Meromorphic Functions That Share Fixed-Points

In this paper, we prove the following result: Let f(z) and g(z) be two nonconstant meromorphic(entire) functions, n ≥ 11(n ≥ 6) a positive integer. If fⁿ(z)f′(z) and gⁿ(z)g′(z) have the same fixed-points, then either f(z) = c₁e^cz2, g(z) = c₂e^− cz2, where c₁, c₂, and c are three constants satisfying 4(c₁c₂)^n + 1c² = −1, or f(z) ≡ tg(z) for a constant t such that t^n + 1 = 1.     

k-Potence preserving maps without the linearity and surjectivity assumptions

Let M_n be the space of all n × n complex matrices, and let Γ_n be the subset of M_n consisting of all n × n k-potent matrices. We denote by Ψ_n the set of all maps on M_n satisfying A − λB ∈ Γ_n if and only if ?(A) − λ?(B) ∈ Γ_n for every A,B ∈ M_n and λ ∈ C. It was shown that ? ∈ Ψ_n if and only if there exist an invertible matrix P ∈ M_n and c ∈ C with c^k−1 = 1 such that either ?(A) = cPAP⁻¹ for every A ∈ M_n, or ?(A) = cPA^TP⁻¹ for every A ∈ M_n.     

Submersions on open symplectic manifolds

Let M be an open manifold with a symplectic form Ω, and N a manifold with dimN<dimM. We prove that submersions with symplectic fibres satisfy the h-principle. Such submersions define Dirac manifold structures on the given manifold. As an application to this result we show that CPn?CPk−1 admits a submersion into R2(2k−n) with symplectic fibres for n/2<k?n.     

Semismall perturbations, semi-intrinsic ultracontractivity, and integral representations of nonnegative solutions for parabolic equations

We consider nonnegative solutions of a parabolic equation in a cylinder D×I, where D is a noncompact domain of a Riemannian manifold and I=(0,T) with 0<T?∞ or I=(−∞,0). Under the assumption [SSP] (i.e., the constant function 1 is a semismall perturbation of the associated elliptic operator on D), we establish an integral representation theorem of nonnegative solutions: In the case I=(0,T), any nonnegative solution is represented uniquely by an integral on (D×{0})∪(M_∂D×[0,T)), where M_∂D is the Martin boundary of D for the elliptic operator; and in the case I=(−∞,0), any nonnegative solution is represented uniquely by the sum of an integral on M_∂D×(−∞,0) and a constant multiple of a particular solution. We also show that [SSP] implies the condition [SIU] (i.e., the associated heat kernel is semi-intrinsically ultracontractive).     

Embedding cycles of various lengths into star graphs with both edge and vertex faults

The n-dimensional star graph S_n is an attractive alternative to the hypercube graph and is a bipartite graph with two partite sets of equal size. Let F_v and F_e be the sets of faulty vertices and faulty edges of S_n, respectively. We prove that S_n − F_v − F_e contains a fault-free cycle of every even length from 6 to n! − 2∣F_v∣ with ∣F_v∣ + ∣F_e∣ ? n − 3 for every n ? 4. We also show that S_n − F_v − F_e contains a fault-free path of length n! − 2∣F_v∣ − 1 (respectively, n! − 2∣F_v∣ − 2) between two arbitrary vertices of S_n in different partite sets (respectively, the same partite set) with ∣F_v∣ + ∣F_e∣ ? n − 3 for every n ? 4.     

On the diameters of commuting graphs

The commuting graph of a ring R, denoted by Γ(R), is a graph whose vertices are all non-central elements of R and two distinct vertices x and y are adjacent if and only if xy = yx. Let D be a division ring and n ? 3. In this paper we investigate the diameters of Γ(M_n(D)) and determine the diameters of some induced subgraphs of Γ(M_n(D)), such as the induced subgraphs on the set of all non-scalar non-invertible, nilpotent, idempotent, and involution matrices in M_n(D). For every field F, it is shown that if Γ(M_n(F)) is a connected graph, then diam Γ(M_n(F)) ? 6. We conjecture that if Γ(M_n(F)) is a connected graph, then diam Γ(M_n(F)) ? 5. We show that if F is an algebraically closed field or n is a prime number and Γ(M_n(F)) is a connected graph, then diam Γ(M_n(F)) = 4. Finally, we present some applications to the structure of pairs of idempotents which may prove of independent interest.     

