On the sound sources of screech tones radiated from choked circular jets

The generation mechanism of the screech tone in the helical oscillation mode is mainly investigated using a series of instantaneous schlieren photographs. From the photographs, five evanescent sound sources are observed as prominent points along the jet axis. The sound source for the dominant helical oscillation mode is found to be the second prominent point which moves along a circular orbit in a plane perpendicular to the jet axis and just downstream of the rear edge of the third shock cell. It is shown that the speed of a moving sound source is supersonic and that the Mach cone generated by the moving sound source forms the helical-shaped wave front of the screech tone for the helical oscillation mode of the jet. This idea of the moving sound source is well supported by a measured directionality of the screech tone. Sound sources of the other oscillation modes appearing in the other pressure ratio ranges are also described.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of twinning in devitrite,Na2Ca3Si6O16

Reports of Type II twins are quite rare for most crystal structures. When they do occur, they are usually one of a number of possible twinning modes observed in a particular material. However, for the triclinic phase devitrite, Na₂Ca₃Si₆O₁₆, which nucleates from commercial soda?lime?silica float glass subjected to suitable heat treatments, the only reported twinning mode to date is a Type II twinning mode. In this study, this Type II twinning mode is first examined by molecular dynamics simulation to determine the lowest energy configuration of perfect twin boundaries for the twin mode. This is then compared with the lowest energy configurations of perfect twin boundaries found for six possible Type I twinning modes for devitrite for which the formal deformation twinning shear is less than 0.6. The most favourable twin plane configuration for the Type II twinning crystallography is shown to produce reasonably low twin boundary energies and sensible predictions for the optimum locations of the twin plane, K ₁, and the [1?0?0] rotation axis, η ₁, about which the 180° Type II twinning operation takes place. By comparison, all the Type I twinning modes were found to have very energetically unstable atomic configurations, and for each of these twinning modes, the lowest energy configurations found all led to high effective K ₁ twin boundary energies relative to perfect crystal. These results therefore provide a rationale for the experimental observation of the particular Type II twinning mode seen in devitrite.     

Finite-difference time-domain analysis of deformed square cavity filters with a traveling-wave-like filtering response by mode coupling

An add-drop filter based on a perfect square resonator can realize a maximum of only 25% power dropping because the confined modes are standing-wave modes. By means of mode coupling between two modes with inverse symmetry properties, a traveling-wave-like filtering response is obtained in a two-dimensional single square cavity filter with cut or circular corners by finite-difference time-domain simulation. The optimized deformation parameters for an add-drop filter can be accurately predicted as the overlapping point of the two coupling modes in an isolated deformed square cavity. More than 80% power dropping can be obtained in a deformed square cavity filter with a side length of 3.01 microm. The free spectral region is decided by the mode spacing between modes, with the sum of the mode indices differing by 1.     

Stability of two-mode internal resonance in a nonlinear oscillator

We analyze the stability of synchronized periodic motion for two coupled oscillators, representing two interacting oscillation modes in a nonlinear vibrating beam. The main oscillation mode is governed by the forced Duffing equation, while the other mode is linear. By means of the multiple-scale approach, the system is studied in two situations: an open-loop configuration, where the excitation is an external force, and a closed-loop configuration, where the system is fed back with an excitation obtained from the oscillation itself. The latter is relevant to the functioning of time-keeping micromechanical devices. While the accessible amplitudes and frequencies of stationary oscillations are identical in the two situations, their stability properties are substantially different. Emphasis is put on resonant oscillations, where energy transfer between the two coupled modes is maximized and, consequently, the strong interdependence between frequency and amplitude caused by nonlinearity is largely suppressed.     

Numerical visualization of vortex flow behavior in square jets in cross-flow

Direct numerical simulations have been performed in this study to visualize the flow behavior of single and multiple square jets issuing normally into a cross-flow. Three configurations are considered, a single jet located in the centre of the domain, twin jets in side-by-side (SBS) arrangement in the spanwise direction and triple jets in tandem arrangement with twin jets at the front and a third jet in downstream along the centre line. Simulation uses a jet to cross-flow velocity ratio of 2.5 and the Reynolds number 225, based on the free-stream quantities and the jet width. While the vortical structures predicted from single jet case were in good qualitatively agreement with the findings of other researchers, our results show that the process of merging between two counter-rotating vortex pairs (CRVP) in twin jets configurations is strongly dependent on the jet-to-jet edge distance. Further downstream in the far-field, results from the SBS twin jets show a most dominating larger CRVP accompanied with a smaller inner vortex pair. The observations are in good qualitative agreement with the experimental findings in the literature. The resulting flow structures of triple jets in tandem configuration have revealed, for the first time, more complicated flow interactions between individual jets and cross-flow, providing further insights of complex flow physics and its potential engineering applications.     

