二阶矩湍流燃烧模型的考虑浮力的DNS及LES检验

本文用谱方法对考虑浮力的三维槽道湍流反应流动进行了直接模拟,用直接模拟统计结果对二阶矩亚网格湍流燃烧模型(SOM-SGS)进行了检验,结果显示SOM-SGS模型具有合理性.进一步用SOM-SGS模型成功预报了甲烷-空气射流火焰,其统计结果显示了RANS模拟中代数SOM燃烧模型的合理性.     

预混燃烧中CMC亚模型的先验性分析

本文用直接数值模拟的方法对各项同性湍流中的H_2/air平面火焰进行了研究。模拟了当量比分别为0.6和1.0的两种预混火焰,采用了9种组分19步反应的详细机理.对预混燃烧中的CMC亚模型进行了先验性分析.发现clipped Gaussian和Beta function两种方法都能定性描述过程变量的概率分布,但是Beta function的结果与直接数值模拟更接近.AMC和Girimaji两种模型都能较好地模拟标量耗散率的条件平均分布,在贫燃的情况下模型预测的结果更接近直接数值模拟的结果。     

用直接模拟数据检验RANS二阶矩燃烧模型

用谱方法对三维槽道不可压湍流反应流动进行了直接模拟(DNS),并对关联量精确输运方程中各项的贡献进行统计,发现产生项和耗散项起重要作用.进一步用DNS数据库对BANS二阶矩(SOM)湍流燃烧模型进行检验,发现扩散项和产生项的模拟值在大部分区域都和精确统计值接近,但在近壁区需要修正;耗散项的模拟有待改进.     

旋流燃烧NO生成的USM湍流反应模型

用统一二阶矩(USM)湍流反应模型对不同旋流数下甲烷-空气旋流燃烧NO生成进行了数值模拟,并和EBU-Arrhenius(E-A)燃烧模型对燃烧的模拟结果和简化PDF湍流反应模型对NO生成的模拟结果以及相应的实验结果进行对比。结果表明,USM模型显著地优于E-A模型和简化PDF模型。E-A模型不能合理地模拟有限反应动力学,而简化PDF模型用两个单变量PDF的乘积代替联合PDF,大大地低估了NO湍流反应率。USM模型预报结果和实验结果符合最好。     

湍流两相流动有燃烧颗粒相概率密度函数输运方程理论

由有燃烧的湍流气粒两相流动的瞬态方程和统计力学概率密度函数概念出发,推导了有燃烧颗粒相的质量－动量－能量联合概率密度函数（ＰＤＦ）输运方程,并对方程中条件期望项用梯度模拟概念进行了模拟封闭。封闭后的ＰＤＦ方程可作为建立颗粒拟流体模型方程和封闭二阶矩模型的基础,也可以通过Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ 法求解用以直接计算颗粒雷诺应力和湍流动能,以便和二阶 矩模型的结果相对照,改善二阶矩模型。     

湍流燃烧二阶矩模型的研究进展

湍流燃烧模型在燃烧过程数值模拟中十分重要。商业软件中仍然应用的简单模型,如EBU和预设PDF模型,常常不能很好地模拟有限反应动力学。目前通行的湍流燃烧模型,如层流小火焰模型和条件矩模型,只对一定的火焰类型和火焰结构的效果较好。PDF方程模型更通用,但计算量太大,用于大涡模拟更是如此。另一类是统计矩模型,即基于湍流模型的思路,用雷诺展开和取平均,封闭未知项的二阶矩模型,但是遇到了高度非线性的温度指数函数的困难。不同研究者采取了不同的近似处理,都低估了时平均反应率。作者彻底放弃各种近似方法,构建了终版的二阶矩模型,用于不同的单相和两相燃烧的雷诺平均模拟和大涡模拟,得到了实验验证和直接数值模拟的验证。     

双扩散自然对流的格子Boltzmann模拟

建立了一个模拟双扩散自然对流系统的格子Boltzmann模型,用此模型对受温度和浓度梯度驱动的方腔流动进行了模拟,研究了浓度Rayleigh数对传热传质的影响,并与其它文献的结果进行了比较.     

