A Modeling Study on Particle Dispersion in Wall-Bounded Turbulent Flows

Three physical mechanisms which may affect dispersion of particle's motion in wall-bounded turbulent flows, including the effects of turbulence, wall roughness in particle-wall collisions, and inter-particle collisions, are numerically investigated in this study. Parametric studies with different wall roughness extents and with different mass loading ratios of particles are performed in fully developed channel flows with the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. A low-Reynolds-number $k-\epsilon$ turbulence model is applied for the solution of the carrier-flow field, while the deterministic Lagrangian method together with binary-collision hard-sphere model is applied for the solution of particle motion. It is shown that the mechanism of inter-particle collisions should be taken into account in the modeling except for the flows laden with sufficiently low mass loading ratios of particles. Influences of wall roughness on particle dispersion due to particle-wall collisions are found to be considerable in the bounded particle-laden flow. Since the investigated particles are associated with large Stokes numbers, i.e., larger than $\mathcal{O}(1)$, in the test problem, the effects of turbulence on particle dispersion are much less considerable, as expected, in comparison with another two physical mechanisms investigated in the study.     

A Theoretical and Experimental Study to Measure the Concentration and Particle Size Distribution in Two‐Phase Flows

Based on light scattering theory, an optical method is presented for measuring the concentration and particle size distribution of the dispersed phase in two‐phase flows. A prototype was also constructed. Comprehensive computer simulation and numerical calculations were carried out to calibrate the correctness of this method. An experimental study was also performed in gas–solid and gas–liquid two‐phase flows. The results of the measurements are given and discussed in detail.     

湍流热对流的高效并行直接求解方法

结合泊松方程直接求解的PDD算法,创建二维湍流热对流DNS模拟的并行直接求解方法（PDM-DNS）.在"天河二号"超级计算机上完成高Ra数湍流热对流大规模DNS计算,计算效果令人惊喜,实现了一年前难以达到的计算规模.高分辨率的湍流热对流计算结果显示,不同高Ra数的湍流热对流流动状态完全不同.为高Ra数湍流热对流大规模并行计算和数值模拟研究提供了有价值的计算方法.     

各向异性颗粒PDF输运方程及其颗粒湍流扩散

根据Minier的模型,获得颗粒所见流体脉动速度的朗之万模型,并推导颗粒所见流体湍流脉动速度自关联函数,该函数具有各向异性的特征,进一步由流体脉动速度朗之万模型和颗粒运动方程获得相应的颗粒PDF输运方程.为描述在网格生成湍流中的颗粒扩散运动,将颗粒PDF输运方程作相应的简化,获得一个具有颗粒湍流各向异性的解析解,将方程的解与Wellsand Stock的颗粒湍流扩散实验结果进行比较,获得了很好的结果.揭示了具有各向异性特征的颗粒PDF输运方程的优越性.     

In‐Situ Measurement of Local Particle Flux Densities in a Complex Two‐Phase Flow

An optical measuring technique is presented allowing the exact in‐situ measurement of local particle flux densities in a confined channel flow by counting single particles penetrating an optically well defined measuring volume. This enables a precise flux determination up to the direct vicinity of planar walls. The measurement set‐up and its calibration as well as the whole test facility are described in detail. This measurement technique is used to study the particle transport in electrostatic precipitators. Exemplarily, results of particle flux profiles as well as precipitation, as gained from balances of parts of the precipitator channel, are presented. Furthermore, the possibility to determine particle velocity fluctuations is demonstrated.     

An Efficient Dispersion Calculation Method for Axially Symmetric Optical Fibers

An efficient numerical modal calculation method for an axially symmetric optical fiber is presented using a numerical Galerkin's method. By decomposing the transverse electric field of a guided wave with Bessel functions of the first kind in cylindrical polar coordinates, we have shown that dispersion characteristics of an optical fiber can be obtained very easily. In order to illustrate the effectiveness of this suggested method, numerical examples are given for a step index fiber, a W-shape depressed inner cladding fiber, and a dispersion-flattened fiber.     

