Transient response of dielectric materials exposed to ultrafast laser radiation

We present results describing several characteristics of energy coupling into dielectric materials (fused silica) irradiated by ultrashort laser pulses in a regime close to the surface optical breakdown threshold. The results intend to illustrate the energy balance in the interaction process by observing the spatio-temporal variations of a laser pulse transversing a dielectric slab as a function of its energy. The measurements are based on real-time observations of the self-action of the laser pulse and associated effects on its temporal envelope, as well as on ex-situ phase-contrast microscopy of induced permanent material reactions. The experimental results are accompanied by numerical simulations of the pulse traces inside the dielectric material at different energetic conditions. The optical observations allow insights into the development and the dynamics of the laser-induced free carrier population, emphasizing the role of the bulk effects related to the nonlinear wave propagation into the transparent material during laser exposure. PACS 79.20.Ds; 52.50.Jm     

A laser accelerator

We show that a laser can efficiently accelerate charged particles if a magnetic field is introduced to improve the coupling between the particle and the wave. Solving the relativistic equations of motion for an electron in a uniform magnetic field and superposed, circularly polarized electromagnetic wave, we find that in energy-position phase space an electron traces out a curtate cycloid: it alternately gains and loses energy. If, however, the parameters are chosen so that the electron's oscillations in the two fields are resonant, it will continually accelerate or decelerate depending on its initial position within a wavelength of light. A laboratory accelerator operating under these resonant conditions appears attractive: in a magnetic field of 10⁵ Gauss, and the fields of a 5×10¹² W, 10 μm wavelength laser, an optimally positioned electron would accelerate to 700 MeV in only 10m. Supported by NASA Grant NSG-7490     

On-chip erbium-doped lithium niobate microcavity laser

The commercialization of lithium niobate on insulator(LNOI) wafer has resulted in significant on-chip photonic integration application owing to its remarkable photonic,acousto-optic,electro-optic,and piezoelectric nature.In recent years,a variety of high-performance on-chip LNOI-based photonic devices have been realized.In this study,we developed a 1-mol% erbium-doped lithium niobate crystal and its LNOI on a silicon substrate and fabricated an erbium-doped LNOI microdisk with high quality factor(~1.05×105).C-band laser emission at ~1530 and ~1560 nm(linewidth 0.12 nm) from the high-Q erbium-doped LNOI microdisk was demonstrated with 974-and 1460-nm pumping,with the latter having better thermal stability.This microlaser would play an important role in the photonic integrated circuits of the lithium niobate platform.     

高品质激光尾波场电子加速器

激光尾波场电子加速的加速梯度相比于传统直线加速器高了3—4个量级,对于小型化粒子加速器与辐射源的研制具有重要的意义,成为当今国内外的研究热点.台式化辐射源应用需求的提高,特别是自由电子激光装置的快速发展,对电子束流品质提出了更高的要求,激光尾波场电子加速的束流品质和稳定性是目前实现新型辐射源的首要障碍.本文归纳整理了中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所电子加速研究团队十年来在研制台式化激光尾波场电子加速器过程中采取的方案和取得的进展.例如率先提出了注入级和加速级分离的级联加速方案,通过实验获得了GeV量级的电子束能量;基于级联加速方式利用能量啁啾控制,实验获得世界最高品质的电子束流;通过优化激光系统稳定性和特殊的气体喷流结构,获得稳定的高品质电子束流输出等.这一系列实验结果有利于进一步推进激光尾波场电子加速器的应用.     

Sub-microdrilling with ultrafast pulse laser interference

A novel sub-microdrilling technique utilising the phenomenon of ultrafast pulse laser interference is reported. This technique overcomes the feature size limit of conventional laser micromachining. The method of first interfering with the laser light, and then using the central bright fringe of the interfered beam to machine has been proven to effectively reduce the effective ablation spot size and, subsequently, to reduce the size of the drilled features. Preliminary results show a 300% reduction in drilled feature size with the interfered laser beam compared with the conventional non-interfered laser beam. 300 nm holes were successfully drilled on a 1000 Å thick Gold film using the interfered laser beam compared to 1 m holes ablated using the conventional non-interfered laser beam at the same pulse energy. PACS 42.62.Cf; 42.15.Eq; 42.25.Hz     

High-gradient millimeter-wave accelerator on a planar dielectric substrate

We report the first high-gradient studies of a millimeter-wave accelerator, employing for the first time a planar dielectric accelerator, powered by means of a 0.5-A, 300-MeV, 11.424-GHz drive electron beam, synchronous at the 8th harmonic, 91.392 GHz. Embedded in a ring-resonator circuit within the electron beam line vacuum, this structure was operated at 20 MeV/m, with a circulating power of 200 kW, for 2 x 10(5) pulses, with no sign of breakdown, dielectric charging, or other deleterious high-gradient phenomena. We also present the first measurement of the quadrupolar content of an accelerating mode.     

