高功率激光装置输出光束相对光谱功率测量方法

针对SILEX-I超短超强脉冲激光装置输出光束光谱分布的精密测量问题,采用脉冲激光相对光谱功率来评价光谱分布,以溴钨灯为标准光源开展相对光谱功率测量方法的研究,获得相对光谱功率的理论计算公式。以SP2760光栅光谱仪作为光谱测量设备在SILEX-I激光装置上进行了光谱分布测量的验证实验,并给出了不确定度评定,获得了扩展相对不确定度1.7%的测量精度。测量结果显示,相对光谱功率分布与光栅光谱仪的原始光谱响应值分布具有显著的差异,可以更加准确地反映输出脉冲的光谱分布。     

太瓦飞秒脉冲激光峰值功率测量装置及测量不确定度分析

超短超强脉冲激光（飞秒强激光）具有极高的峰值功率,在激光惯性约束聚变、高能物理、激光微加工等领域具有广阔的应用前景。飞秒脉冲激光峰值功率是评价超短超强脉冲激光系统性能的重要参数。介绍了基于光谱相位相干直接电场重构法的太瓦量级飞秒脉冲激光峰值功率测量方法、测量装置组成和工作原理,搭建了一套太瓦量级的飞秒脉冲激光峰值功率测量装置,分析和讨论了影响太瓦激光峰值功率测量结果的测量不确定度分量来源和主要因素。测量峰值功率的重复性为2.9%,测量不确定度达到17.6%(k=2),有效解决了太瓦量级飞秒激光峰值功率测量问题。     

直接吸收光谱多普勒展宽测温中的激光功率稳定研究

国际单位制中温度基本单位"开尔文"的重新定义致使温度测量逐步实现国际协议温度标准与热力学温度标准的融合。基于铯133原子直接吸收光谱的多普勒展宽测温可实现芯片尺度室温范围的热力学温度测量,但其拟合残差及不确定度受限于测量激光的功率稳定性,针对此问题,提出在外腔扫描式激光器的频率稳定基础上,利用声光调制器以及高速比例-积分控制器构建闭环功率稳定系统,提升并评价了测量激光光束的功率稳定性。实验证明测量光束在10mW微弱功率条件下相对噪声强度达到-126dB/Hz,30min内功率稳定性达到0.008%。上述激光功率稳定性有效减小了拟合残差以及不确定度,为实现芯片尺度、在线免标定的热力学温度传感奠定基础。     

绝对吸收式激光能量计高准确度校准技术研究

采用量热法的高能激光能量计用于测量能量大于50 kJ的连续波高能激光能量,通常用已知功率的连续激光开展激光能量计的光电校准需要激光照射时间超过20 min,而由于热损失等原因,进行长时间激光能量校准时,校准不确定度高达12%。以量热式平面吸收高能激光能量计为模型,从理论上分析了热辐射、热对流对连续波高能激光能量测量结果的影响,得到了较准确的平面吸收腔激光能量计冷却数学模型,实现了能量计热损失补偿,并通过建立相应的实验装置验证了该模型,用其对装置的测量结果加以修正,可使光电校准的测量不确定度减小到1%以下。     

高速变像管相机扫描时间和扫描速度的标定技术信

 采用ps光脉冲源和精密延时器对高速变像管相机扫描时间和扫描速度进行标定，给出了标定仪器的精度要求以及标定方法、标定结果和测量不确定度。拟合出扫描时间和扫描速度随扫描位置的变化方程，为实验数据处理提供可靠依据。     

斩波法在激光微能量计标定中的应用

针对激光微能量测量的问题,提出一种激光微能量计标定新方法与装置。研究内容包括使用稳功率连续激光作为光源,通过基于斩波的脉冲发生器组件产生微能量的脉冲激光,分别使用脉冲宽度测量组件与功率测量组件进行采集、软件分析,计算微能量值及通过比对给出待标定能量计的修正系数,计算机自动控制。结果表明,该方法获得的脉冲激光波形稳定,脉冲宽度测量不确定度为0.08%,激光功率测量不确定度为0.25%,实现了对0.1 pJ～1 mJ的激光能量进行准确复现和传递。     

高速变像管相机扫描时间和扫描速度的标定技术信

采用ps光脉冲源和精密延时器对高速变像管相机扫描时间和扫描速度进行标定,给出了标定仪器的精度要求以及标定方法、标定结果和测量不确定度。拟合出扫描时间和扫描速度随扫描位置的变化方程,为实验数据处理提供可靠依据。     