气固鼓泡床的全尺度直接数值模拟

颗粒全尺度直接数值模拟由于不引入任何相间作用力封闭模型、同时又考虑了颗粒相与流体相之间的四向耦合,因而具有极高的计算精度和准度。本文采用内嵌边界多重直接力算法结合软球碰撞模型对实验室尺度的气固鼓泡流化床装置进行了全尺度直接数值模拟。计算结果真实还原了鼓泡流态化的流动情形,且能有效地捕捉装置内部流场的详细运动情况和涡结构。对流化床内颗粒在传统的离散元模型框架下进行曳力统计发现,平均曳力比全尺度模拟结果小约20%~30%。其具体数值因选取比较的曳力模型和统计网格而异。改进传统曳力模型需考虑颗粒群的非均匀性以及颗粒拟温度。     

甲烷-空气同轴突扩湍流燃烧的新二阶矩模型的数值模拟

用本文作者最近提出的湍流燃烧新二阶矩模型对无旋和有族情况下的轴对称甲烷-空气湍流燃烧进行了数值模拟,并将其结果和ＥＢＵ－Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ模型和原来的二阶矩模型等湍流燃烧模型的模拟结果以及文献中实验结果进行了比较,对不同的模型进行了评价,结果表明新二阶矩模型较其它模型更合理。     

圆管脉动流的轴对称格子Boltzmann模拟

应用一种轴对称格子-Boltzmann模型模拟了圆管通道内脉动流。首先对α=9.36,Re=319工况下的正弦压力梯度驱动的脉动流进行模拟,模拟的径向无量纲速度和解析解吻合很好,还应用此模型研究了Womersley数对脉动流的影响。模拟结果表明,此轴对称格子-Boltzmann模型能有效模拟圆管脉动流。最后应用该模型对局部扩张管管内流动进行初步的模拟研究,并研究了不同扩张程度对流动的影响。     

Supersonic Turbulent Boundary Layer： DNS and RANS

We assess the performance of a few turbulence models for Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes （RANS） simulation of supersonic boundary layers, compared to the direct numerical simulations （DNS） of supersonic flat-plate turbulent boundary layers, carried out by Gao et al. [Chin. Phys. Lett. 22（2005）1709] and Huang et al. [Sci. Chin. 48 （2005） 614], as well as some available experimental data. The assessment is made for two test cases, with incoming Mach numbers and Reynolds numbers M = 2.25, Re = 365, 000//in, and M = 4.5, Re = 1.7 × 10^7/m, respectively. It is found that in the first case the prediction of RANS models agrees well with the DNS and the experimental data, while for the second case the agreement of the DNS models with experiment is less satisfactory. The compressibility effect on the RANS models is discussed.     

A priori evaluation of large eddy simulation subgrid-scale scalar flux models in isotropic passive-scalar and anisotropic buoyancy-driven homogeneous turbulence

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of passive (non-buoyant) and active (buoyant) scalar homogeneous turbulence is carried out using a standard pseudo-spectral numerical method. The flow settings simulated include stationary forced and decaying passive-scalar turbulence, as well as decaying anisotropic active-scalar turbulence. The Schmidt number is unity in all cases. The results are compared with, and are found to be in very good agreement with, previous similar DNS studies. The well-validated DNS data are divided into 19 sets, and are employed to study different large eddy simulation (LES) subgrid-scale (SGS) models for the SGS scalar flux. The models examined include three eddy-viscosity-type models (Smagorinsky, Vreman and Sigma with a constant SGS Schmidt number), a Dynamic Structure model and two versions of the Gradient (Gradient and Modulated Gradient) model. The models are investigated with respect to their ability to predict the orientation, and the magnitude, of the SGS scalar flux. Eddy-viscosity models are found to predict the magnitude of the SGS scalar flux accurately, but are poor at predicting the orientation of the SGS scalar flux. The Dynamic Structure and Gradient models are better than eddy-viscosity models at predicting both the magnitude and direction. However, neither of them can be realised in an actual LES, without carrying additional transport equations. Based on these observations, four new models are proposed – combining directions from Dynamic Structure and Gradient models, and magnitudes from Smagorinsky and Vreman eddy-viscosity models. These models are expected to be better than eddy-viscosity and Modulated Gradient models, and this is confirmed by preliminary a posteriori tests.     