Indefinite locally conformal Kähler manifolds

We study the basic properties of an indefinite locally conformal Kähler (l.c.K.) manifold. Any indefinite l.c.K. manifold M with a parallel Lee form ω is shown to possess two canonical foliations F and Fc, the first of which is given by the Pfaff equation ω=0 and the second is spanned by the Lee and the anti-Lee vectors of M. We build an indefinite l.c.K. metric on the noncompact complex manifold Ω₊=(Λ₊?Λ₀)/Gλ (similar to the Boothby metric on a complex Hopf manifold) and prove a CR extension result for CR functions on the leafs of F when M=Ω₊ (where is −²|z₁|−?−²|zs|+²|zs+1|+?+²|zn|>0). We study the geometry of the second fundamental form of the leaves of F and Fc. In the degenerate cases (corresponding to a lightlike Lee vector) we use the technique of screen distributions and (lightlike) transversal bundles developed by A. Bejancu et al. [K.L. Duggal, A. Bejancu, Lightlike Submanifolds of Semi-Riemannian Manifolds and Applications, vol. 364, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1996].     

Rank one operators and norm of elementary operators

Let A be a standard operator algebra acting on a (real or complex) normed space E. For two n-tuples A = (A₁, … , A_n) and B = (B₁, … , B_n) of elements in A, we define the elementary operator R_A,B on A by the relation for all X in A. For a single operator A∈A, we define the two particular elementary operators L_A and R_A on A by L_A(X) = AX and R_A(X) = XA, for every X in A. We denote by d(R_A,B) the supremum of the norm of R_A,B(X) over all unit rank one operators on E. In this note, we shall characterize: (i) the supremun d(R_A,B), (ii) the relation , (iii) the relation d(L_A − R_B) = ∥A∥ + ∥B∥, (iv) the relation d(L_AR_B − L_BR_A) = 2∥A∥ + ∥B∥. Moreover, we shall show the lower estimate d(L_A − R_B) ? max{sup_λ∈V(B)∥A − λI∥, sup_λ∈V(A)∥B − λI∥} (where V(X) is the algebraic numerical range of X in A).     

The Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator on rough domains

We consider a bounded connected open set Ω⊂Rd whose boundary Γ has a finite (d−1)-dimensional Hausdorff measure. Then we define the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator D₀ on L₂(Γ) by form methods. The operator −D₀ is self-adjoint and generates a contractive C₀-semigroup S=(St)_t>0 on L₂(Γ). We show that the asymptotic behaviour of St as t→∞ is related to properties of the trace of functions in H¹(Ω) which Ω may or may not have.     

Strong Hypercontractivity and Relative Subharmonicity

A Hermitian metric, g, on a complex manifold, M, together with a smooth probability measure, μ, on M determine minimal and maximal Dirichlet forms, Q_D and Q_max, given by Q(f)=∫_M g(grad f(z), grad f(z)) dμ(z). Q_D is the form closure of Q on C^∞_c(M) and Q_max is the form closure of Q on C¹_b(M). The corresponding operators, A_D and A_max, generate semigroups having standard hypercontractivity properties in the scale of L^p spaces, p>1, when the corresponding form, Q, satisfies a logarithmic Sobolev inequality. It was shown by the author (1999, Acta Math.182, 159-206) that the semigroup e^−tA_D has even stronger hypercontractivity properties when restricted to certain holomorphic subspaces of L^p. These results are extended here to A_max. When (M, g) is not complete it is necessary that the elliptic differential operator A_max degenerate on the boundary of M. A second proof of these strong hypercontractive inequalities for both A_D and A_max is given, which depends on an extension of the submean value property of subharmonic functions. The Riemann surface for z^1/n and the weighted Bergman spaces in the unit disc are given as examples.     