介质壁加速腔加速结构优化

为了在介质壁加速器中增大轴向加速电场, 提高加速梯度的同时抑制径向电场对束包络的扩张, 提出了在每个加速电极上添加金属栅网结构。采用基于粒子云网格方法的电磁粒子模拟软件对不加栅网与添加栅网的电极结构进行了数值仿真, 分析了不同结构下加速管道中的电场分布和束包络变化。通过实验对比了两种不同结构下经过相同的加速长度获得的粒子能量。结果表明：添加金属栅网结构相对于不加栅网的金属小孔式结构, 轴向加速电场强度提高20%, 同时径向电场得到有效抑制;栅网结构下, 被加速的粒子束在自由漂移空间中的径向发散基本得到抑制;在相同的加速长度下加速H3+粒子, 栅网结构得到的能量增益提高了一倍。     

介质壁加速腔加速结构优化

为了在介质壁加速器中增大轴向加速电场, 提高加速梯度的同时抑制径向电场对束包络的扩张, 提出了在每个加速电极上添加金属栅网结构。采用基于粒子云网格方法的电磁粒子模拟软件对不加栅网与添加栅网的电极结构进行了数值仿真, 分析了不同结构下加速管道中的电场分布和束包络变化。通过实验对比了两种不同结构下经过相同的加速长度获得的粒子能量。结果表明:添加金属栅网结构相对于不加栅网的金属小孔式结构, 轴向加速电场强度提高20%, 同时径向电场得到有效抑制;栅网结构下, 被加速的粒子束在自由漂移空间中的径向发散基本得到抑制;在相同的加速长度下加速H3+粒子, 栅网结构得到的能量增益提高了一倍。     

介质壁加速器加速场建立过程中波传输分析

介绍了介质壁加速器(DWA)的原理和几种可能实现的结构。通过对多层介质圆柱的平面波电磁散射的研究,用FORTRAN语言编写程序计算和分析了DWA加速管三层介质柱体结构的平面波电磁散射的散射宽度与几何结构参数、材料参数的关系,用以优化设计介质壁加速管结构。计算结果表明：当加速管材料和等势环介电常数一定时,平面波电磁散射宽度随半径增大而增大;当加速管内外径一定时,加速管材料和等势环介电常数增大时散射宽度变化不明显,但最小散射宽度显著减小。当加速管半径和材料一定时,总能找到使散射宽度达到最小的等势环介质厚度。     

Electromagnetic simulation study of dielectric wall accelerator structures

Two types of dielectric wall accelerator (DWA) structures, a bi-polar Blumlein line and zero integral pulse line (ZIP) structures were investigated. The high gradient insulator simulated by the particle in cell code con rms that it has little in uence on the axial electric field. The results of simulations using CST microwave studio indicate how the axial electric field is formed, and the electric eld waveforms agree with the theoretical one very well. The in uence of layer-to-layer coupling in a ZIP structure is much smaller and the electric eld waveform is much better. The axial of the Blumlein structure's electric field has better axial stability. From both of the above, it found that for a shorter pulse width, the axial electric field is much higher and the pulse stability and delity are much better. The CST simulation is very helpful for designing DWA structures.     

介质壁加速器加速场建立过程中波传输分析

 介绍了介质壁加速器(DWA)的原理和几种可能实现的结构。通过对多层介质圆柱的平面波电磁散射的研究,用FORTRAN语言编写程序计算和分析了DWA加速管三层介质柱体结构的平面波电磁散射的散射宽度与几何结构参数、材料参数的关系,用以优化设计介质壁加速管结构。计算结果表明：当加速管材料和等势环介电常数一定时,平面波电磁散射宽度随半径增大而增大;当加速管内外径一定时,加速管材料和等势环介电常数增大时散射宽度变化不明显,但最小散射宽度显著减小。当加速管半径和材料一定时,总能找到使散射宽度达到最小的等势环介质厚度。     

绝缘微堆质子直线加速器关键技术研究进展

基于绝缘微堆技术的直线加速器由于其能够实现较高的粒子加速梯度,尤其在质子加速及肿瘤治疗领域的优势得到高度关注。目前该种加速器处于研发阶段,有一系列技术和工程问题有待解决。介绍了课题组在过去的两年里围绕建立一台1 MeV质子注入器原型样机在固态脉冲功率系统、绝缘微堆及质子束源等方面取得的研究进展。实现了耐压梯度接近20 MV/m的环形绝缘微堆样品,样品内径30 mm,外径50 mm,厚度15 mm,基本达到设计要求;固态脉冲功率系统实现了光导开关多路稳定工作模式,开关直流偏置耐压达到20 kV,采用激光二极管触发同步系统在15路同步时实现了低于1 ns的抖动,输出300 kV的电压脉冲,输出电压脉冲宽度10 ns;进行了低能质子加速束流动力学的初步分析和模拟工作,模拟结果表明采用微堆结构可以实现质子束的有效加速和传输。     

