原始遞歸函數的定義

<正> 符號說明 本文中除以α表示常數外均以小寫拉丁字母表示自變數,以大寫字母表示函數關係,而一元函數A(x)常省寫為A_x. 在本文中只討論數論函數,自口自變數与函數所取之值均限於正整數或0(常     

經驗分佈之比的極限分佈

<正> §1.引言 令x為一隨機變數,其分佈函數為F(x).對於x作n次相互獨立的试驗,便得n個結果x_1,x_2,…,x_n.我們也可以把x_1,x_2,…,x_n看作是遵循同一個分佈函數F(x)的相互獨立隨機變數.現在把x_1,x_2,…,x_n依其值由小到大的次序排列,我們得到     

布尼雅可夫斯基不等式的推广

定理:不等式 (sum from i=1 to m(a_(1i) a_(2i)…a_(ni)))~n≤≤sum from i=1 to m(a_(1i))~n sum from i=1 to m(a_(2i))~n…sum from i=1 to m(a_(ni))~n對於任意自然數n都成立,其中a_(ki)為正數(K=1,2,…,n,i=1,2,…,m). 證明: 設 A_K~n=sum from i=1 to m(a_(Ki))~n (K=1,2,…,n), x_(Ki)=a_(Ki)/A_K,(K=1,2,…,n i=1,2,…,m)則從n侗正數的幾何平均值小於或等於其算術平均值這個結果可得 x_(1i)x_(2i)…x_(ni)≤((x_(1i))~n+(x_(2i))~n+…+(x_(ni))~n)/n由此更推得a_(1i)a_(2i)…a_(ni)=A_1A_2…A_n(x_(1i)x_(2i)…x_(ni)≤     

高中代數課本裹指數函數性質3的証明

高中代數課本裹指數函數性質3是:“設a>1,則当x的值增大時,a~x的值也随之增大”,其証明分成了下面的幾种情况,大意如下: (i) a>1,x_1与x_2为二正整數,則x_2>x_1(?)a~(x2)>x~(x1)。 (ii) a>1,x_1为正分數m/n,x_2为正分數p/q,則x_2>x_1(?)a~(p/q)>a~(m/n)。 (iii) a>1,x_1与x_2为二实數而其中之一或二者同時是無理數,則x_2>x_1(?)a~x2>a~x1。这种証法相当繁瑣而且各种情况亦未能尽举,須知在这以前已講过下面的兩件事: (i) 若a>1,x>0,則a~x>1(即指數函數性質2)。     

羅巴切夫斯基求實根近似值法

求方程各實根的近似值,往往先將各級分離而個別地進行,未有同時全部獲得者,有之,自俄羅斯伟大數學家羅巴切夫斯基創立方法始,茲依據於Я.C.貝吉克維奇著“近似計算”略述共法於下: 設已知一代數方程為a_0x~n+a_1x~(n-1)+a_2x~(n-2)+…+a_n-1~x+a_n=0 (1)其中n為自然數,a_0,a_1,a_2,…,a_n為整數,並設其僅有各不相等的實根而為 |x_1|>|x_2|>|x_3|>…>|x_n|。方程(1)也可寫作 (x-x_1)(x-x_2)(x-x_3)…(x-x_n)=0 (2) 現在讓我們來構成一新方程。以-x代原方程中之x,則必恒得a_0x~n-a_1x~(n-1)+a_2x~(n-2)-a_3~(n-3)+…+(-1)~na_n=O (3)其根為-x_1,-x_2,-x_3,…,-x_n,且由此得     

經驗分佈對理論分佈的比值

<正> 設F(x)是隨機變数X的分佈函數,x_1,x_2,…,x_n是對X的n次相互獨立觀測的結果.將n個數據按照數值從小到大排列起來,以x_k代表其中的第k個,我們把原來的結果寫成     

數学問題及解答欄

216.設已給一正2n边形,其边依次为a_1,a_2…,a_(2n)點P与a_i的距离是d_i,若 d_1d_(n+1)+d_2d_(n+2)+…+d_nd_(2n)=k=常數試求點P的軌跡。 217.求出由拋物線y=x~2与直線y=n~2(n是整數)所圍成的區域內整點的个數,整點就是各个坐标都是整數的點。 218.若1/a+1/b+1/c=1/(a+b+c),証明a,b,c三數中必有兩个同值而反号。     

