Cosmology and fundamental physics

Connections between fundamental physics and cosmology are discussed.     

Cosmology and new physics

A comparison of the standard models in particle physics and in cosmology demonstrates that they are not compatible, though both are well established. The basics of modern cosmology are briefly reviewed. It is argued that the measurements of the main cosmological parameters are achieved through many independent physical phenomena and this minimizes possible interpretation errors. It is shown that astronomy demands new physics beyond the frameworks of the (minimal) standard model in particle physics. More revolutionary modifications of the basic principles of the theory are also discussed. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Cosmology,particle physics,and superfluid 3He

Many direct parallels connect superfluid³He with the field theories describing the physical vacuum, gauge fields and elementary fermions. Superfluid³He exhibits a variety of topological defects which can be detected with single-defect sensitivity. Modern scenarios of defect-mediated baryogenesis can be simulated by the interaction of the³He vortices and domain walls with fermionic quasiparticles. Formation of defects in a symmetry-breaking phase transition in the early Universe, which could be responsible for large-scale structure formation and for microwave-background anisotropy, also may be modelled in the laboratory. This is supported by the recent observation of vortex formation in neutron-irradiated³He-B where the “primordial fireball” is formed in an exothermic nuclear reaction.     

自由基生物学与物理学

自由基生物学与物理学关系密切，没有物理学关于电子的理论和检测技术，就没有自由基生物学今天的辉煌，没有自由基生物学与物理学的结合，也许至今大部分人都还不知道什么是自由基。文章从自由基生物学的发展讨论物理与生物学的关系。     

自由基生物学与物理学

自由基生物学与物理学关系密切,没有物理学关于电子的理论和检测技术,就没有自由基生物学今天的辉煌,没有自由基生物学与物理学的结合,也许至今大部分人都还不知道什么是自由基。文章从自由基生物学的发展讨论物理与生物学的关系。     

Strange electrostatics in physics,chemistry, and biology

In this paper I will briefly review some curious, and often counterintuitive, results found when the electrostatics and the many-body physics are brought together. The discussion is purely classical, with examples drawn from areas of physics, chemistry, and biology.     

Relationships between quantum physics and biology

The known facts of quantum physics and biology strongly suggest the following hypotheses: atoms and the fundamental particles have a rudimentary degree of consciousness, volition, or self-activity; the basic features of quantum mechanics are a result of this fact; the quantum mechanical wave properties of matter are actually the conscious properties of matter; and living organisms are a direct result of these properties of matter. These hypotheses are tested by using them to make detailed predictions of new facts, and then by showing that the predictions can be verified. The hypotheses are used to predict successfully that the quantum wave properties of matter are strongly predominant in proteins, to explain the presence and relative abundance of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur in proteins, and to explain diffraction phenomena, the behavior of helium II, the exclusion principle, and causality and determinism in modern science, thus closely relating physics and biology.This article is an outgrowth of the author's thesis work in the Graduate School (Physics Department) of the University of Missouri—Rolla.     

Brownian ratchets in physics and biology

Thirty years ago Feynman et al. presented a paradox in the Lectures on Physics: an imagined device could let Brownian motion do work by allowing it in one direction and blocking it in the opposite direction. In the chapter Feynman et al. eventually show that such ratcheting can only be achieved if there is, in compliance with the basic conservation laws, some energy input from an external source. Now that technology is going into ever smaller dimensions, ratcheting Brownian motion seems to be a real possibility in nanotechnological applications. Furthermore, Brownian motion plays an essential role in the action of motor proteins (individual molecules that convert chemical energy into motion).     

Maximum entropy production principle in physics,chemistry and biology

The tendency of the entropy to a maximum as an isolated system is relaxed to the equilibrium (the second law of thermodynamics) has been known since the mid-19th century. However, independent theoretical and applied studies, which suggested the maximization of the entropy production during nonequilibrium processes (the so-called maximum entropy production principle, MEPP), appeared in the 20th century. Publications on this topic were fragmented and different research teams, which were concerned with this principle, were unaware of studies performed by other scientists. As a result, the recognition and the use of MEPP by a wider circle of researchers were considerably delayed. The objectives of the present review consist in summation and analysis of studies dealing with MEPP. The first part of the review is concerned with the thermodynamic and statistical basis of the principle (including the relationship of MEPP with the second law of thermodynamics and Prigogine's principle). Various existing applications of the principle to analysis of nonequilibrium systems will be discussed in the second part.     

系统生物学中的物理问题

在20世纪末到21世纪初的十多年里,生命科学,特别是分子生物学发生了令世人瞩目的变化.生命科学研究飞速发展使人们相信21世纪是生命科学的世纪.与此同时,人们也越来越清楚地意识到生命科学研究的质的飞跃不可能由生物学家独立完成.数学、物理、化学、力学、信息科学在生物学研究中必将担任越来越重要的角色.文章通过介绍几个作者参与的系统生物学研究工作,探讨物理学在系统生物学中应该并能担任的角色.     

系统生物学中的物理问题

在20世纪末到21世纪初的十多年里,生命科学,特别是分子生物学发生了令世人瞩目的变化.生命科学研究飞速发展使人们相信21世纪是生命科学的世纪.与此同时,人们也越来越清楚地意识到生命科学研究的质的飞跃不可能由生物学家独立完成.数学、物理、化学、力学、信息科学在生物学研究中必将担任越来越重要的角色.文章通过介绍几个作者参与的系统生物学研究工作,探讨物理学在系统生物学中应该并能担任的角色.     

嵌段共聚物：物理与化学、生物和工程的美丽邂逅

基于过去三十年的不断探索,嵌段共聚物已成为研究分子自组装和相关基本现象的理想模型体系。定量化理论预测和精确实验观察的携手,使得对于嵌段共聚物平衡态相行为的理解已达成一致,并对于从分子组成到介观相结构,再到宏观材料性质的关联与机理有了比较完整的理解。文章回顾目前理解嵌段共聚物相行为的物理模型及其基本假设,并对嵌段共聚物在物理、化学、生物、工程等学科的研究进行展望。     

Spacetime Quantization, Elementary Particles, and Cosmology

Relativistic quantum mechanics is generalized to account for a universally constant quantum of length a. Its value depends on the total convertible energy content of our universe: E_u = hc/2a. The eigenvalues of all (x,y,z,ct) coordinates are integer or half-integer multiples of a in every particular inertial frame. There are thus several spacetime lattices of lattice-constant a: the normal lattice contains the origin of the chosen frame, while inserted lattices are displaced by a/2 along one or several reference axes. States of motion are defined by possible variations of -functions on any one of these lattices. Particle states are defined by their relative phases, specified by four new quantum numbers, u_x, u_y, u_z, u_ct = 0, ±1, ±2,.... They account for all known elementary particles and yield a natural extension of the standard model. Spacetime quantization solves also the EPR paradox and other difficulties that subsisted in the usual continuum theories. It defines inertial frames and is related to cosmology.     

On the Epistemological Status of Cosmology Anthropic Principle,Cosmological Numbers,and the Subject of Cosmology

It is shown that cosmology destroys the fundamental on which it lies as a natural-scientific discipline if it introduces subjectivistic principles as one of them is the so-called Anthropic Principle that superseds the Copernican turn of sciences. Likewise conceptions are proved as conceptions that contradict the physical cosmology which conceive that the “World harmony” or the physical-uniform grasping of the world can be derived from numbers or relations of numbers. This is due to the fact that these conceptions liquadate the advantage of physics to get via measurements statements about reality.