Self-sustained oscillations of turbulent pipe flow terminated by an axisymmetric cavity

Turbulent flow through a long pipe terminated by an axisymmetric cavity can give rise to self-sustained oscillations exhibiting a very strong coherence, as evidenced by the narrow-band character of corresponding amplitude spectra. These oscillations, associated with the turbulent axisymmetric jet passing through the cavity, are strongly influenced by the acoustic modes of the pipe. The frequencies of oscillation lie within or near the range of most “unstable” frequencies of the turbulent jet previously predicted by using concepts of inviscid hydrodynamic stability theory; consequently, these experiments show truly self-excited and strongly coherent “instability” of a fully turbulent, low Mach number (～10^?2), axisymmetric flow undergoing separation, corroborating previous experiments involving the external forcing of free turbulent jets. As flow velocity or cavity length is varied, both upward and downward jumps in oscillation frequency are observed; the sign (up or down) of these jumps tends to systematically alternate with increase of velocity or length. The role of these frequency jumps is, in effect, to allow the oscillation of the flow to remain “locked-on” to a pipe mode over a wide range of impingement length or flow velocity. Moreover, these jumps exhibit two types of behavior: for the first kind, the predominant frequency makes a relatively continuous transition between stages and the frequency of the neighboring stage appears as a secondary component; for the second kind, there is a dead zone (where no oscillation occurs) between stages. The consequence of externally exciting the system is strongly dependent on whether the self-sustaining oscillation is relatively near, or well away from, a frequency jump. During excitation, the amplitudes of pressure fluctuations in the cavity substantially exceed the corresponding no-flow values only in regions away from the frequency jumps; at locations of jumps, there can be significant attenuation of the no-flow excitation amplitude. For the type of frequency jump involving a “dead zone”, enhancement of a given mode of oscillation can be achieved by externally exciting not only the given mode, but also neighboring modes. For the other type of jump, involving a relatively continuous transition from one stage to the next, the predominant mode of oscillation following the jump is that mode giving maximum amplitude response to excitation before the jump.     

A method for the transverse modulation of reactive flows with application to combustion instability

A method allowing the transverse excitation of non-reactive or reactive flows is described. The method relies on a characteristic wave modulation applied on the lateral sides of the computational domain. It is shown that this procedure can be used to induce a transverse sloshing motion in the region of interest. Two two-dimensional geometries are studied: in the first, the flow features one or two wakes embedded in a high-speed stream; the second configuration involves a premixed reactive jet flame. The excited flow structure calculated in this last case is found to be similar to that observed in an experiment carried out previously. As the simulations are performed in two dimensions, they cannot describe many of the processes taking place in a turbulent flow. They are, however, valuable when the flow is dominated by a large-scale organized motion induced by a transverse acoustic modulation. The present calculations indicate that the method in combination with a large eddy simulation flow solver could be used to study combustion response to transverse acoustic perturbations. With additional developments this might be used to study liquid propellant rocket motor instabilities coupled by transverse acoustic modes in the high-frequency range.     

Chaos dynamics in semiconductor lasers with polarization-rotated optical feedback

By using polarization-rotated optical feedback from the transverse-electric (TE) mode to the transverse-magnetic (TM) mode, chaotic oscillations for both polarization modes are excited in a semiconductor laser. We find different correlations between these chaotic oscillations than those found in previous studies. In this study, the dynamics are strongly dependent on their radio-frequency (RF) components and they are divided into three RF regions. For low-pass filtered signals lower than the laser relaxation oscillation, there is an antiphase correlation between the two polarization modes. On the other hand, the two polarization modes have an in-phase correlation for the RF components of the high-pass filtered signals, which are higher than the relaxation oscillation. However, no correlations were observed between the two modes for the intermediate RF components that include the relaxation oscillation frequency. We also perform numerical calculations for the model and obtain good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results.     

外延YIG膜中激发磁模的精细结构

用激发磁波的方式在面内磁化的外延YIG膜上得到了一组等间距、慢衰减的磁模。考虑到磁化强度在模内不均匀性及进动为椭圆进动,导出了模式间距和磁性参数间的关系。和实验比较可以推算出表征不均匀的参数。对于我们的样品,该不均匀性约为2.6—5.8％。 关键词：     

Experimental and computational visualization and frequency measurements of the jet oscillation inside a fluidic oscillator

PIV measurements and computational simulations (2D, unsteady Navier-Stokes) are performed to visualize the inherently unsteady jet oscillation inside a fluidic oscillator. Both the measurements and computations are obtained for a jet exit Reynolds number of 321, based on the maximum velocity and the nozzle width at the jet exit plane. The computed jet oscillation frequency is in close agreement with the measured PIV frequency. Formation of a pressure gradient across the jet is observed from the computations. The variation of the jet oscillation frequency with jet exit Reynolds number is also determined by single sensor hot-wire measurements inside the oscillation chamber.     

