Symbolic computation for center manifolds and normal forms of Bogdanov bifurcation in retarded functional differential equations

In this paper, we present explicit formulas for computing the coefficients of a center manifold for the Bogdanov singularity in autonomous retarded functional differential equations with parameters. As a consequence, normal forms associated with the flow on a center manifold up to an arbitrary order are derived. The explicit formulas have been implemented using the computer algebra system Maple. The paper ends with some examples given in order to show the applicability of the methodology and the convenience of the computer software.     

Homoclinic orbits and Hopf bifurcations in delay differential systems with T-B singularity

The paper carries the results on Takens-Bogdanov bifurcation obtained in [T. Faria, L.T. Magalhães, Normal forms for retarded functional differential equations and applications to Bogdanov-Takens singularity, J. Differential Equations 122 (1995) 201-224] for scalar delay differential equations over to the case of delay differential systems with parameters. Firstly, we give feasible algorithms for the determination of Takens-Bogdanov singularity and the generalized eigenspace associated with zero eigenvalue in Rn. Next, through center manifold reduction and normal form calculation, a concrete reduced form for the parameterized delay differential systems is obtained. Finally, we describe the bifurcation behavior of the parameterized delay differential systems with T-B singularity in detail and present an example to illustrate the results.     

Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation in a delayed Michaelis-Menten type ratio-dependent predator-prey system with prey harvesting

In this paper, we study a delayed Michaelis-Menten Type ratio-dependent predator-prey model with prey harvesting. By considering the characteristic equation associated with the nonhyperbolic equilibrium, the critical value of the parameters for the Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation is obtained. The conditions for the characteristic equation having negative real parts are discussed. Using the normal form theory of Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation for retarded functional differential equations, the corresponding normal form restricted to the associated two-dimensional center manifold is calculated and the versal unfolding is considered. The parameter conditions for saddle-node bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation and homoclinic bifurcation are obtained. Numerical simulations are given to support the analytical results.     

Computation of the normal forms for general M-DOF systems using multiple time scales. Part I: autonomous systems

This paper is concerned with the symbolic computation of the normal forms of general multiple-degree-of-freedom oscillating systems. A perturbation technique based on the method of multiple time scales, without the application of center manifold theory, is generalized to develop efficient algorithms for systematically computing normal forms up to any high order. The equivalence between the perturbation technique and Poincaré normal form theory is proved, and general solution forms are established for solving ordered perturbation equations. A number of cases are considered, including the non-resonance, general resonance, resonant case containing 1:1 primary resonance, and combination of resonance with non-resonance. “Automatic” Maple programs have been developed which can be executed by a user without knowing computer algebra and Maple. Examples are presented to show the efficiency of the perturbation technique and the convenience of symbolic computation. This paper is focused on autonomous systems, and non-autonomous systems are considered in a companion paper.     

Symbolic computation of normal forms for semi-simple cases

This paper presents a method and computer programs for computing the normal forms of ordinary differential equations whose Jacobian matrix evaluated at an equilibrium involves semi-simple eigenvalues. The method can be used to deal with systems which are not necessarily described on a center manifold. An iterative procedure is developed for finding the closed-form expressions of the normal forms and associated nonlinear transformations. Computer programs using a symbolic computer language Maple are developed to facilitate the application of the method. The programs can be conveniently executed on a main frame, a workstation or a PC machine without any interaction. A number of examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the method and the computation efficiency of the Maple programs.     

Numerical solution of hybrid fuzzy differential equations using improved predictor–corrector method

The hybrid fuzzy differential equations have a wide range of applications in science and engineering. This paper considers numerical solution for hybrid fuzzy differential equations. The improved predictor–corrector method is adapted and modified for solving the hybrid fuzzy differential equations. The proposed algorithm is illustrated by numerical examples and the results obtained using the scheme presented here agree well with the analytical solutions. The computer symbolic systems such as Maple and Mathematica allow us to perform complicated calculations of algorithm.     

Codimension two bifurcation in a delayed neural network with unidirectional coupling

In this paper, a delayed neural network model with unidirectional coupling is considered. Zero–Hopf bifurcation is studied by using the center manifold reduction and the normal form method for retarded functional differential equation. We get the versal unfolding of the norm form at the zero–Hopf singularity and show that the model can exhibit pitchfork, Hopf bifurcation, and double Hopf bifurcation is also found to occur in this model. Some numerical simulations are given to support the analytic results.     