Anisotropic Reynolds stress tensor representation in shear flows using DNS and experimental data

Tensorial decompositions and projections are used to study the performance of algebraic non-linear models and predict the anisotropy of the Reynolds stresses. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) data for plane channel flows at friction Reynolds number (Re_τ = 180, 395, 590, 1000), and for the boundary layer using both DNS (Re_τ = 359, 830, 1271) and experimental data (Re_τ = 2680, 3891, 4941, 7164) are used to build and evaluate the models. These data are projected into tensorial basis formed from the symmetric part of mean velocity gradient and non-persistence-of-straining tensor. Six models are proposed and their performances are investigated. The scalar coefficients for these six different levels of approximations of the Reynolds stress tensor are derived, and made dimensionless using the classical turbulent scales, the kinetic turbulent energy (κ) and its dissipation rate (ε). The dimensionless coefficients are then coupled with classical wall functions. One model is selected by comparing the predicted Reynolds stress components with experimental and DNS data, presenting a good prediction for the shear and normal Reynolds stresses.     

High-order incompressible large-eddy simulation of fully inhomogeneous turbulent flows

The subgrid-scale (SGS) eddy-viscosity model developed by Vreman [Phys. Fluids 16 (2004) 3670] and its dynamic version [Phys. Fluids 19 (2007) 065110] are tested in large-eddy simulations (LES) of the turbulent flow in an Re = 12,000 lid-driven cubical cavity by comparison to the direct numerical simulation (DNS) data of Leriche and Gavrilakis [Phys. Fluids 12 (2000) 1363]. This appears to be the first test of this class of model to flows without any homogeneous flow directions, which is typical of flows in complex geometries. Additional LES predictions at Re = 18,000 and Re = 22,000 are compared to the DNS data of Leriche [J. Sci. Comp. 27 (2006)]. The new LES framework yielded excellent agreement for both the mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles and matches DNS data better than the more traditional Smagorinsky-based SGS models.     

湍流分层燃烧的直接数值模拟和小火焰模型研究

湍流分层燃烧广泛应用于工业燃烧装置,但是目前还比较缺乏适用于湍流分层燃烧的高精度数值模型。本文利用直接数值模拟数据库,对高Karlovitz数分层射流火焰的小火焰模型表现进行了先验性评估。考虑了两种小火焰模型,一种是基于自由传播层流预混火焰的小火焰模型M1,另一种是基于分层对冲小火焰的小火焰模型M2。研究发现M1和M2在c-Z空间的结果与直接数值模拟在定性上是一致的。在物理空间,M2对过程变量反应速率脉动值的预测结果要优于M1.     

Turbulent scalar flux transport in head-on quenching of turbulent premixed flames: a direct numerical simulations approach to assess models for Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes simulations

The statistical behaviour and the modelling of turbulent scalar flux transport have been analysed using a direct numerical simulation (DNS) database of head-on quenching of statistically planar turbulent premixed flames by an isothermal wall. A range of different values of Damköhler, Karlovitz numbers and Lewis numbers has been considered for this analysis. The magnitudes of the turbulent transport and mean velocity gradient terms in the turbulent scalar flux transport equation remain small in comparison to the pressure gradient, molecular dissipation and reaction-velocity fluctuation correlation terms in the turbulent scalar flux transport equation when the flame is away from the wall but the magnitudes of all these terms diminish and assume comparable values during flame quenching before vanishing altogether. It has been found that the existing models for the turbulent transport, pressure gradient, molecular dissipation and reaction-velocity fluctuation correlation terms in the turbulent scalar flux transport equation do not adequately address the respective behaviours extracted from DNS data in the near-wall region during flame quenching. Existing models for transport equation-based closures of turbulent scalar flux have been modified in such a manner that these models provide satisfactory prediction both near to and away from the wall.     

