Study on analysis of153Sm-EDTMP stability in vitro and vivo by HPLC

The behavior of¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP in vitro and vivo is analyzed by the size exclusion HPLC. The experimental results show that EDTMP amounts have an obvious effect on the stability in vitro and uptake of¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP in the liver. HPLC analysis of urine sample indicates that¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP es excreted in the original form. The behavior in vivo of¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP containing 4 μg is similar to that of¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP containing 50 μg EDTMP at 1 h post-injection.     

Kit preparation of153Sm-EDTMP and factors affecting radiochemical purity and stability

A fast kit method was developed for the production of¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP in two steps avoiding the use of nitric acid, evaporation and sterilization of the final solution by autoclave. Methods of analysis for the determination of chemical and radiochemical purity in the radiopharmaceutical solution were established. Factors affecting radiochemical purity and stability of the complex as the molar ratio of EDTMP/Sm, concentration of phosphate buffer and neutralization of EDTMP prior kit preparation were also analyzed. The use of this radiopharmaceutical in rabbits and patients showed selective skeletal uptake.     

153Sm metallic-hydroxide macroaggregates: An improved preparation for radiation synovectomy

A new type of preparation employing¹⁵³Sm metallic-hydroxide macroaggregates (¹⁵³Sm-MHM) for radiation synovectomy was developed. The radiopharmaceutical was prepared by reacting the aqueous solution of¹⁵³SmCl₃ with sodium borohydride solution in 0.5N NaOH. Microscopic analysis showed that¹⁵³Sm-MHM mean particle size was 4 m (range 1–15 m) avoiding the formation of fine particles (<1 m) which were¹⁵³Sm-hydroxide macroaggregates preparations (¹⁵³Sm-HM). Also, suspension properties as sedimentation rate, were better for¹⁵³Sm-MHM than for¹⁵³Sm-hydroxyapatite and¹⁵³Sm-HM. Biological studies in normal rabbits demonstrated high retention into de Knee joint space even at 48 h after administration of¹⁵³Sm-MHM (>99%).     

Some radiation protection problems connected with the use of186Re-HEDP and153Sm-EDTMP for palliative therapy of bone metastases

The paper deals with the problem of the outpatient administration of¹⁸⁶Re-HEDP and¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP for palliative therapy of bone metastases. The subsequent 6 hours stay of the treated patients in a department of nuclear medicine appears to be in compliance with regulations proposed in the Czech Republic as well as with ICRP recommendations.     

A potential bone tumor therapeutic agent153Sm-EDTMP: Its synthesis and preliminary structure analysis

Samarium-153-EDTMP (ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonate), for its promising biological properties, has been proved as a palliating therapeutic agent for boné cancer in human beings. In this article, we present the results on synthesis and structure analysis of Samarium-153-EDTMP. In a basic medium,¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP can be readily prepared with a complexing yield not less than 98%, and it is confirmed that the ratio of the ligand to Sm is 11, and the charge of¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP is negative two.     

Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline nanoparticles in the presence of magnetic field and samarium chloride

A new and economical method of preparing polyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles will be introduced in this article. Compared with conventional methods, this method is much more simple and convenient. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows that the diameter of particles are between 30 and 50 nm, which is in good agreement with the results of a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Polyaniline/SmCl₃/Bp, polyaniline/SmCl₃ and polyaniline/HCl were prepared in a solution containing 1.0 mol dm⁻³ aniline, 1.0 mol dm⁻³ HCl with and without 0.5 mol dm⁻³ SmCl₃, in the presence and in the absence of a magnetic field, respectively. Their conductivity, UV-vis spectra, FTIR spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were investigated. Changes in UV-vis and FTIR spectra indicate a strong interaction between Samarium ions (SmCl₃) and polyaniline chains. The conductivity of PANI depends on magnetization and concentration of Sm³⁺. Polyaniline/SmCl₃/Bp has the higher degree of crystallinity than that of polyaniline/HCl.     