高功率激光诱导光学元件损伤阈值测量的不确定度分析

 激光诱导损伤阈值作为一实验参量,对其结果作不确定度分析有利于激光工作者在某个精度范围内获知该参量的信息。从激光损伤和损伤阈值定义出发,分析了基于ISO11254的损伤几率测试法测试激光诱导损伤阈值的不确定度来源,包括激光能量测量、激光光斑有效面积测量、各能量密度处损伤几率的计算以及对损伤几率点进行直线拟合这4个方面。并利用统计学原理和线性拟合等理论对这4个方面引起的不确定度分量及最终测试结果的相对合成不确定度进行了计算。以1 064 nm高反薄膜样品为例,分析表明：损伤几率点的计算和几率图中损伤几率的直线拟合是损伤阈值测试结果不确定度的主要来源,当样品的损伤阈值为7.79 J/cm²时,这两种因素引起的相对不确定度可分别在4%和18%左右,损伤阈值的相对合成不确定度达18.72%。     

长脉冲高能激光能量测试技术的研究

用锥形腔量热式激光能量计,测量了在不同脉冲宽度条件下,脉冲激光能量和激光吸收腔温升之间的关系,并用传统的方法得到不同激光能量对应的温升,并按照有关公式计算得到激光能量,结果表明实际激光能量和按传统方法计算得到的激光能量之间存在较大的差距;我们从理论上分析了由于热辐射、热传导影响,得出锥形吸收腔时间温度曲线关系的数学模型;用该数学模型对测量得到温度时间曲线进行最小二乘法拟合,拟合曲线和实际曲线非常吻合;通过该曲线我们对测量结果进行修正,和传统数据处理方法比较,该方法得到的结果更接近真值.     

阵列探测器对斜入射激光的功率测量不确定度

为了对斜入射情况下的激光功率进行准确测量,采用了对阵列探测器的功率响应度依角度进行修正的方法。推导了依赖于光源位置、阵列探测器位置和阵列探测器姿态角的激光光线方向余弦和入射角的数学表达式,推导了光线方向余弦和入射角的测量不确定度表达式以及阵列探测器功率修正因子的不确定度表达式,并根据功率表达式进一步推导了功率测量不确定度表达式。由此建立了斜入射情况下激光功率阵列探测器测量方法及功率测量不确定度评定的一套较完整的方法。以典型参数为例,计算了斜入射下阵列探测器测量激光功率的不确定度,结果表明采用修正方法可显著减小激光功率测量不确定度。     

激光差动共焦曲率半径测量不确定度评定

曲率半径是球面光学元件中的重要参数之一,曲率半径的高精度测量已经成为光学元件使用与加工中的一个关键问题。提出了基于差动共焦法的曲率半径测量方法,研制了1套激光差动共焦曲率半径测量系统,并对2组曲率半径测量结果进行不确定度评定。结果表明,2组曲率半径的测量值均与标称值吻合,其相对误差为0.001 15%,两组测量数据的标准不确定度均优于3.211 1110-4 mm。     

阵列探测器对斜入射激光的功率测量不确定度

为了对斜入射情况下的激光功率进行准确测量,采用了对阵列探测器的功率响应度依角度进行修正的方法。推导了依赖于光源位置、阵列探测器位置和阵列探测器姿态角的激光光线方向余弦和入射角的数学表达式,推导了光线方向余弦和入射角的测量不确定度表达式以及阵列探测器功率修正因子的不确定度表达式,并根据功率表达式进一步推导了功率测量不确定度表达式。由此建立了斜入射情况下激光功率阵列探测器测量方法及功率测量不确定度评定的一套较完整的方法。以典型参数为例,计算了斜入射下阵列探测器测量激光功率的不确定度,结果表明采用修正方法可显著减小激光功率测量不确定度。     

Influence of spatial laser energy distribution on evaluated soot particle sizes using two-colour laser-induced incandescence in a flat premixed ethylene/air flame

Time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (LII) has been developed rapidly during the last decade as a useful non-intrusive technique for particle size determination. Still several parameters should be investigated in order to improve the accuracy of LII for particle sizing and the spatial distribution of the laser energy is one of these. Generally a top-hat profile is recommended, as this ensures a uniform heating of all particles in the measurement volume. As it is generally not straightforward to create a uniform beam profile, it is of interest to establish the influence of various profiles on the evaluated particle sizes. In this work we present both an experimental and a theoretical investigation of the influence of the spatial profile on evaluated sizes. All experiments were carried out using a newly developed setup for two-colour LII (2C-LII) which provides online monitoring of both the spatial and temporal profile as well as the laser pulse energy. The LII measurements were performed in a one-dimensional premixed sooting ethylene/air flame, and evaluated particle sizes from LII were compared with thermophoretically sampled soot particles analysed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that although there is some influence of the spatial laser energy distribution on the evaluated particle sizes both in modelling and experiments, this effect is substantially smaller than the influence of the uncertainties in gas temperature and the thermal accommodation coefficient.     

