基于构件层次的铰接杆系结构几何稳定性讨论

考察构件刚度和构件撤除对杆件系统几何稳定性的影响.从常规结构稳定理论的角度审视铰接杆件系统几何稳定性问题.基于结构稳定的能量准则和刚度矩阵的构成分析,重新考察了Maxwell准则和平衡矩阵准则的充分必要性.解释了构件零刚度和构件撤除对体系几何稳定性影响的一致性.利用自应力矩阵的特性,提出并证明了一种快速识别杆系结构中“必需杆”的方法.一种多根构件撤除后体系几何稳定性的判别准则进而被发展.该判别准则的数值效率体现在仅利用原结构平衡矩阵一次分解后的信息,杆件撤除后体系平衡矩阵的秩可通过两小规模矩阵秩之间的关系来表示.     

索穹顶结构的找力分析方法--不平衡力迭代法

索穹顶的刚度和承载能力都是通过施加预应力来获取的,预应力设计是对索穹顶进行任何其它分析的基础,所以它的找力分析(Force finding)是一项很重要的工作。本文提出一种找力分析方法———不平衡力迭代法,它可以克服整体可行预应力法的一些不足:即使在索穹顶构件分组发生错误时仍可找到满足已知形状的预应力分布,并且该方法具有良好的稳定性和运算效率,算例表明不平衡力迭代法非常适合大型复杂索穹顶结构的找力分析。     

平面杆件体系几何组成分析的运动学方法

平面杆件体系的几何组成分析是结构力学重要的基础内容,教材介绍的两刚片规则、三刚片规则及零载法等分析方法在处理一些构造复杂的体系时,往往无能为力。本文基于两个关于虚铰和无穷远虚铰的运动学特征定理,建立了一种理论上能分析任意平面杆件体系几何组成的运动学方法,并给出了三个应用实例。     

开口薄壁杆件结构稳定分析的精确单元和两步求解算法

从控制微分方程的通解出发,构造受偏心压力作用开口薄壁杆件的精确形函数,建立用于开口薄壁杆件结构稳定性分析的精确有限元,得到了单元刚度矩阵和几何刚度矩阵的显式表达,提出了计算给定区间内各阶临界荷载以及相应失稳模态的两步计算方法。计算结果表明,与常规单元相比,采用精确单元无需进行网格细分就可以获得精确的数值结果,结合本文的两步求解算法,可以准确获得给定区间内全部临界荷载和失稳模态。     

基于非线性有限元的索穹顶施工模拟分析

索穹顶结构的成形和施工模拟分析是该体系的基础问题。由于包含着刚体位移的分析使得跟踪难度相当大。本文采用了基于非线性有限元的施工过程分析 ,适应性强、分析精度高 ,避免了刚体位移假定。从而使得索穹顶体系的成形过程、受荷状态的全过程分析方法获得了统一。通过与试验模型对比分析表明本文方法操作简单且分析精度较高 ,分析的结果能够很好地指导施工     

空间几何构造分析的有限单元法

提出空间杆系几何构造分析的有限单元法，构造了两种单元(链杆单元和准梁单元)的几何约束矩阵，集成为整体矩阵并引入承条件后，通过对其阶数与秩的比较分析确定体系的几何可变性及静定性．本法原理简单，便于计算机实施，结果完备：对于几何不变体系，可指出多余约束的数目；对于几何可变体系，可给出体系的自由度数及相应的运动模态，并确定自由度的常变瞬变性质．     

拉索穹顶结构非线性分析的混合有限元增量法

拉索穹顶结构是由受压桅杆和拉索组成的新型柔性大跨度空间组合结构,几何上表现为极强的非线性特性,计算困难,本文应用有限元法,结合拉索穹顶结构特征,假定拉索和桅杆的受力满足虎克宣定律,建立了可以直接考虑拉索垂度影响的两节点索单元模型,并与两节点直杆单元相结合,基于修正的拉格朗日描述方法和虚功原理建立了拉索穹顶结构非线性分析的混合有限元增量方程。采用荷载增量法与Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ－Ｒａｐｈｓｏｎ法相结合的求解     

笛沙格定理的结构力学分析再证明

结构力学中的几何组成分析方法与射影几何存在深刻的内蕴关系. 这种内蕴关系可以被用于笛沙格定理的证明. 通过构造一种特殊的杆件体系,从几何组成分析与受力分析两个角度进行分析,采用“算两次思想”分别得出杆件体系几何可变分别与笛沙格定理的条件与结论等价,从而证明笛沙格定理与其逆定理.     