關于不定方程的三個定理

為了方便起見,現將本文中所用的幾個記號加以說明,並將涉及到的幾個整數性質加以叙述而不予證明。另外,凡本文中所用之字母,如a,b,c,…,若不加說明,皆指正整數而言。 幾個記號:(a_1,a_2,…,a_n)表示a_1,a_2,…,a_n的最大公約數;[a_1,a_2,…,a_n]表示a_1,a_2,…,a_n的最小公倍數,a|b表示a能除盡b。涉及到的幾個整數性質: Ⅰ. 若a,b為任何正整數,則ab-(a+b)≥-1。Ⅱ. 若(a_1,a_2,…,a_n)=d_n,則a_1=a′_1d_n,a_2=a′_2 d_n,…,a_n=a′_nd_n,且(a′_1,a′_2,…,a′_n)=1。Ⅲ. 若[a,b]=m,a|c,b|c,則m|c。Ⅳ. 如果在全是整數的等式k+l+…+n=p+q+…+s中,所有的項,除掉一項外,都是b的倍數,則這一項也一定是b的倍數(即b能除盡這一項)。     

給“數学教學”編者的信

在第30版■吉西略夫的代數教科書中的第57頁上,所叙述的雙曲線定義,能够把學生引入迷路,就是:“函數y=k/x的圖象稱為雙曲線。當k與x為正值時,雙曲線在第一象限,但當k為負而x為正時,它再第四象限,當變數x為負值時,即得雙曲線的另一枝,當k>0它在第三象限,但當k<0它在第二象限。”把參數與自變數的值在一句話中混淆起來,無論就科學的或是教學法的觀點來說,都是不允許的,這樣只能使學生糊塗。教本中的這個地方應該如下地叙述: “函數y=k/x的圖象稱為雙曲線。首先假定k為正,於是當x的值為正時,對應的y值也為正,而我們得到雙曲線的點在第一象限內,當x的值為負時,雙曲線的點在第三象限內。由於對於x=0的值,任何y的值都不能與之對應,所以在縱軸上沒有雙曲線的點;因此整個曲線分成兩枝,一枝在第一象限而另一枝在第三象限。     

一个奇素數定理

定理:如果2n+1是一个素數,那么,它必定是2~n+1或2~n-1的約數;当[n+(1/2)]是奇數時取正号,反之取負号。 証明:我們只要作出一个整係數方程,滿足下面三个条件,問題就解决了。 1) 2n+1是方程的根。 2) 常數項有約數2~n+1(或2~n-1)。 3) 常數項其他素約數与2n+1互素。 現在我們就來作这个整係數方程。当[(n+1)/2]是奇數時,我們給出方程:(x-2)(x-4)…(x-2n)= =-(x-4)(x-8)…(x-4n)。方程的常數項等於士2~n(2~n+1)n!,条件2),3)顯然滿足。以2n+1代入,我們还需要証明等式 multiply from k=1 to n (2n+1-2k)=-multiply from i=1 to n (2n+1-4i)对应於k的偶數值,我們取i=k/2,就有     

Darboux integrability and algebraic limit cycles for a class of polynomial differential systems

This paper deals with the existence of Darboux first integrals for the planar polynomial differential systems x=x-y+P n+1(x,y)+xF2n(x,y),y=x+y+Q n+1(x,y)+yF2n(x,y),where P i(x,y),Q i(x,y)and F i(x,y)are homogeneous polynomials of degree i.Within this class,we identify some new Darboux integrable systems having either a focus or a center at the origin.For such Darboux integrable systems having degrees 5and 9 we give the explicit expressions of their algebraic limit cycles.For the systems having degrees 3,5,7 and 9and restricted to a certain subclass we present necessary and sufficient conditions for being Darboux integrable.     

ON HYPERSTABILITY OF THE BIADDITIVE FUNCTIONAL EQUATION

We present results on approximate solutions to the biadditive equation f(x+y,z-w) + f(x-y,z+w) = 2f(x,z)-2f(y,w)on a restricted domain. The proof is based on a quite recent fixed point theorem in some function spaces. Our main results state that,under some weak natural assumptions,functions satisfying the equation approximately(in some sense) must be actually solutions to it. In this way we obtain inequalities characterizing biadditive mappings and inner product spaces.Our outcomes are connected with the well known issues of Ulam stability and hyperstability.     