Control of flow in forced jets: a comparison of round and square cross sections

Abstract  

Direct numerical simulation of incompressible, spatially developing round and square jets at a Reynolds number of 1,000 is performed. The effect of two types of inlet perturbation on the flow structures is analyzed. First, dual-mode excitation, which is a combination of axisymmetric perturbation at preferred mode frequency and helical perturbation at sub-harmonic frequency is used, having a disturbance frequency ratio equal to R _f  = 2. It is observed that the circular and square jets bifurcate and spread on one of the orthogonal planes forming a Y-shape jet in the downstream while no spreading is visible on the other plane. The second type of perturbation is a flapping excitation at a sub-harmonic frequency, St _F = 0.2. It leads to a Y-shape bifurcation for both square and circular jets. On the other hand, for flapping excitation at the preferred mode frequency, namely, St _F = 0.4, a circular jet bifurcates into a Ψ-shape whereas the square jet reveals simple spreading.     

A study in the developing region of square jet

The developing region of a turbulent square jet is investigated using high-resolution particle image velocimetry (PIV). The mean velocity and turbulence stresses are presented in various horizontal planes, along the jet centerline covering the initial region of the jet as well as the transition to the self-similar region. To study the flow structure away from the central plane, velocity measurements in two additional horizontal planes, one located halfway from the jet central plane toward the edge and the other at the edge of the square jet, are also examined. Analysis of the instantaneous velocity fields reveal the presence of an arrow-like feature in the square jet due to the higher instability generated in the jet shear layer compared with a round jet. To elucidate the imprints of the vortex structures present in the jets, a swirling strength-based vortex identification methodology is applied on a large ensemble of instantaneous velocity fields. Statistical analysis of the number of vortex cores, and their size and rotational strength in the measurement plane is undertaken. Vortex population at the edge was found to be very different compared with that in the central plane.     

Fundamental modes in waveguide pipe twisted by saturated double-well potential

We study fundamental modes trapped in a rotating ring with a saturated nonlinear double-well potential. This model, which is based on the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, can be constructed in a twisted waveguide pipe in terms of light propagation, or in a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) loaded into a toroidal trap under a combination of a rotating π-out-of-phase linear potential and nonlinear pseudopotential induced by means of a rotating optical field and the Feshbach resonance. Three types of fundamental modes are identified in this model, one symmetric and the other two asymmetric. The shape and stability of the modes and the transitions between different modes are investigated in the first rotational Brillouin zone. A similar model used a Kerr medium to build its nonlinear potential, but we replace it with a saturated nonlinear medium. The model exhibits not only symmetry breaking, but also symmetry recovery. A specific type of unstable asymmetric mode is also found, and the evolution of the unstable asymmetric mode features Josephson oscillation between two linear wells. By considering the model as a configuration of a BEC system, the ground state mode is identified among these three types, which characterize a specific distribution of the BEC atoms around the trap.     

Experimental modulation bandwidth beyond the relaxation oscillation frequency in a monolithic twin-ridge laterally coupled diode laser based on lateral mode locking

Monolithic twin-ridge laterally coupled diode lasers emitting at 1.3microm are presented that have a small-signal modulation bandwidth beyond the relaxation oscillation frequency of a single ridge. Spectra and spectrally resolved far fields are presented for three bias conditions: only one ridge lasing, both ridges lasing just above threshold, and both ridges lasing at biases well above threshold. In the first two cases the spectrum has single-peaked longitudinal modes, whereas the third cases shows splitting to in-phase and out-of-phase modes. The splitting frequency of the optical spectrum is measured to be 7.7 GHz. Small-signal modulation measurements reveal a strong resonance at 7.7 GHz, demonstrating an effect of lateral mode locking. As a result of this effect, the twin-ridge laser can be made to have a -3-dB bandwidth beyond that associated with its relaxation oscillation frequency.     

