热解和加氢热解煤焦油的组成和煤结构的关系

用色谱质谱联用技术测定了兖州烟煤和红庙褐煤在氮气下热解和加氢热解焦油的组成。在４５０℃～６５０℃的温度范围内考察了温度对热解和加氢热解苯类、酚类、萘类化合物产率的影响。结果表明兖州煤热解和加氢热解焦油中的正构烷烃以Ｃ８～Ｃ１０占优势，红庙煤中以Ｃ１７～Ｃ２０占优势。从热解产物看兖州煤和红庙煤的主体分子结构有着显著差别，兖州煤主要以稠环芳烃为主，其中的氧以氧杂环的形式掺杂在稠环结构中；红庙煤含有较多的酚羟基、酮、醚等官能团与碳骨架相连。加氢热解可以有效的脱除焦油中含氧、含硫官能团，改善焦油质量。     

高硫煤加氢热解脱硫的研究

以兖烟煤和在褐煤为考察对象，在加压固定床上压力为３ＭＰａ，温度从３５０－６５０℃范围内，研究了中氢热解以及氮气下热解过程中硫在半焦、焦油中的含量以及脱硫率和硫分布的变迁规律。实验表明，加氢热解比氮气下热解有着更好的脱硫作用，有地降低半焦中的硫含量。这种硫作用随煤 不同而不同，尤其受到煤中矿物质的显著影响。因此红庙煤加氢热解焦油的硫含量显著降低，半焦的硫含量随温度的同，先逐渐降低然后增加；而兖 煤一     

煤加氢热解研究：Ⅰ.宁夏灵武煤加氢热解的研究

本文在１００克固定床反应器中对宁夏灵武不粘结煤的加氢热解进行了研究，反应温度７７３～１０７０Ｋ，压力０．２～４ＭＰａ，反应产物的收率与组成和惰性气氛下的热解进行了比较。研究结果指出：在氢气气氛下热解转化率和焦油收率大大提高，表明了在氢压下煤热解初期生成的自由基与氢反应，抑制了自由基间的相互结合，而生成较多的低分子化合物。与惰性气氛下热解相比，温度 ８７３Ｋ和压力为３ＭＰａ下的加氢热解焦油收率提高２     

高硫煤加氢热解脱硫的研究Ⅰ.热解与加氢热解脱硫的对比

以兖州烟煤和红庙褐煤为考察对象，在加压固定床上压力为３ＭＰａ，温度从３５０～６５０℃范围内，研究了加氢热解以及氮气下热解过程中硫在半焦、焦油中的含量以及脱硫率和硫分布的变迁规律。实验表明，加氢热解比氮气下热解有着更好的脱硫作用，有利于降低半焦中的硫含量。这种脱硫作用随煤种的不同而不同，尤其受到煤中矿物质的显著影响。因此红庙煤加氢热解焦油中硫含量显著降低，半焦的硫含量随温度的升高，先逐渐降低然后增加；而兖州煤一直呈下降趋势。ＸＲＤ分析表明，红庙煤在加氢热解条件下，碱性矿物质与Ｈ２Ｓ反应而产生的硫化物主要是ＦｅＳ和ＣａＳ。从兖州煤的脱硫率曲线可以得出，加氢热解不仅有利于易分解脂肪类含硫化合物的脱除，而且可以促使难分解噻吩芳香类含硫化合物的脱除。     

典型烟煤热解机理的反应动力学模拟

建立合理有效的烟煤大分子模型，采用基于反应力场（Reactive Force Field，ReaxFF）的分子动力学方法模拟1400-2600 K典型烟煤的热解过程，得出产物分布和中间自由基的演变历程。研究表明，随着热解温度的升高，焦炭产量先增加后降低，焦油产量的变化趋势与焦炭相反，热解气产量单调增加。煤在低温下热解主要发生一次反应，生成焦油自由基碎片和小分子气体；高温下焦油碎片的二次反应显著，生成含量较多但数量较少的焦炭及含量与数量较多的小分子气体。2000 K是一次反应向二次反应的温度转折点。在高温热解时，煤中的C与H逐渐迁移到焦炭和焦油中，而含氧官能团较为活跃，O逐渐迁移到热解气中。二次反应阶段，O最活泼，H次之，C最稳定。热解过程中最先产生的气体是H₂O；NH₃主要来源于二次反应；H₂S在二次反应阶段被消耗转化为其他产物；H₂产量最多，且随热解温度升高而增加，尤其在二次反应中大量生成，主要源于裂解产生的氢自由基碰撞和芳香结构的缩合。基于ReaxFF模拟结果得到煤热解失重活化能为39.45 kJ/mol。     