Reynolds stress models applied to canonical shock-turbulence interaction

Shock waves in high-speed flows can drastically alter the nature of Reynolds stresses in a turbulent flow. We study the canonical interaction of homogeneous isotropic turbulence passing through a normal shock, where the shock wave generates significant anisotropy of Reynolds stresses. Existing Reynolds stress models are applied to this canonical problem to predict the amplification of the stream-wise and transverse normal Reynolds stresses across the shock wave. In particular, the efficacy of the different models for the rapid pressure–strain correlation is evaluated by comparing the results with available direct numerical simulation (DNS) data. The model predictions are found to be grossly inaccurate, especially at high-Mach numbers. We propose physics-based improvement to the Reynolds stress-transport equation in the form of shock-unsteadiness effect and enstrophy amplification for turbulent dissipation rate . The resulting model is found to capture the essential physics of Reynolds stress amplification, and match DNS data for a range of Mach numbers. Numerical error encountered at shock waves are also analysed and the model equations are cast in conservative form to obtain physically consistent results with successive grid refinement. Finally, the proposed model for canonical shock-turbulence interaction is generalised to multi-dimensional flows with shock of arbitrary orientation.     

近壁湍流的降阶模型及应用

由条带和流向涡的循环再生构成的近壁自维持过程(self-sustaining process, SSP)是壁湍流产生和维持的重要机制. 文章通过对最小槽道的直接数值模拟(direct numerical simulation, DNS)获得近壁自维持过程的流场数据, 采用正规正交分解法(proper orthogonal decomposition, POD)对该数据进行分析, 获得了不同流向和展向尺度的特征模态, 通过将Navier-Stokes方程在这些模态上进行投影, 得到近壁自维持过程的降阶模型, 并采用DNS数据对降阶模型的预测能力进行了评价. 该模型被初步应用于大涡模拟近壁模型的构造.      

Towards a classification of models for the numerical simulation of premixed combustion based on a generalized regime diagram

The inner structure, and the physical behaviour of turbulent premixed flames are usually described, and classified by means of the regime diagram introduced by Borghi and Peters. Thereby properties related to both the flame and the (turbulent) flow are considered. In this work a diagram valid for all physical regimes, comprising suitable requirements for laminar simulations, direct numerical simulation (DNS), large-eddy simulation (LES), and Reynolds averaging based numerical simulation (RANS) is proposed. In particular the diagram describes essential situations within the validity limits of the “Borghi, Peters diagram” which physical phenomena are resolved by the simulation, and which have to be modelled. This information is used for systematic classification of various models by suggesting specific models that are appropriate depending on the regime and numerical resolution, and may provide guidance for numerical simulation methods and model development in turbulent premixed combustion. This might help users as a guideline in choosing appropriate models for a given device, and numerical effort available. The regime diagram suggested by Pitsch and Duchamp de Lageneste, which includes DNS and LES by explicitely accounting for the numerical related variable filterwidth, emerges here as one of the special two-dimensional cases possible. In contrast to the generalized regime diagram, their diagram does not include laminar simulations, and RANS based considerations, while transition between wrinkled and corrugated flamelets is not clearly established.     

On mean flow universality of turbulent wall flows. I. High Reynolds number flow analysis

ABSTRACT

The universality and mathematical physical structure of wall-bounded turbulent flows is a topic of discussions over many decades. There is no agreement about questions like what is the physical mean flow structure, how universal is it, and how universal are theoretical concepts for local and global flow variations. These questions are addressed by using latest direct numerical simulation (DNS) data at moderate Reynolds numbers Re and experimental data up to extreme Re. The mean flow structure is explained by analytical models for three canonical wall-bounded turbulent flows (channel flow, pipe flow, and the zero-pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer). Thorough comparisons with DNS and experimental data provide support for the validity of models. Criteria for veritable physics derived from observations are suggested. It is shown that the models presented satisfy these criteria. A probabilistic interpretation of the mean flow structure shows that the physical constraints of equal entropies and equally likely mean velocity values in a region unaffected by boundary effects impose a universal log-law structure. The structure of wall-bounded turbulent flows is much more universal than previously expected. There is no discrepancy between local logarithmic velocity variations and global friction law and bulk velocity variations. Flow effects are limited to the minimum: the difference of having a bounded or unbounded domain, and the variation range of mean velocity values allowed by the geometry.