希土化合物对离体巨噬细胞的影响

本文应用细胞培养法和单细胞阳离子测定系统研究了希土化合物以地巨噬细胞的影响，结果表明，在培养介质中ＳｍＣｌ３和Ｙｃｌ３的浓度大于１ｍｍｏｌ．ｄｍ＾－３时，有明显的细胞毒性，Ｙｃｌ３的细胞毒性大于ＳｍＣｌ３，ＳｍＣｌ３和ＹＣｌ３的细胞毒性明显大于Ｓｍ（Ａｌａ）３Ｃｌ３和Ｙ（Ａｌａ）２Ｃｌ３。希土化合物的作用使细胞（Ｃａ＾２＋ｉ）升高；毒性越大，Ｃａ＾２＋ｉ升高越甚。低浓度Ｓｍ＾３＋和Ｙ６３＋对细胞膜     

Optimization of the preparation of153Sm-EDTMP using natural samarium targets for clinical use

¹⁵³Sm (specific activity 3.7 to 5.55 GBq/mg) was produced by irradiating natural Sm₂O₃ at a flux of 2.2·10¹³ n·cm⁻²·s⁻¹. Ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate (EDTMP) was synthesised according to a reported method. Complexation was carried out by varying experimental parameters such as mole ratios of metal to ligand, pH, time and temperature of reaction to obtain quantitative yields. The radiochemical purity of the complex was assessed by various analytical techniques including HPLC. In vitro ligand exchange studies were undertaken to ensure suitability of the product for therapy. Biodistribution studies were carried out in Wistar rats and adequate bone uptake, retention and rapid clearance from blood stream were observed.     

Zum magnetischen Verhalten von SmCl2

On the Magnetic Behaviour of SmCl₂ Crystals of SmCl₂ were prepared by chemical vapour transport from a mixture of SmCl₃, samarium powder, and AlCl₃. The dichloride was investigated by magnetic measurements in the temperature range of 2 K to 300 K. The magnetic data were interpreted theoretically with a previous developed model, where the influence of the crystal field is described by the angular overlap model.     

Extraction and separation of141Ce and153Gd with HDEHP

Studies on liquid-liquid extraction of trace level cerium and gadolinium,¹⁴¹Ce and¹⁵³Gd, from HCl and HNO₃ media with liquid cation exchanger, HDEHP reveal that a quantitative separation of the elements from an admixture of the two radioisotopes can be achieved with 0.1% HDEHP and 0.01N HCl. The condition is also valid for separation of trace amount of¹⁵³Gd from bulk or macro quantity of cerium.     

Protonation equilibria of nitrilotris(methylenephosphonato)-and ethylenediamine-tetrakis(methylenephosphonato)-complexes of scandium,yttrium, and lanthanoids

The protonation equilibria of nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid) (NTMP, H₆L) and ethylenediaminetetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid) (EDTMP, H₈L) complexes of scandium, yttrium, and lanthanoids have been studied potentiometrically at 25°C and at an ionic strength of 0.1 mol-dm^–3 KNO₃. The first protonation constants of NTMP complexes of lanthanoids, K _MHL , decrease with decreasing of the ionic radius of the lanthanoid [log K _MHL =7.82 (La³⁺) –6.90 (Lu³⁺)] and show a so-called Tetrad effect. The second protonation constants, K _{MH 2}L, change very little with the lanthanoid metal ions (logK _{MH 2}L=5.3–5.7). These results suggest that, in the first protonation process in ML, the proton attacks the nitrogen of NTMP rupturing the M-N of M(ntmp)^3–. The pattern of the change in the protonation constants of the EDTMP complexes with the atomic number of the lanthanoid is quite different from that of the NTMP complexes. This fact indicates that the manner of protonation of the EDTMP complexes differs from that of NTMP complexes. The protonation constants of yttrium complexes of NTMP and EDTMP agree with those of lanthanoid complexes, whereas those of scandium complexes deviate from the values predicted from its ionic radius.     

Chemical process study on the separation of gadolinium-153

Three routes of chemical processes for a multicurie production of¹⁵³Gd have been established and demonstrated using one gram of Eu₂O₃ as target irradiated under a neutron flux of 5.0·10¹³n/cm²/s for 42 days. Simulated experiments with the synthetic solution containing appropriate amounts of Gd and Eu and the tracers were performed throughout the established chemical process for verifying its feasibility and the effectiveness. The results show that a high specific activity of 100 Ci/g Gd with the desired radionuclide purity of greater than 99.999% of¹⁵³Gd can be obtained. The chemical yield and processing time among the processes were compared.     

