horizontal array is analyzed. A numerical simulation is carried out for the conditions corresponding to the Eastern coast of United States and the Barents Sea.     

浅海温跃层声散射实验研究

本文给出１９８８、１９８９和１９９２年夏季南黄海海域三站位（水深３４米、４４米和３９米）处的温跃层声脉冲反向散射实验结果。实验用窄带脉冲声源的中心频率分别为１２０ｋＨｚ、１６０ｋＨｚ和２００ｋＨｚ。实验过程中同时用ＣＴＤ仪昼夜分段记录温、盐、深参数和分层拖网采集浮游生物样本。作者根据Ｒ．Ｋｉｎｄ关于平面波在任意分布不均匀层系上反射系数谱的计算方法，求出以实测温、盐垂直分布构成的不均匀层系上反射系数谱，得到跃层散射在时域上的数值模拟散射信号，与海上实测记录在时域和幅度进行对比。三年同期重复实验结果表明：实测跃层散射波到达接收点的时间与按温度剖面所做数值模拟计算结果相符。浮游生物样品分析数据与声信号记录看不出确定的对应关系，说明声散射主要是海水介质的物理不均匀性引起。     

南海东沙海域线性内波引起的声场统计特性

海洋内波对声传播及水声探测具有重要影响。利用南海东沙附近海域一次低频声传播起伏实验同步获取的声学与水文观测数据,从水文连续观测数据中提取了内波特征参数,验证了修正线性内波频谱公式,用蒙特卡洛方法统计分析了存在线性内波条件下的声场起伏特性,并用射线理论解释了声源与跃层相对位置对声场起伏的影响机理。结果表明:随着频率、平均能流密度和收发距离的增加,最大概率传播损失(TL)增大;受线性内波活动的影响,与“上发下收”相比,“下发下收”情况下传播损失的概率分布更发散;随着收发距离的增加,内波的累积效果更加显著,在“下发下收”情况下,40 km处传播损失概率分布最大可增加至8 dB;在负跃层环境下,内波的扰动更有利于声线穿越温跃层。     

典型浅海温跃层内波对声场起伏的影响

本文描述了在夏季典型海区,温跃层内波起伏和不同距离声振幅起伏的实验测量结果。温度起伏记录时间48.96h,温跃层厚度约2-4m,温差达10-15℃。等温线内波垂直位移有5-6m,且主要受最低阶模式支配。测量获得的内波垂直空间频谱特性中,除潮周期占主要成分外,0.05-0.143cpm(7-20min)之间有明显的谱峰,谱衰减系数在-1.5--1.7之间。数值计算表明内波相、群速度在低频段完全相同,均为0.329m/s;随频率增加,相、群速度从约0.03cpm(33.33min)开始分离,且群速度值下降更快。在不同距离接收点,声振幅信号起伏有8-10dB;随距离增加,起伏有加快的趋势,并伴有信号衰落现象。谱衰减系数在-1,45--2之间。最后,用PE算法,模拟计算在内波起主导作用下的声振幅起伏。     

Low-frequency horizontal acoustic refraction caused by internal wave solitons in a shallow sea

The effect of internal wave solitons on the sound field generated by a point source in a shallow sea is considered. In the framework of the theory of “horizontal rays and vertical modes,” the sound field pattern governed by the aforementioned hydrodynamic effect is investigated. It is shown that solitons can induce time-periodic focusing and defocusing of horizontal rays propagating at shallow angles to the internal wave front. This may result in the formation of “dynamical” horizontal sound channels, which, in its turn, results in considerable temporal fluctuations of the field along the acoustic track oriented along the internal wave front. For the sound field calculations, an approach is developed on the basis of the parabolic approximation in the horizontal plane and the mode representation in the vertical direction. The results obtained can be used for remote monitoring of internal wave packets in a shallow sea.     

负跃层浅海声传播的一个新现象——远程传播中的海底散射波

本文分析了负跃层浅海中的一次声传播实验。爆炸声源位于跃层之下,两个接收水听器分别位于跃层上、下。在远距离处跃层上水听器接受到的信号由两部分组成:从声源直接传播到接收点的多途信号(穿透波)和一个随后到达的强度比前者大得多的信号(散射波)。通过理论计算和数值拟合,我们认为后者是跃层下传播的声波激发的海底散射信号,这部分信号不但可应用于远距离传输,而且还可能用来反演三维海底散射的有关参数。     

Effect of background internal waves on the interference structure of the sound field in a shallow sea

The results of a theoretical analysis of the effect produced by an anisotropic field of background internal waves on the localization of the interference pattern in a shallow sea are presented. The space-time variability of the interference invariant and the smearing of the observation direction of interference fringes are considered in a wide frequency range. The stability of the interference pattern formed by both the superposition of the fields of different mode groups and separate mode groups is analyzed in comparison with the unperturbed waveguide. Numerical calculations are performed for longitudinal and transverse orientations of the acoustic track relative to the propagation direction of internal waves.     

三维浅海环境下孤立子内波对低频声能流的传播影响

针对三维浅海环境下孤立子内波对低频声信号传播特性的影响问题,基于Oxyz坐标系下的三维浅海低频声场有限元计算方法,以声能流为研究对象,仿真分析了内波存在对低频声信号传播特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:受内波影响,在xOz平面,声能流垂直分量的传播偏转角度呈现周期性的起伏规律;随着声源深度的增加,内波对声能流偏转角度的影响深度也随之增加。对xOy平面,当声源位于温跃层以上时,随着接收深度的增加,各深度平面上声能流水平分量的偏转角越大;随着声源深度的增加,内波对各深度平面上声能流的影响逐渐减弱。     

Effect of intense internal waves on the sound field interference structure

The effect of a train of internal-wave solitons on the formation of space-frequency interference pattern of sound field in an oceanic waveguide has been analyzed. Numerical calculations have been performed for the shallow-water channel parameters corresponding to the conditions of the SWARM’95 natural experiment.     