A new Taylor collocation method for nonlinear Fredholm‐Volterra integro‐differential equations

The aim of this article is to present an efficient numerical procedure for solving nonlinear integro‐differential equations. Our method depends mainly on a Taylor expansion approach. This method transforms the integro‐differential equation and the given conditions into the matrix equation which corresponds to a system of nonlinear algebraic equations with unkown Taylor coefficients. The reliability and efficiency of the proposed scheme are demonstrated by some numerical experiments and performed on the computer program written in Maple10. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2010     

A Monomial-by-Monomial Method for Computing Regular Solutions of Systems of Pseudo-Linear Equations

This paper deals with the local analysis of systems of pseudo-linear equations. We define regular solutions and use this as a unifying theoretical framework for discussing the structure and existence of regular solutions of various systems of linear functional equations. We then give a generic and flexible algorithm for the computation of a basis of regular solutions. We have implemented this algorithm in the computer algebra system Maple in order to provide novel functionality for solving systems of linear differential, difference and q-difference equations given in various input formats.     

State space theory of linear time invariant systems with delays in state,control, and observation variables,I

Part I of this paper studies a coupled mathematical system which provides a good model for important families of linear time-invariant hereditary systems: delay-differential equations, integro-differential equations, Volterra-Stieltjes integral equations, functional differential equations of retarded and neutral types, etc. Appropriate states are constructed and associated semigroups and abstract differential equations are obtained. In Part II we emphasize the structural operator approach as in Delfour and Manitius. Control operators are added to the coupled mathematical system allowing delays in the control variables. Again structural operators are introduced to define the state and obtain abstract differential equations without delays in the control variable as in the work of Vinter and Kwong. Finally observation operators are added which allow for delays in the observation variable and delayed control variables in the observation equation. Again a new state and a state equations are constructed in such a way that no delay appears in the new observation operator thus generalizing the construction of A. Pritchard and D. Salamon.     

Triple-zero bifurcation in van der Pol’s oscillator with delayed feedback

In this paper, we study a classical van der Pol’s equation with delayed feedback. Triple-zero bifurcation is investigated by using center manifold reduction and the normal form method for retarded functional differential equation. We get the versal unfolding of the norm forms at the triple-zero bifurcation and show that the model can exhibit transcritical bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation, Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation and zero-Hopf bifurcation. Some numerical simulations are given to support the analytic results.     

Stability for retarded functional differential equations

It is known that retarded functional differential equations can be regarded as Banach-space-valued generalized ordinary differential equations (GODEs). In this paper, some stability concepts for retarded functional differential equations are introduced and they are discussed using known stability results for GODEs. Then the equivalence of the different concepts of stabilities considered here are proved and converse Lyapunov theorems for a very wide class of retarded functional differential equations are obtained by means of the correspondence of this class of equations with GODEs. Published in Ukrains’kyi Matematychnyi Zhurnal, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 107–126, January, 2008.     

An explicit recursive formula for computing the normal forms associated with semisimple cases

This paper presents an explicit, computationally efficient, recursive formula for computing the normal forms, center manifolds and nonlinear transformations for general n-dimensional systems, associated with semisimple singularities. Based on the formula, we develop a Maple program, which is very convenient for an end-user who only needs to prepare an input file and then execute the program to “automatically” generate the result. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the computational efficiency of the algorithm.     

Toroidal normal forms for bifurcations in retarded functional differential equations I: Multiple Hopf and transcritical/multiple Hopf interaction

For finite-dimensional bifurcation problems, it is well known that it is possible to compute normal forms which possess nice symmetry properties. Oftentimes, these symmetries may allow for a partial decoupling of the normal form into a so-called “radial” part and an “angular” part. Analysis of the radial part usually gives an enormous amount of valuable information about the bifurcation and its unfoldings. In this paper, we are interested in the case where such bifurcations occur in retarded functional differential equations, and we revisit the realizability and restrictions problem for the class of radial equations by nonlinear delay-differential equations. Our analysis allows us to recover and considerably generalize recent results by Faria and Magalhães [T. Faria, L.T. Magalhães, Restrictions on the possible flows of scalar retarded functional differential equations in neighborhoods of singularities, J. Dynam. Differential Equations 8 (1996) 35-70] and by Buono and Bélair [P.-L. Buono, J. Bélair, Restrictions and unfolding of double Hopf bifurcation in functional differential equations, J. Differential Equations 189 (2003) 234-266].     