沿超曲面的强奇异积分算子在调幅空间上的有界性

设■该文主要讨论了上述奇异积分算子在广义的调幅空间上的有界性,其中粗糙核Ω∈L~1(S~(n-2))h(y)为有界的径向函数,而γ(y)是满足一定条件的超曲面.     

The problem of a point source of SH-waves in the case of separation of variables

The equation $$div(\mu \nabla u) + \omega ^2 \rho u = - \delta (x - x_0 )\delta (y - y_0 )$$ where μ(x, y)=α(x)β(y), ρ(x, y)=α(x)β(y)(g(x)+d(y)) (α, β, g, d are given step functions), is considered. The problem is solved in explicit form and the asymptotic expansion of the solutions as ω→+∞ is found.     

一类积分方程组正解的对称性和单调性

本文讨论积分方程组（？）解的性质,其中G_α是α阶贝塞尔位势核,0≤β〈α（n-α＋β）/n,1/（q＋1）＋1/（r＋1）〉（n-α＋β）/n,1/（r＋1）＋1/（p＋1）〉（n-α＋β）/n.我们用积分形式的移动平面法证明上述积分方程组的正解是径向对称且单调的.     

On a Functional Equation Associated with Simpson’s Rule

In this paper, we determine the general solution of the functional equation $$f(x)-g(y)=(x-y)\lbrack h(x+y)+\psi (x)+\phi (y)\rbrack$$ for all real numbers x and y. This equation arises in connection with Simpson’s Rule for the numerical evaluation of definite integrals. The solution of this functional equation is achieved through the functional equation $$g(x)-g(y)=(x-y)f(x+y)+(x+y)f(x-y).$$      

带粗糙核的Marcinkiewicz积分算子在Herz空间的有界性

本文考虑如下的Macinkiewicz积分算子μΩ（f）（x）{∫0^∞｜FΩ ,t（x）｜^2t^-3dt}^1/2,其中FΩ ,t（x）=∫｜x-y｜≤tΩ （x-y）｜x-y｜^-n＋2f（y）dy在一定的条件下证明它是在Herz空间Kq^α,q上有界同时也是从Herz空间K1^α,p到弱Herz空间WK1^α,p上有界。     

NEW FAMILIES OF CENTERS AND LIMIT CYCLES FOR POLYNOMIAL DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEMS WITH HOMOGENEOUS NONLINEARITIES

We consider the class of polynomial differential equations x = -y+Pn(x,y), y = x + Qn(x, y), where Pn and Qn are homogeneous polynomials of degree n. Inside this class we identify a new subclass of systems having a center at the origin. We show that this subclass contains at least two subfamilies of isochro-nous centers. By using a method different from the classical ones, we study the limit cycles that bifurcate from the periodic orbits of such centers when we perturb them inside the class of all polynomial differential systems of the above form. In particular, we present a function whose simple zeros correspond to the limit cycles vvhich bifurcate from the periodic orbits of Hamiltonian systems.     

The Dirichlet problem with a volume constraint

For B the open unit disk in R², let W₁(B) denote the Sobolev space of vector functions x: B→R³ such that x and its first partial derivatives are square integrable. For any y∈W₁(B), S(y) is the set of all x in W₁(B) for which x-y∈W₁₀(B), the closure in W₁(B) of C ₀ ^∞ (B). Assume that for all x ∈ S(y) the area functional A(x)>0. For a given constant K, we show that there is an x_o∈S(y) minimizing the “Dirichlet Integral” $$D(x) = \iint_B {(|x_u |^2 } + |x_v |^2 )dudv$$ in the subset of all x ∈ S(y) for which the oriented volume enclosed by y and x, V(y,x)=K. x_o is analytic on B and is a solution to the differential equation Δx=2H(x_u∧x_v) for some constant H.     

一类多线性奇异积分算子的加权估计

In this paper, weighted estimates with general weights are established for the multilinear singular integral operator defined by TAf(x) = p. v.RnΩ(x- y)|x- y|n+1 A(x)- A(y)- A(y)(x- y) f(y)dy,where Ω is homogeneous of degree zero, has vanishing moment of order one, and belongs to Lipγ(Sn-1) with γ∈(0, 1], A has derivatives of order one in BMO(Rn).