广义变分原理在求解杆系装配应力中的应用

利用拉格朗日乘数法建立广义变分原理以求解有误差杆件结构装配应力.引入拉格朗日乘数并结合静力平衡方程,构造无条件广义变分原理的新泛函,求解新泛函的极值问题,获得超静定的变形协调方程,从而计算有误差杆件结构的装配应力.结果表明:该方法求解装配应力的通用性较强,不但克服传统几何方法建立变形协调方程的缺陷,而且具有计算过程简洁以及便于掌握等优点.     

Application of generalized variational principle for solving assembly stress of rod system

利用拉格朗日乘数法建立广义变分原理以求解有误差杆件结构装配应力. 引入拉格朗日乘数并结合静力平衡方程,构造无条件广义变分原理的新泛函,求解新泛函的极值问题,获得超静定的变形协调方程,从而计算有误差杆件结构的装配应力. 结果表明：该方法求解装配应力的通用性较强,不但克服传统几何方法建立变形协调方程的缺陷,而且具有计算过程简洁以及便于掌握等优点.     

力学在三峡船闸人字门背拉杆调试中的应用

船闸人字闸门在水压力、自重等荷载作用下，易于发生扭曲变形，在人字闸门背后设置背拉杆是增加闸门抗扭措施之一．基于三峡船闸人字闸门背拉杆预应力施工工艺试验，通过建立预应力优化模型求得各组背拉杆的预应力施加控制条件，并通过预应力施加过程分析总结了传统的扭矩法施工工艺失败的原因，在分析闸门受力与变形规律的基础上提出了无扭矩的施加预应力以及只张拉主背拉杆等系列预应力优化施工工艺．这些新工艺提高了三峡船闸闸门施工质量和测控精度．     

Discrete bright–dark soliton solutions and parameters controlling for the coupled Ablowitz–Ladik equation

Analysis of piecewise-linear nonlinear dynamical systems is critical for a variety of civil, mechanical, and aerospace structures that contain gaps or prestress that are caused by cracks, delamination, joints or interfaces among components. Recently, a technique referred to as bilinear amplitude approximation (BAA) was developed to estimate the response of bilinear systems that have no gap or prestress. The method is based on an idea that the dynamics of a bilinear system can be treated as a combination of linear responses in two time intervals both of which the system behaves as a distinct linear system: (1) the open state and (2) the closed or sliding state. Both geometric and momentum constraints are then applied as compatibility conditions between the states to couple the linear vibrational response for each time interval. In order to estimate the response for more general cases where there are either gaps or prestress in the system, a generalized BAA method is proposed in this paper. The new method requires inclusion of contact stiffness and damping to model contact behavior in the sliding state, and new equilibrium positions for each state to establish proper coordinates. The new method also finds the bilinear frequency of the system, which cannot be computed using the bilinear frequency approximation method previously developed since that method is only accurate for the zero gap and no prestress case. The generalized BAA method is demonstrated on a single degree of freedom system, a three degree of freedom system, and a cracked cantilever beam model for various gap sizes and prestress levels.     

金属梁在预应力下的冲击响应

工程结构在使用过程中，大部分构件处于预应力状态。为了理清预应力对金属梁在冲击载荷作用下响应的影响机理，对不同轴向预应力条件和不同冲击强度下金属梁的塑性变形规律进行了研究。通过自主设计的预应力加载装置和落锤试验机，实现对金属梁的预应力控制和冲击加载；借助商用软件建立数值模型，对相关工况进行模拟。数值模拟结果与试验结果有较好的一致性。通过对梁的剩余挠度进行对比发现，压预应力状态下的梁受冲击载荷作用所产生的中点剩余挠度会比无预应力时更大；而拉预应力状态下的梁，挠度的变化量与预应力之间没有较一致的规律。从能量角度进行分析发现，梁的塑性变形能来自外加动能和初始内能，外加动能的能量比越高，梁的能量吸收率就越高，且在低能量比时，压预应力下的能量吸收率相对较高，拉预应力下的相对较低；高能量比时，预应力对能量吸收率几乎无影响。压预应力下，梁的极限弯矩增大，长度缩小，增大了的塑性变形能分布在长度缩小了的梁内，必然会导致更大的剩余挠度；拉预应力下，梁的极限弯矩减小，长度增大，增大了的塑性变形能分布在长度增大了的梁内，剩余挠度则没有显而易见的规律。这在一定程度上解释了预应力对冲击载荷作用下金属梁变形的影响机理。     