An experimental study of acoustic scattering from thermocline in shallow sea

I.IntroductionThetemperature,salinityandstaticprcssureofscawaterchangewithdepth,whichformsthcsoundvelocityvertica1distributioninthesea.Duringsummcrscason,thercaren0n-uniformthermoclinelaycrsinthedepths0fshallowseaal0ngChinacoast.Wearenowabletodeducctheimpedanccproflle(pc)byechoesofacousticwavesfr0mvarioustherm0c1ine1ayers.Thewaterdcnsityvaricsonlyslight1y,hencetheac0usticve1ocityde-Pendsmainlyonthetemperatureofseawatcr,andthercfore,itispossiblctorecordthcdepthofthermoclinelaycrsbyusingacoust…     

浅海孤子内波对水平纵向相关性的影响*

基于理论和模型仿真对孤子内波存在下的水平纵向相关系数的变化进行了研究。理论上推导出浅海孤子内波存在情况下的声场水平纵向相关系数随时间的变化规律,并且运用二维抛物方程模型（Ram）验证理论推导结果。结果表明,孤子内波会导致水声纵向相关系数的变化,并且水平纵向相关系数的变化是由于简正波的干涉所导致。我们给出特定环境下的水平纵向相关系数随时间变化的结果,当环境中第一、二号简正波占主导地位时,水平纵向相关系数会呈现出周期变化的结果。     

Effect of internal waves on intrusions in a thermocline and on upwelling

Results of the investigation into the interaction of internal waves and flows and the elaboration of a relevant mathematical model are reported. It is found in the field experiments that internal waves develop against the background of upwelling, which results in formation of jets causing intrusion velocity fluctuations. The mechanism and mathematical model of this process are proposed. A mathematical model of the suspended matter transport by jets with a wave-modulated trajectory is developed and verified.     

Frequency shifts of sound field maxima under the effect of intense internal waves

Numerical simulation is carried out to study frequency shifts of a low-frequency sound field maxima under the effect of solitary internal waves (solitons) propagating along an acoustic track in the presence of mode coupling. The frequency shifts are measured by the correlation method. Simulation data obtained with allowance for mode coupling and data obtained in the adiabatic approximation are compared and analyzed.     

Space-frequency dependence of the Horizontal structure of a sound field in the presence of intense internal waves

Sound propagation in a shallow sea is considered in the presence of a packet of intense internal waves. It is shown that horizontal refraction caused by these packets can lead to noticeable changes in the spectrum and spatial intensity distribution of a signal propagating approximately parallel to the wave fronts of internal wave packets.     

Acoustic effects caused by high-intensity internal waves in a shelf zone

The sound field fluctuations caused by high-intensity, solitonlike, quasi-plane internal waves crossing a fixed acoustic path at different angles are numerically modeled for natural conditions of the shelf zone of the Sea of Japan. The horizontal refraction of sound is considered for the case of an acoustic path parallel to the internal wave front.     

采用混合模型数值模拟从深海到浅海内波的传播

在南海东沙岛附近, 从MODIS遥感图像发现内波传播是从深海经陆架坡再到浅海, 由于深海和浅海环境条件的差异以及传播模型的适用条件不同, 因此 不能采用同一模型模拟内波的传播, 需用两种模型来分别模拟内波在深海和浅海中的传播. 采用差分法, 首先用非线性薛定谔方程模拟了深海内波的传播, 然后用EKdV方程模拟了内波在浅海中的继续传播. 模拟结果与实际的MODIS遥感内波图像相符合, 并与应用单一模型模拟结果相比, 混合模型模拟该海区的内波传播更接近遥感实测, 表明了混合模型的合理性.     

采用混合模型数值模拟从深海到浅海内波的传播

在南海东沙岛附近, 从MODIS遥感图像发现内波传播是从深海经陆架坡再到浅海, 由于深海和浅海环境条件的差异以及传播模型的适用条件不同, 因此 不能采用同一模型模拟内波的传播, 需用两种模型来分别模拟内波在深海和浅海中的传播. 采用差分法, 首先用非线性薛定谔方程模拟了深海内波的传播, 然后用EKdV方程模拟了内波在浅海中的继续传播. 模拟结果与实际的MODIS遥感内波图像相符合, 并与应用单一模型模拟结果相比, 混合模型模拟该海区的内波传播更接近遥感实测, 表明了混合模型的合理性.     

Modelling of shallow sea waves in non-linear transmission lines

Summary We have modelled gravity waves in shallow water by means of non-linear transmission lines working in the radiofrequency range. The analogy between a one-dimensional shallow-water medium and a transmission line is demonstrated by the similarities of both their non-linear and dispersive properties. We discuss the results of our experiments on specially constructed radiofrequency models, and compare them with the observations of other authors on shallow-water sea swell. The formation of the shallow-water swell spectrum may be explained, in a whole variety of cases, by the non-linear mixing of the spectral components of waves approaching the shore. This is accompanied by both up- and down-conversion of the wave energy.