On stationarity of stochastic retarded linear equations with unbounded drift operators

This article continues the study of Liu [Statist. Probab. Lett. 78(2008): 1775–1783; Stoch. Anal. Appl. 29(2011): 799–823] for stationary solutions of stochastic linear retarded functional differential equations with the emphasis on delays which appear in those terms including spatial partial derivatives. As a consequence, the associated stochastic equations have unbounded operators acting on the point or distributed delayed terms, while the operator acting on the instantaneous term generates a strongly continuous semigroup. We present conditions on the delay systems to obtain a unique stationary solution by combining spectrum analysis of unbounded operators and stochastic calculus. A few instructive cases are analyzed in detail to clarify the underlying complexity in the study of systems with unbounded delayed operators.     

Symbolic computation of high order compact difference schemes for three dimensional linear elliptic partial differential equations with variable coefficients

We present a symbolic computation procedure for deriving various high order compact difference approximation schemes for certain three dimensional linear elliptic partial differential equations with variable coefficients. Based on the Maple software package, we approximate the leading terms in the truncation error of the Taylor series expansion of the governing equation and obtain a 19 point fourth order compact difference scheme for a general linear elliptic partial differential equation. A test problem is solved numerically to validate the derived fourth order compact difference scheme. This symbolic derivation method is simple and can be easily used to derive high order difference approximation schemes for other similar linear elliptic partial differential equations.     

一类非线性微分方程组的有理化Haar小波解法

利用有理化Haar小波性质和方法,建立了一类非线性微分方程组在任意区间[a,b）的求解算法．基于该算法,运用计算机代数系统Maple,给出了求解非线性微分方程组的程序．并运用此程序给出了一类微分方程组的计算实例,从数值模拟来看可以达到较高的精度,并对方程组的动力学行为给出较好的描述．     

Pseudospectral approximation of eigenvalues of derivative operators with non-local boundary conditions

By taking as a “prototype problem” a one-delay linear autonomous system of delay differential equations we present the problem of computing the characteristic roots of a retarded functional differential equation as an eigenvalue problem for a derivative operator with non-local boundary conditions given by the particular system considered. This theory can be enlarged to more general classes of functional equations such as neutral delay equations, age-structured population models and mixed-type functional differential equations.It is thus relevant to have a numerical technique to approximate the eigenvalues of derivative operators under non-local boundary conditions. In this paper we propose to discretize such operators by pseudospectral techniques and turn the original eigenvalue problem into a matrix eigenvalue problem. This approach is shown to be particularly efficient due to the well-known “spectral accuracy” convergence of pseudospectral methods. Numerical examples are given.     

Diophantine Quadratic Equation and Smith Normal Form Using Scaled Extended Integer Abaffy–Broyden–Spedicato Algorithms

Classes of integer Abaffy–Broyden–Spedicato (ABS) methods have recently been introduced for solving linear systems of Diophantine equations. Each method provides the general integer solution of the system by computing an integer solution and an integer matrix, named Abaffian, with rows generating the integer null space of the coefficient matrix. The Smith normal form of a general rectangular integer matrix is a diagonal matrix, obtained by elementary nonsingular (unimodular) operations. Here, we present a class of algorithms for computing the Smith normal form of an integer matrix. In doing this, we propose new ideas to develop a new class of extended integer ABS algorithms generating an integer basis for the integer null space of the matrix. For the Smith normal form, having the need to solve the quadratic Diophantine equation, we present two algorithms for solving such equations. The first algorithm makes use of a special integer basis for the row space of the matrix, and the second one, with the intention of controlling the growth of intermediate results and making use of our given conjecture, is based on a recently proposed integer ABS algorithm. Finally, we report some numerical results on randomly generated test problems showing a better performance of the second algorithm in controlling the size of the solution. We also report the results obtained by our proposed algorithm on the Smith normal form and compare them with the ones obtained using Maple, observing a more balanced distribution of the intermediate components obtained by our algorithm.     

A Hartman-Grobman result for retarded functional differential equations with an application to the numerics around hyperbolic equilibria

A weak form of the Hartman-Grobman theorem for retarded functional differential equations around hyperbolic equilibria is presented. Orbits on a center-unstable manifold are compared to orbits on a center-unstable subspace of the linearized equation. The result is applied to obtain a conjugacy between the semidynamical system generated by the functional differential equation and its numerical approximation. A version of the Hartman-Grobman theorem around hyperbolic periodic orbits of functional differential equations is also given.