Shock oscillation in highly underexpanded jets

The oscillatory motions of shocks in highly underexpanded jets with nozzle pressure ratios of 5.60, 7.47, 9.34, and11.21 are quantitatively studied by using large eddy simulation. Two types of shock oscillations are observed: one is the Mach disk oscillation in the streamwise direction and the other is the shock oscillation in the radial direction. It is found that the Mach disk moves quickly in the middle of the oscillatory region but slowly at the top or bottom boundaries. The oscillation cycles of Mach disk are the same for different cases, and are all dominated by an axisymmetric mode of 5.298 k Hz. For the oscillation in the radial direction, the shocks oscillate more toward the jet centerline but less in the jet shear layer, and the oscillation magnitude is an increasing function of screech amplitude. The cycles of the radial shock oscillation switch randomly between the two screech frequencies for the first two cases. However, the oscillation periodicity is more complex for the jets with high nozzle pressure ratios of 9.34 and 11.21 than for the jets with the low nozzle pressure ratios of 5.6 and 7.47. In addition, the shock oscillation characteristics are also captured by coarse mesh and Smagorinsky model,but the coarse mesh tends to predict a slower and weaker shock oscillation.     

Synchronous tunable wavelength spacing dual-wavelength SOA fiber ring laser using Fiber Bragg grating pair in a hybrid tuning package

A Dual-Wavelength Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (DW-SOA) based fiber ring laser with synchronous wavelength tunability is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The SOA gain medium strongly suppresses mode competition, thus allowing stable dual-wavelength laser oscillation. The wavelength spacing of the two lasers can be tuned synchronously using a modified hybrid-tuning package incorporating a pair of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs). The DW-SOA demonstrates a laser output with a wavelength spacing of between 0.10 and 8.30 nm (wavelength shift inequality of 0.08 to 0.75 nm). The relationship between the applied strain and wavelength shift of the two tuning modes is also analyzed.     

Jet forking driven by pipe tone

The present work deals with an experimental investigation of flow of air through a square-edged circular orifice at the downstream end of a circular duct. Self-excited acoustic oscillations at the natural duct modes are observed for certain flow velocities when the orifice is sufficiently thick. For a specific Reynolds number based on the orifice diameter and the mean jet velocity (9150 < Re < 9850), the jet forks into two trains, with the alternating vortices falling into the same branch of the forked train. Whereas this phenomenon has been reported earlier to have occurred when the density ratio of the jet is less than 0.72, the present results show that it is possible for a jet having the same density as the ambient atmosphere. The jet forking is coincident with jump in the acoustic frequency from one natural acoustic mode to another with comparable amplitudes of both the modes.     

Acoustic properties of heated twin jets

A thorough experimental study of the noise characteristics of twin jets is presented in this paper. Twin round jets are investigated at typical jet engine conditions: that is, with heated high velocity flow. By varying the nozzle to nozzle spacing, it is possible to discriminate between the effects of turbulent mixing and acoustic shielding. As a result of this investigation, it was established that the turbulent mixing effects (both interaction noise generation and mixing suppression) occur for closely spaced nozzles. While acoustic shielding occurs at all nozzle spacings, it plays the dominant role at wide nozzle spacings. The levels of this acoustic shielding afforded by an adjacent jet can be sufficient to cause a nearly complete masking of the noise of the shielded jet. A significant discovery of this investigation was the importance of the layer of cooler, slower moving ambient air that exists between the twin jet plumes. This inter-jet layer causes acoustic refraction and reflection, and as the nozzle separation increases, the layer extends to shield more of the jet noise sources.     

Quasiperiodicity involving twin oscillations in the complex Lorenz equations describing a detuned laser

Quasiperiodical motion in the complex Lorenz equations describing a detuned laser is shown to consist of twin oscillations: the first oscillation originates from Hopf bifurcation and the second is a parastic oscillation of the first one. Equations for the twin asymptotic oscillations are analytically derived in the center manifold, showing explicitly the parastic property of the second oscillation: its frequency is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the first one. The phase of the second oscillation shows also certainanholonomy which is very similar to the characteristics of Berry's phase. Numerical results show further that the first oscillation follows the sequence of bifurcations from simple periodic through period-doubling to chaos, as one continuously increases the control parameter, whereas the frequency of the parastic oscillation does not change qualitatively during the bifurcation process.     

光子晶体局域缺陷模及耦合特性研究

用超胞平面波展开法计算了二维正方格子介质柱光子晶体缺陷模,系统模拟了在改变缺陷模数目和缺陷模之间的距离及在不同耦合方向等情况下的耦合特性。计算结果表明：局域缺陷模之间的耦合所产生分裂的缺陷模式频率随着缺陷之间的距离而发生变化．当缺陷之间距离增加时,缺陷模之间耦合变得越来越弱且奇模和偶模交替变化;随着耦合缺陷点数目增加,缺陷模在光子带隙内形成一个缺陷带;当平面波平行于缺陷模耦合方向入射时．可以同时激发奇模和偶模．当入射平面波垂直于耦合方向时．仅产生偶模;沿对角线方向耦合的定域化的缺陷模电磁场快速衰减使得那些方向每一个单谐振腔局域光场与它邻近的谐振腔不发生耦合,其本征频率与波矢无关。