Maximum order-index of matrices over commutative inclines: an answer to an open problem

This paper proves that the maximum order-index of n × n matrices over an arbitrary commutative incline equals (n − 1)² + 1. This is an answer to an open problem “Compute the maximum order-index of a member of M_n(L)”, proposed by Cao, Kim and Roush in a monograph Incline Algebra and Applications, 1984, where M_n(L) is the set of all n × n matrices over an incline L.     

On Bernstein's inequality for entire functions of exponential type

It was shown by S.N. Bernstein that if f is an entire function of exponential type τ such that |f(x)|?M for −∞<x<∞, then |f^′(x)|?Mτ for −∞<x<∞. If p is a polynomial of degree at most n with |p(z)|?M for |z|=1, then f(z):=p(eiz) is an entire function of exponential type n with |f(x)|?M on the real axis. Hence, by the just mentioned inequality for functions of exponential type, |p^′(z)|?Mn for |z|=1. Lately, many papers have been written on polynomials p that satisfy the condition znp(1/z)≡p(z). They do form an intriguing class. If a polynomial p satisfies this condition, then f(z):=p(eiz) is an entire function of exponential type n that satisfies the condition f(z)≡einzf(−z). This led Govil [N.K. Govil, Lp inequalities for entire functions of exponential type, Math. Inequal. Appl. 6 (2003) 445-452] to consider entire functions f of exponential type satisfying f(z)≡eiτzf(−z) and find estimates for their derivatives. In the present paper we present some additional observations about such functions.     

Representations for the Drazin inverses of 2 × 2 block matrices

Let M denote a 2 × 2 block complex matrix , where A and D are square matrices, not necessarily with the same orders. In this paper explicit representations for the Drazin inverse of M are presented under the condition that BDⁱC = 0 for i = 0, 1, … , n − 1, where n is the order of D.     

Certain condition on the second fundamental form of CR submanifolds of maximal CR dimension of complex hyperbolic space

Studying the condition \({h(FX,Y)-h(X,FY)=g(FX,Y)\eta, 0\ne\eta\in T^\perp(M)}\) on the almost contact structure F and on the second fundamental form h of n-dimensional real submanifolds M of complex hyperbolic space \({\mathbb {CH}^{\frac{n+p}{2}}}\) when their maximal holomorphic tangent subspace is (n ? 1)-dimensional, we obtain the complete classification of such submanifolds M and we characterize certain model spaces in complex hyperbolic space.     

On polynomials with a prescribed zero

Let us denote byΛ _{n, 1} the supremum of (max_∥z∥=1∥p′ _n (z)∥)/ (max_∥z∥=1∥p _n (z)∥) taken over all polynomialsp _n of degree at mostn having a zero on the unit circle {z ∈ C∶∥z∥=1}. We show that Λn.1=n-(π ²/16)(1/n)+O(1/n ².     

Friedrichs extensions of Schrödinger operators with singular potentials

The Friedrichs extension for the generalized spiked harmonic oscillator given by the singular differential operator −d²/dx²+Bx²+Ax⁻²+λx^−α (B>0, A?0) in L₂(0,∞) is studied. We look at two different domains of definition for each of these differential operators in L₂(0,∞), namely C₀^∞(0,∞) and D(T_2,F)∩D(M_λ,α), where the latter is a subspace of the Sobolev space W_2,2(0,∞). Adjoints of these differential operators on C₀^∞(0,∞) exist as result of the null-space properties of functionals. For the other domain, convolutions and Jensen and Minkowski integral inequalities, density of C₀^∞(0,∞) in D(T_2,F)∩D(M_λ,α) in L₂(0,∞) lead to the other adjoints. Further density properties C₀^∞(0,∞) in D(T_2,F)∩D(M_λ,α) yield the Friedrichs extension of these differential operators with domains of definition D(T_2,F)∩D(M_λ,α).     