10～500 kHz水听器的激光外差干涉法原级校准

阐述了水听器在10~500 kHz频率范围的激光外差干涉法原级校准的原理和测量装置。利用激光外差干涉系统非接触测量水中反光薄膜在声波调制下引起的多普勒频移,经过零点信号解调算法得到水质点振速,准确复现水下声压量值,之后将水听器置于水中测量点完成对其自由场电压灵敏度的原级校准。对各误差因素进行了分析,详细给出了系统测量不确定度的评定方法,在所测频段的不确定度为0.6 dB (k=2)。将激光外差干涉法水听器校准结果与自由场互易法结果进行了对比,在整个测量频率范围内结果等效,且前者不确定度更小。为建立新的水声计量基准和实现水声量值的扁平化传递奠定了基础。     

A theoretical model for the evaluation of measurement uncertainty of a sound level meter calibration by comparison method in an anechoic room

A theoretical model for the evaluation of measurement uncertainty of a sound level meter (hereafter as `SLM') calibration by comparison method in an anechoic room was developed. Through this model, the uncertainties in the semi-automatic calibration and that in the full-automatic calibration were estimated for the recently developed SLM calibration system. In order to estimate the standard uncertainty against the SLM positioning, which is a significant uncertainty component, the sound field curve-fitting formulae were adopted. The validity of the curve-fitting method was proven by the similarity of the spatial distributions of radiation sound field produced by the plane circular piston source and that by the cone shape source. A linear equation was used to fit the measurements of the sound field distribution along the radiation axis. A quadratic equation was used to fit the measurements along the radial axis normal to the radiation axis. The fitting parameters gave us the sensitivity coefficients of the propagation of the uncertainty. In addition, one of the quadratic fitting parameters was found to be a positional uncertainty itself. Using this model, the expanded uncertainties were evaluated for the semi-automatic and full-automatic calibration of SLM.     

Error propagation in laser beam spatial parameters

We have performed a propagation-of-errors analysis on two methods used to determine the spatial parameters of a laser beam. We measured diameters of a diode laser beam focused by a 993 mm focal length lens. Measurement uncertainties of less than 1% can result in uncertainties greater than 200% in locating the beam waist of the laser. We compare the inherent uncertainties in the spatial parameters as obtained by the two methods. Longer focal length lenses and lens position can reduce this magnification of uncertainty, but would require large propagation distances.     

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱的H2O分子光谱参数测量研究

气体分子吸收谱线的光谱参数是影响吸收光谱测量精度的重要因素,分子光谱数据库中收录的光谱参数大都具有较大的不确定度,用以测量气体温度等参数时会产生较大的测量误差。为了获得可用于燃烧场诊断的H₂O谱线的光谱参数,采用时分复用技术,在温度、压强和H₂O组分浓度可控的环境中对1.4 μm附近的吸收光谱开展了研究。对7 185.60和7 454.45 cm-1两条H₂O谱线的线强度、展宽系数及其温度指数等光谱参数进行测量,实验结果表明,两条谱线的线强度测量值与数据库中的值偏差分别小于2.61%和4.65%,不确定度都小于4%。     

Improved uncertainty budget for optical frequency measurements with microkelvin neutral atoms: Results for a high-stability 40Ca optical frequency standard

Using a Ca optical frequency standard at 657 nm, we demonstrate a method that reduces uncertainties in absolute frequency measurements of optical transitions using freely expanding neutral atoms. Working with atoms that have been laser cooled to 10 μK, we have developed and employed a new technique that combines launching of cold atom clouds with atom interferometry to measure and optimise spectroscopy beam parameters. When applied to a frequency standard with laser beams of high spatial quality, this approach can potentially reduce residual Doppler effect uncertainties to well below one part in 10¹⁶. With Doppler uncertainties greatly suppressed, we investigate other potential shifts at the 1-Hz level with a multiplexed measurement system that takes advantage of the low instability of the calcium frequency standard (4×10^-15 at 1 s). The resultant fractional frequency uncertainty for the standard is 6.6×10^-15, the lowest uncertainty reported to date for a neutral atom optical standard. PACS 06.30.Ft; 32.30.-r; 39.20.+q     

TDLAS气体浓度反演的状态空间方法

 针对基于可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱技术（TDLAS）的气体浓度测量系统,建立了气体状态空间模型,并将卡尔曼滤波算法应用于TDLAS浓度反演中。实验表明卡尔曼滤波可以很好地消除测量噪声和模型误差对实验结果的影响,与最小二乘拟合的方法相比,在相同信噪比下反演精度可以提高1倍以上。