煤岩有机显微组分热解过程中HCN和NH3生成规律的研究

经等密度梯度离心分离，从褐煤、长焰煤、气煤和贫煤四种不同变质程度煤中获得了高纯度的有机显微组分。用石英管式反应器在600 ℃～900 ℃考察了煤岩有机显微组分热解过程中HCN和NH3的生成规律。实验结果表明，在显微组分热解过程中HCN主要是挥发分二次裂解的产物。在镜质组热解过程中，煤的变质程度越高，HCN的生成率越低，热解温度越高，HCN的生成率越高；同一种煤三种有机显微组分热解过程中，HCN的生成不仅与显微组分挥发分的质量分数有关，而且与显微组分中氮的存在形态有关，在较低温度热解时吡咯型氮质量分数高的煤样HCN的生成率较高。显微组分热解过程中NH3来自于挥发分的二次热裂解，与焦的热裂解有关，随煤变质程度增高，镜质组热解过程中NH3的收率降低；对同一种煤三种煤岩有机显微组分，由于其黏结性不同，含氮官能团和氢自由基的接触几率不同，生成NH3的能力也不同，惰质组的NH3生成率最高，壳质组最低；温度对NH3的生成也有影响，800 ℃NH3的生成率最高，惰质组NH3的生成率为11.8%，壳质组NH3的生成率为5.2%。     

煤的多段加氢热解热重研究

本文在加压热天平上考察了５℃／ｍｉｎ和２５℃／ｍｉｎ的升温速率下先锋褐煤、大同烟煤和兖州高硫煤的多段加氢热解过程。实验表明：采用快速升温、多段停留的手段可以达到或超过慢速升温过程的转化率。快速升温过程中的多段停留效果比慢速升温的要显著。对先锋、大同煤，６００℃停留效果比５００℃时明显，而对兖州煤则正好相反。多段加氢热解是一种较理想的煤的前脱硫方法，可使兖州煤的脱硫率达９０％以上。     

煤—焦炉气共热解特性的研究：温度的影响

利用高压热天平和１０ｇ固定床反应器考察了温度对兖州烟煤与焦炉气共热解的失重行为、热解产物分布以及脱硫脱氮的影响。随热解温度升高共热解在３００～５５０℃和６００～７００℃间出现明显失重峰。煤焦炉气共热解与加氢热解失重行为相似，均发生热分解反应和加氢反应。在实验温度范围（４５０～６５０℃）内，温度升高有利于提高焦油收率、热解水含量以及脱硫脱氮率，同时半焦收率降低。相同热解条件（压力为３ＭＰａ，终温为６５０℃）下，与煤在氮气气氛下热解相比，煤焦炉气共热解和加氢热解所得半焦收率均降低，焦油收率、热解水及脱硫脱氮率明显增加。与相同总压的加氢热解相比，煤焦炉气共热解半焦和热解水收率增加，焦油收率降低，脱硫率相当且脱氮率降低     

固定床中纤维素热解及其焦油裂解机理研究

研究了500~900℃条件下微晶纤维素在固定床中的热解过程;分别采用气质联用(GC-MS)和气相色谱分析了热解过程中生成的焦油和不可凝气体。结果表明,随热解温度升高,焦油产率减少、气体产率升高、焦产率略微下降,同时CO、CH4和H2的产率明显升高,而CO2的产率变化不明显。焦油主要由二次反应产生,不可凝气体则由一次热解产物和二次热解产物共同产生。使用Gaussian 09软件对热解过程进行了模拟,发现纤维素分子在热解过程中首先分解为纤维素单体,然后纤维素单体上的羟基官能团优先脱除,生成的中间产物重组生成焦油。随热解温度升高,焦油中醚、醇、酸等化合物分解成自由基,自由基间发生重组、结合,导致烯烃和炔烃增多以及不可凝气体含量的升高。     

典型烟煤热解机理的反应动力学模拟

建立合理有效的烟煤大分子模型,采用基于反应力场(Reactive Force Field,ReaxFF)的分子动力学方法模拟1400-2600 K典型烟煤的热解过程,得出产物分布和中间自由基的演变历程。研究表明,随着热解温度的升高,焦炭产量先增加后降低,焦油产量的变化趋势与焦炭相反,热解气产量单调增加。煤在低温下热解主要发生一次反应,生成焦油自由基碎片和小分子气体;高温下焦油碎片的二次反应显著,生成含量较多但数量较少的焦炭及含量与数量较多的小分子气体。2000 K是一次反应向二次反应的温度转折点。在高温热解时,煤中的C与H逐渐迁移到焦炭和焦油中,而含氧官能团较为活跃,O逐渐迁移到热解气中。二次反应阶段,O最活泼,H次之,C最稳定。热解过程中最先产生的气体是H2O; NH3主要来源于二次反应; H2S在二次反应阶段被消耗转化为其他产物; H2产量最多,且随热解温度升高而增加,尤其在二次反应中大量生成,主要源于裂解产生的氢自由基碰撞和芳香结构的缩合。基于ReaxFF模拟结果得到煤热解失重活化能为39. 45 k J/mol。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。