Biholomorphic mappings on bounded starlike circular domains

Let Ω⊂Cn be a bounded starlike circular domain with 0∈Ω. In this paper, we introduce a class of holomorphic mappings Mg on Ω. Let f(z) be a normalized locally biholomorphic mapping on Ω such that and z=0 is the zero of order k+1 of f(z)−z. We obtain a sharp growth theorem and sharp coefficient bounds for f(z). As applications, sharp distortion theorems for a subclass of starlike mappings are obtained. These results unify and generalize many known results.     

On polyvectors of vector spaces and hyperplanes of projective Grassmannians

We investigate relationships between polyvectors of a vector space V, alternating multilinear forms on V, hyperplanes of projective Grassmannians and regular spreads of projective spaces. Suppose V is an n-dimensional vector space over a field F and that A_n-1,k(F) is the Grassmannian of the (k − 1)-dimensional subspaces of PG(V) (1  ? k ? n − 1). With each hyperplane H of A_n-1,k(F), we associate an (n − k)-vector of V (i.e., a vector of ∧^n−kV) which we will call a representative vector of H. One of the problems which we consider is the isomorphism problem of hyperplanes of A_n-1,k(F), i.e., how isomorphism of hyperplanes can be recognized in terms of their representative vectors. Special attention is paid here to the case n = 2k and to those isomorphisms which arise from dualities of PG(V). We also prove that with each regular spread of the projective space PG(2k-1,F), there is associated some class of isomorphic hyperplanes of the Grassmannian A_2k-1,k(F), and we study some properties of these hyperplanes. The above investigations allow us to obtain a new proof for the classification, up to equivalence, of the trivectors of a 6-dimensional vector space over an arbitrary field F, and to obtain a classification, up to isomorphism, of all hyperplanes of A_5,3(F).     

Type-B generalized triangulations and determinantal ideals

For n≥3, let Ω_n be the set of line segments between the vertices of a convex n-gon. For j≥2, a j-crossing is a set of j line segments pairwise intersecting in the relative interior of the n-gon. For k≥1, let Δ_n,k be the simplicial complex of (type-A) generalized triangulations, i.e. the simplicial complex of subsets of Ω_n not containing any (k+1)-crossing.The complex Δ_n,k has been the central object of many papers. Here we continue this work by considering the complex of type-B generalized triangulations. For this we identify line segments in Ω_2n which can be transformed into each other by a 180^°-rotation of the 2n-gon. Let F_n be the set Ω_2n after identification, then the complex D_n,k of type-B generalized triangulations is the simplicial complex of subsets of F_n not containing any (k+1)-crossing in the above sense. For k=1, we have that D_n,1 is the simplicial complex of type-B triangulations of the 2n-gon as defined in [R. Simion, A type-B associahedron, Adv. Appl. Math. 30 (2003) 2-25] and decomposes into a join of an (n−1)-simplex and the boundary of the n-dimensional cyclohedron. We demonstrate that D_n,k is a pure, k(n−k)−1+kn dimensional complex that decomposes into a kn−1-simplex and a k(n−k)−1 dimensional homology-sphere. For k=n−2 we show that this homology-sphere is in fact the boundary of a cyclic polytope. We provide a lower and an upper bound for the number of maximal faces of D_n,k.On the algebraical side we give a term order on the monomials in the variables X_ij,1≤i,j≤n, such that the corresponding initial ideal of the determinantal ideal generated by the (k+1) times (k+1) minors of the generic n×n matrix contains the Stanley-Reisner ideal of D_n,k. We show that the minors form a Gröbner-Basis whenever k∈{1,n−2,n−1} thereby proving the equality of both ideals and the unimodality of the h-vector of the determinantal ideal in these cases. We conjecture this result to be true for all values of k<n.