Absorption and Scattering of Light by Highly Concentrated Two‐phase Flows

The spray cone emerging during an extended metal atomization process (called spray forming) has been investigated in order to quantify the influence of highly concentrated multiphase flows on phase‐Doppler‐anemometry (PDA) measurements. Using this non‐intrusive, optical measurement technique not only the local particle size and velocity distributions of the spray can be obtained but also additional information about the mass flux in the multiphase flow. Since standard phase‐Doppler systems can be easily applied to low concentrated particle systems (spherical particles with smooth surfaces and an optical transparent continuous phase taken for granted) the application of this measurement technique to highly concentrated multiphase flows is more complex. Both the laser light propagating from the PDA device to the probe volume and the scattered one going backward to the PDA receiving system are disturbed by passing the highly concentrated multiphase flow. The resulting significant loss in signal quality especially concerns the measurement of the smaller particles of the spray because of their reduced silhouette (in comparison with the bigger ones). Thus, the detection of the smallest particles becomes partially impossible leading to measurement of a distorted diameter distribution of the entire particle collective. In this study the distortions of the measured distributions dependent on the particle number concentration as well as on the path length of the laser light are discussed.     

一种改进型Stoilov算法相位测量轮廓术

提出了一种采用主动控制相移量的改进型Stoilov算法,按主动设定的相移量事先设计好五幅完全等相移正弦光栅图,由计算机编程控制数字投影仪依次投影该五幅光栅至待测物体表面,并对应采集五帧变形条纹,用所设定的相移量直接替代Stoilov算法中由变形条纹图解算的相移量,提高了相位提取和三维重构准确度.实验结果表明,平均绝对误差优于0.07,均方差优于0.07.     

一种扩大动态光散射颗粒法可测溶液浓度的改进方法

针对传统动态光散射颗粒测量法测量溶液浓度范围较小的问题，通过模型和实验研究了传统DLS系统双孔结构中测量区大小对测量结果的影响，发现可通过改变测量区大小控制散射体体积，从而扩大测量溶液浓度的范围。并基于传统DLS系统双孔结构光路，通过使用可调狭缝，并增加透镜，扩大了DLS测量溶液浓度范围，实验结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

改进WKB方法与相移值的修正

利用非均匀波导的多层分割法,对传统ＷＫＢ法的相称值进行修正,导出了改进的ＷＫＢ计算公式,并给出相移修正值的计算公式。对常见的典型折射率剖面（指数型、高斯型、余误差型、截断线型）的数值计算表明,该方法所得公式的精度远高于传统的ＷＫＢ近似,在接近截止时仍与精确数值十分吻合。     

An Improved On-Wafer Measurement Method for PHEMT Modeling for Millimeter Wave Application

An improved on-wafer measurement method by using coaxial calibration instead of on-wafer calibration for PHEMT modeling is proposed in this paper. The advantage is that S-parameters of PHEMT device can be measured on wafer without impedance standard substrate (ISS) after the S-parameters of the microprobes have been determined. Excellent agreement is obtained between on-wafer calibration measurement and coaxial calibration measurements, respectively.     

分析QGP相变级次的一种可能方法

在推广的Ginzburg-Landau理论框架内,解析地研究了在QGP转化为强子的相变过程中多重数差关联矩F_q与相空间间隔δ的依赖关系,提出了一种在实验中判断QGP相变级次的可能方法.此方法的特点在于它不依赖系统温度这个未知的参量,对于低维和高维的实验数据均可以得出相同的相变信息.     

基于小关联时间两相湍流色噪声的近似模型及数值模拟

从一般高斯型色噪声模型出发,通过泛函导数,应用小关联时间,近似计算多维色噪声,得到有效Fokker-Planck方程.将其应用到两相湍流中得到颗粒相的概率密度函数输运方程,从而得到颗粒相的二阶矩模型.将颗粒应力方程简化成代数方程,建立代数应力模型.将对流扩散方程的有限分析法运用到求解两相流模型中,对壁面两相射流进行数值模拟,并将求解结果与实验结果进行对比分析.     

Identification of Regions with Inhomogeneous Particle Behavior in Dilute Gas‐solid Flows

The behavior of the particulate phase in a highly turbulent gas flow has been investigated in a vertical channel. Variations of the flow configuration (1. Flow past a cylinder, 2. flow past a wall‐mounted obstacle and 3. flow around a horizontally injected jet) have been subject to both experiments and numerical simulations. The velocity vector field of the solid phase has been measured by digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). The measurements have been focused on particle‐obstacle collisions and crossflow in the vicinity of the jet nozzle using the lately developed twinpeak detection method. By application of this method regions of highly inhomogeneous particle behavior could be detected mainly upstream of the flow perturbation. Numerical results have been obtained by an Eulerian‐Lagrangian method on boundary‐fitted grids. Particle‐particle interactions as well as interphase exchange of momentum have been taken into account. The simulation results showed to be well in accordance with the experimental results.     