绝缘微堆质子直线加速器关键技术研究进展

基于绝缘微堆技术的直线加速器由于其能够实现较高的粒子加速梯度,尤其在质子加速及肿瘤治疗领域的优势得到高度关注。目前该种加速器处于研发阶段,有一系列技术和工程问题有待解决。介绍了课题组在过去的两年里围绕建立一台1 MeV质子注入器原型样机在固态脉冲功率系统、绝缘微堆及质子束源等方面取得的研究进展。实现了耐压梯度接近20 MV/m的环形绝缘微堆样品,样品内径30 mm,外径50mm,厚度15mm,基本达到设计要求;固态脉冲功率系统实现了光导开关多路稳定工作模式,开关直流偏置耐压达到20kV,采用激光二极管触发同步系统在15路同步时实现了低于1ns的抖动,输出300kV的电压脉冲,输出电压脉冲宽度10ns;进行了低能质子加速束流动力学的初步分析和模拟工作,模拟结果表明采用微堆结构可以实现质子束的有效加速和传输。     

介质壁加速器高梯度绝缘子研制

与普通绝缘子相比,高梯度绝缘子(HGI)的金属层与绝缘介质层交替排列结构可以抑制真空沿面闪络过程,从而提高沿面闪络场强。使用不同绝缘介质材料和金属材料采用不同加工制备工艺制备的HGI样品其沿面闪络场强差别较大。对所制备的绝缘介质层分别为聚酰亚胺、交联聚苯乙烯和尼龙,金属层为不锈钢箔,形状分别为圆柱与圆环型的HGI样品进行了真空沿面耐压测试,并对相同尺寸的纯绝缘介质样品进行了对照实验,得到了不同材料不同制备工艺HGI样品的耐压性能差异。结合样品表面显微照片观察得到的样品表面状况,分析了影响样品沿面闪络场强的因素。     

All-fiber,wavelength-tunable ultrafast praseodymium fiber laser

The interest in tunable ultrafast fiber lasers operating in the 1.3 μm region has seen a significant increase due to rising demands for bandwidth as well as the zero-dispersion characteristic of silica fibers in this wavelength region. In this work, a tunable mode-locked praseodymium-doped fluoride fiber(PDFF) laser using single-walled carbon nanotubes as a saturable absorber is demonstrated. The mode-locked pulses are generated at a central wavelength of 1302 nm with a pulse repetition rate of 5.92 MHz and pulse width of 1.13 ps. The tunability of the mode-locked PDFF laser covers a tuning range of 11 nm.     

Optomechanical-organized multipulse dynamics in ultrafast fiber laser

A novel organized multipulse pattern and its birth dynamics under strong optomechanical effect in microfiber-assisted ultrafast fiber laser are investigated in this work. The background pulses are observed to obviously exhibit selectively amplifying self-organized process of evolving into quasi-stable equidistant clusters. The radio frequency spectrum of the multipulse pattern displays a harmonic mode-locking-like behavior with a repetition rate of 2.0138 GHz, corresponding to the frequency of torsional-radial (TR_2m) acoustic mode in microfiber. The results show the evidence of optomechanical effect in dominating the birth dynamics and pattern of multipulse.     

Scanning the laser beam for ultrafast pulse laser cleaning of paint

Aligned arrays of N₂-encapsulated multilevel branched carbon nanotubes were synthesized using a simple one step CVD method by pyrolysis of ferrocene and acetonitrile. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and elemental mapping studies reveal that gaseous nitrogen was encapsulated in the carbon nanotubes. Batch-type pyrolysis of catalysts induced flow fluctuation of the reaction gases, resulting in the growth of branched junctions. Molecular nitrogen extruded rapidly along conical catalyst particles inducing N₂ encapsulation inside the branched nanotubes. PACS 07.78.+s; 61.46.+w; 81.07.De; 81.15.Gh     

The design of the main accelerator for a pulsed positron beam

The pulsed positron beam at the Helsinki University of Technology is designed for the end energy of 3-30 keV and grounded target. This is achieved with a constant voltage acceleration followed by an adjustable deceleration. In the design of this accelerator-decelerator the possibility for electrical breakdowns and partial discharges must be eliminated.For designing the electrode and insulator structures for accelerator-decelerator configuration electric field simulations were carried out with the finite element analysis program. In this paper we present the design of the accelerator-decelerator and the results of the electric field simulations. The results of high voltage tests will also be presented and compared with the simulations.     

中红外超快光纤激光器研究进展

中红外波段覆盖重要的分子吸收区与多个大气透射窗口,该波段的超快激光器在多个领域具有广泛应用。基于光纤的中红外超快激光器近年来在激光发射与传输、超快脉冲产生与应用等方面发展迅速,为中红外波段超快激光开辟了新的研究手段与应用领域。综述了近十年来中红外超快光纤激光器的发展概况,介绍了近年来中红外波段的激光传输与增益手段。其中,重点回顾了近年来中红外超快脉冲产生技术的研究进展及其代表性工作,包括非线性偏振旋转、可饱和吸收体以及频移反馈锁模技术。此外,还介绍了中红外超快脉冲的压缩放大技术与超连续谱产生应用。最后讨论并总结了中红外超快光纤激光器面临的挑战与可能的发展方向。