超磁致伸缩车削加工刀架特性实验分析

利用光栅测微传感器(DG-10)和自行开发研制的优化后的超磁致伸缩车削加工刀架,对不同预压力、电流强度下刀架性能进行实验研究。实验中分别由压力传感器和改进后的控制电路调整所加预压力、电流的大小,通过数据采集系统记录光栅测微传感器所测得的磁致伸缩量。实验结果表明:在不同预压力下,刀架输出位移随着激励电流的增大而增大,直到达到饱和;同时在最大工作电流作用下,刀架的输出位移随着预压力的增大而增大,但当预压力增大到一定数值后,刀架的输出位移随着预压力的增大而减小。利用最小二乘曲线拟合、线性回归等数学方法得出了刀架在最大工作电流下,预压力与磁致伸缩量之间的拟合曲线及函数多项式,并确立了最佳工作预压力。建立了最佳工作预压力下电流与磁致伸缩量之间的函数关系式。通过误差分析看出理论分析和实验结果吻合的很好。     

Prestress design of cable domes with new forms

Cable domes have been employed as lightweight, large span roofs. In this paper, several new forms of cable domes are first presented and their geometric feasibility is discussed. A general method, referred to as the DSVD, is next proposed for the determination of the integral prestress modes for various cable domes. Optimum prestressing of domes with a single or with multiple integral prestress modes is also examined. The proposed method is verified through numerical simulations, and is believed to provide a helpful tool in the preliminary design of cable domes.     

预应力混凝土简支梁桥锚下有效预应力分析

为了确定预应力混凝土简支梁桥在施工张拉与运营养护全寿命过程中结构锚固端锚下有效预应力值,基于梁挠曲变形理论与简支梁受力特性,推导出简支梁桥锚下有效预应力计算公式,并提出了一种预应力混凝土简支梁桥下有效预应力简便检测方法.以某40 m预制简支T梁桥为依托工程,通过对不同工况下简支梁桥跨中挠度值与锚固端有效预应力值进行测量...     

On the derivation of structural models with general thermomechanical prestress

The vibrating behaviour of thin structures is affected by prestress states. Hence, the effects of thermal prestress are important research subjects in view of ambient vibration monitoring of civil structures. The interaction between prestress, geometrically non-linear behaviour, as well as damping and its coupling with the aforementioned phenomena has to be taken into account for a comprehensive understanding of the structural behaviour. Since the literature on this subject lacks a clear procedure to derive models of thin prestressed and damped structures from 3D continuum mechanics, this paper presents a new derivation of models for thin structures accounting for generic prestress, moderate rotations and viscous damping. Although inspired by classical approaches, the proposed procedure is quite different, because of (i) the definition of a modified Hu–Washizu (H-W) functional, accounting for stress constraints associated with Lagrange multipliers, in order to derive lower-dimensional models in a convenient way; (ii) an original definition of a (mechanical and thermal) strain measure and a rotation measure enabling one to identify the main terms in the strain energy and to derive a cascade of lower-dimensional models (iii) a new definition of “strain–rotation domains” providing a clear interpretation of the classical assumptions of “small perturbations” and “small strains and moderate rotations”; (iv) the introduction of a pseudo-potential with stress constraints to account for viscous damping. The proposed procedure is applied to thin beams.     

Bio-optimum prestress in actin filaments with a polygonal cytoskeleton model

Prestress in actin filaments plays an important role in the stability of cells and it strongly influences the cell stiffness. In this paper, we present a simple polygonal cytoskeleton model to study the influence of cell prestress. The existence of prestress is shown to facilitate cytoskeletal integrity. Remarkably, the optimum prestress is computed to be several kPa of extension, which is comparable to experimental results. This bio-self-optimized prestress can make the cells sufficiently stable, allowing them to endure external compressive loadings. The relationship between cell rigidity and the prestress is determined using the presented model and found to be linear, which also agrees with experimental results.     

转子扭转-纵向耦合振动分析

针对某转子的模型,分析了扭转-纵向耦合振动.计算结果表明:设置转子预应力与旋转时的离心力相对应,其扭转振动频率将随预应力的增大而增大.转子纵向振动频率不受该预应力的影响,这是因为转子旋转时预应力的方向与轴线垂直.随着转子旋转时预应力的变化,扭转振动频率接近纵向振动频率,出现扭转-纵向耦合振动.     

Selection of prestress for optimal dynamic/control performance of tensegrity structures

This paper concerns prestress optimization of a tensegrity structure for its optimal LQR performance. A linearized dynamic model of the structure is derived in which the force-density variables that parameterize the prestress of the structure appear linearly. A feasible region for these parameters is defined in terms of the extreme directions of the prestress cone. A numerical method for computing this basis for a structure prestress cone is proposed. The problem is solved using a gradient method that provides a monotonic decrease of the objective function inside the feasible region. A numerical example of a cantilevered planar tensegrity beam is shown.