A Volume of Fluid Based Method for Fluid Flows with Phase Change

This paper presents a numerical method directed towards the simulation of flows with mass transfer due to changes of phase. We use a volume of fluid (VOF) based interface tracking method in conjunction with a mass transfer model and a model for surface tension. The bulk fluids are viscous, conducting, and incompressible. A one-dimensional test problem is developed with the feature that a thin thermal layer propagates with the moving phase interface. This test problem isolates the ability of a method to accurately calculate the thermal layers responsible for driving the mass transfer in boiling flows. The numerical method is tested on this problem and then is used in simulations of horizontal film boiling.     

光全散射法颗粒测量中的一种自适应非独立模式算法

光全散射颗粒测量法中需求解第一类Ｆｒｅｄｈｏｌｍ积分方程。在不知道被测颗粒的尺寸范围的情况下如何确定积分方程的上下限、即测量范围，迄今仍是个问题。本文针对此问题提出了一种自适应非独立模式算法。该算法可根据双参数颗粒分布函数的分布参数Ｋ自动确定积分的上下限．数值模拟和实验都证实了此算法。     

An Improved Incipient Fault Diagnosis Method of Bearing Damage Based on Hierarchical Multi-Scale Reverse Dispersion Entropy

The amplitudes of incipient fault signals are similar to health state signals, which increases the difficulty of incipient fault diagnosis. Multi-scale reverse dispersion entropy (MRDE) only considers difference information with low frequency range, which omits relatively obvious fault features with a higher frequency band. It decreases recognition accuracy. To defeat the shortcoming with MRDE and extract the obvious fault features of incipient faults simultaneously, an improved entropy named hierarchical multi-scale reverse dispersion entropy (HMRDE) is proposed to treat incipient fault data. Firstly, the signal is decomposed hierarchically by using the filter smoothing operator and average backward difference operator to obtain hierarchical nodes. The smoothing operator calculates the mean sample value and the average backward difference operator calculates the average deviation of sample values. The more layers, the higher the utilization rate of filter smoothing operator and average backward difference operator. Hierarchical nodes are obtained by these operators, and they can reflect the difference features in different frequency domains. Then, this difference feature is reflected with MRDE values of some hierarchical nodes more obviously. Finally, a variety of classifiers are selected to test the separability of incipient fault signals treated with HMRDE. Furthermore, the recognition accuracy of these classifiers illustrates that HMRDE can effectively deal with the problem that incipient fault signals cannot be easily recognized due to a similar amplitude dynamic.     

Particle Tracking Based Method for Evaluation of Cylinder‐to‐Cylinder Distribution of EGR/Blowby

Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) method has already shown its benefits on controlling NO_x emissions in internal combustion engines. An important issue associated with this method is homogeneous cylinder‐to‐cylinder distribution of the recirculating gas. Any maldistribution leads to power reduction and increase of other pollutants, which are strictly limited by recent emission laws. In addition to EGR, these limitations force the engine manufacturers to recycle blowby gases into the cylinders as homogeneous as possible. Since geometrical parameters and injection locations of EGR/blowby have substantial effects on homogenous cylinder‐to‐cylinder distribution of EGR/blowby gases, any developments in identifying the injecting locations with the least EGR/blowby maldistribution are of great practical importance. The existing experimental and numerical methods for evaluating the EGR/blowby maldistribution are based on the injection of air with different temperature or of different gas (mostly CO₂) from the main air stream. However, these methods are time consuming due to the large number of possible injection locations. It has been shown that the most uniform distribution cannot be obtained by just a single injection point; therefore, the study of simultaneous injection points becomes inevitable. Clearly, such a study is practically impossible with the present methods. In this research a new method based on particle tracking is proposed, which greatly reduces the time and effort to find the injection locations with the least maldistribution, especially when multiple injections are considered.     

Pair Interaction Potential of Particles for Two‐Component Plasma

In this work the semiclassical potential for plasma particles pair interactions, which takes into account the diffraction effects due to the uncertainty principle in two‐component plasma (the region of temperatures 10⁴K < T < 10⁸K and densities 10²¹cm^–3 < n ≤ 10²⁴cm^–3), was proposed. The values of this potential were numerically calculated and an interpolation formula was obtained (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)