Preparation of153Sm-particles for radiosynovectomy

This paper summarizes the development and preparation procedures for two particulate preparations of¹⁵³Sm, namely the hydroxyapatite (HA) particles and human serum albumin (HSA) microspheres. Preparation of¹⁵³Sm-labeled hydroxyapatite particles and¹⁵³Sm-labeled albumin microspheres were done in two steps. Radiolabeling efficiency was greater than 95% for hydroxyapatite particles and greater than 80% for albumin microspheres.     

Sm(II)-Mediated Reduction in Water: Importance of the Additive in the Proportionation of SmCl3 and Sm

Mechanistic studies of the SmCl₃-Sm system in water were carried out. The addition of N,N-dimethylacetoamide (DMA) enhanced the reactivity of the one-electron reduction. According to the ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) analysis, DMA was found to accelerate proportionation of SmCl₃ and Sm.     

Analysis of the antitarnish film on a tin surface by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy

A corrosion-resistant complex film formed in ethylenediaminetetra(methylidenephosphonic acid) (EDTMP) solution was determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy to consist of 48.0% O, 11.7% Sn, 7.7% N, 22.1% C and 10.5% P. From the differences in the binding energies of Sn, N and O before and after film formation and the RPO^2?₃ and SnN vibrations in the Raman spectrum of the film, it was deduced that N and O in EDTMP were coordinated with Sn in the film.     

Application of radioisotopes in the field of nuclear medicine

A comprehensive review has been made to discuss the role of various radionuclides of lanthanide series elements in the field of nuclear medicine. The role of several pharmaceuticals labeled with radiolanthanides and used for investigative purposes like measurement of cerebral blood flow, bone density measurement, bone marrow imaging, etc., have been described. The role of lanthanide radionuclides in radiation synovectomy, radioimmunotherapy, etc., have also been discussed. Methods of preparation of some representative radiopharmaceuticals like¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP,¹⁵³Sm-HYP, have been presented. An outline on the production of carrier free radioisotopes of lanthanide series elements has been given.     

High Yield Regioselective Ring Opening of Epoxides Using Samarium Chloride Hexahydrate

Abstract

Epoxides were converted to the corresponding β-azidohydrins and β-iodohydrins using SmCl₃·6H₂O/NaN₃ in DMF and SmCl₃·6H₂O/NaI in acetonitrile respectively. The reactions were highly regioselective, efficient, and gave excellent yields under mild and neutral conditions.     

Lanthanide complexes of ethylenediaminotetramethylene-phosphonic acid

Ethylenediaminotetramethylenephosphonic acid (EDTMP, H₈L) was prepared and its complexes with some lanthanide ions (La, Eu, Gd and Sm) were isolated under various conditions. IR spectra and thermal stabilities of EDTMP and its complexes were studied. The experimental conditions of the preparation influence to the composition of the complexes were shown. In alkaline solution (pH=8) deprotonated (P(O)(O^–)₂), and in acidic solution (pH=3–4) deprotonated and partly protonated (P(O)(O^–)(OH)) and non-protonated (P(O)(OH)₂) phosphonic groups are present in the complexes. All the complexes contain coordinated water molecules. The complexes containing a protonated phosphonic group contain coordinated and hydrogen-bonded water molecules.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A study of samarium ions electroreduction at various electrodes in KCl-NaCl-CsCl melt at <Emphasis Type="Italic">T</Emphasis> = 823 K

Samarium ions electroreduction mechanism was studied on the supporting of KCl-NaCl-CsCl eutectic melt at 823 K on various electrodes (W, Mo, Al, Ni, Pt, and Ag). The diffusion coefficients of SmCl₆³⁻ chloride complexes and Sm³⁺ → Sm²⁺ heterogeneous recharge stage rate constant K _fh⁰ were calculated in KCl-NaCl-CsCl melt at T = 823 K.     

One-pot catalytic synthesis of crown-like macroheterocycles

An efficient procedure has been developed for the synthesis of crown-like N-cycloalkyl-1,5,8-trithia-3-azacyclodecanes and N-cycloalkyl-1,11-dioxa-4,8-dithia-6-azacyclotridecanes by recyclization of saturated oxathiacycloalkanes with carbocyclic amines in the presence of SmCl₃ · 6 H²O as catalyst.