Synthesis of Benzo[g]isochromenes through Photo‐Dehydro‐Diels–Alder Reaction

The Photo‐Dehydro‐Diels–Alder (PDDA) reaction is shown to be a versatile method for the preparation of highly functionalized naphthalenes. Thus, ketones 1 could be cyclized to the 1H‐benzo[g]isochromen‐4‐(3H)‐ones 11 and 12 , mostly in good yields. The influence of various substituents on the regioselectivity of the reaction was investigated, and the mechanism is discussed based on theoretical calculations.     

1,3‐Dehydro‐o‐Carborane: Generation and Reaction with Arenes

Like the importance of benzyne, witnessed in modern arene chemistry for decades, 1,2‐dehydro‐o‐carborane (o‐carboryne), a three‐dimensional relative of benzyne, has been used as a synthon for generating a wide range of cage, carbon‐functionalized carboranes over the past 20 years. However, the selective B functionalization of the cage still represents a challenging task. Disclosed herein is the first example of 1,3‐dehydro‐o‐carborane featuring a cage C? B bond having multiple bonding characters, and is successfully generated by treatment of 3‐diazonium‐o‐carborane tetrafluoroborate with non‐nucleophilic bases. This presents a new methodology for simultaneous functionalization of both cage carbon and boron vertices.     

Facial Synthesis of o‐Carborane‐Substituted Alkenes and Allenes by a Regioselective Ene Reaction of 1,3‐Dehydro‐o‐carborane

1,3‐Dehydro‐o‐carborane is a useful synthon for selective cage boron functionalization of o‐carboranes. It reacts readily with alkenes or alkynes to give a variety of cage B(3)‐alkenyl/allenyl o‐carboranes by ene reactions in very high yields and excellent regioselectivity. This can be ascribed to the highly polarized cage C?B multiple bond, which lowers the activation barriers of the ene reaction.     

Diastereoselective Synthesis of Pentasubstituted γ‐Butyrolactones from Silyl Glyoxylates and Ketones through a Double Reformatsky Reaction

Three contiguous stereocenters can be established with remarkable diastereoselectivity in a double Reformatsky sequence. Densely functionalized γ‐butyrolactones were assembled rapidly by this approach, in which a ketone is used as the terminal electrophile (see scheme). Secondary transformations of the lactone products enhance their synthetic utility. R¹=Me, H; R²=alkyl, aryl, CF₃; Bn=benzyl, TBS=tert‐butyldimethylsilyl.

     

A Simple Synthesis of dl—Shikonin

A new facile route for the synthesis of dl-shikomin is presented.Reformatsky reaction assisted cross-coupling of 1,4,5,8-tertramethoxynaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde and ethyl-bromoacetate was empolyed for introduction of the side chain of dl-shikonin.     

Gold‐Catalyzed Formal Dehydro‐Diels–Alder Reactions of Ene‐Ynamide Derivatives Bearing Terminal Alkyne Chains: Scope and Mechanistic Studies

A new protocol for the synthesis of a variety of N‐containing aromatic heterocycles by a formal gold‐catalyzed dehydro‐Diels–Alder reaction of ynamide derivatives has been developed. Deuterium‐labeling experiments and kinetic studies support the involvement of a dual gold catalysis mechanism in which a gold acetylide moiety adds onto an aurated keteneiminium.     

Novel Method for the Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Lactams

A novel method for the enantioselective synthesis of β-lactams is described in this study. 2,3-Dihydrobenzooxazin-4-one derived from salicylamide and L-menthone was used as the chiral auxiliary, which reacted with a-bromo-acyl bromides in the presence of pyridine to give carboximides 2. The stereo-controlled Reformatsky-type reactions of carboximides with imines yielded the corresponding trans β-lactams with high enantioselectivities（e.e. 75%-86%） and high chemical yields（63%-85%）, meanwhile, the chiral auxiliary dihydrobenzooxazin-4-one was released and recovered.     

Enantioselective Synthesis of the Natural Product (S)‐Rugulactone

A simple and efficient enantioselective synthesis of (6S)‐5,6‐dihydro‐6‐[(2E)‐4‐oxo‐6‐phenylhex‐2‐en‐1‐yl]‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one (=(S)‐rugulactone) has been accomplished. The synthesis started from commercially available propane‐1,3‐diol and ethyl 3‐phenylpropanoate and involve the Horner? Wadsworth? Emmons (HWE) and Still's modified HWE olefinations, and Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation.     

Synthesis of β-lactams and β-aminoesters via high intensity ultrasound-promoted Reformatsky reactions

Reformatsky reactions of an imine, an α-bromoester, zinc dust and a catalytic amount of iodine in dioxane under high intensity ultrasound (HIU) irradiation from an ultrasonic probe are explored. A series of 16 aldimines with varying electronic demands is evaluated as potential electrophiles for reactions with three α-bromoesters of differing steric demands. This HIU method is successful for both enolizable and non-enolizable imines affording in short reaction times high yields of a β-lactam, the corresponding β-aminoester or a mixture of the two products depending on the identity of the imine and α-bromoester.     

环氧化丁基橡胶的合成与表征

以正己烷为溶剂、间氯过氧苯甲酸(mCPBA)为环氧化试剂对丁基橡胶(IIR)进行环氧化改性研究,考察了原料配比、反应温度、胶液浓度等反应条件对环氧化反应的影响,并对反应过程中发生的副反应进行了探究.采用核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)对合成的环氧化丁基橡胶(EIIR)的结构进行了表征,并对环氧化度进行了定量计算.确定了最优...     

Chemoselective Synthesis of β‐Amino Ester or β‐Lactam via Sonochemical Reformatsky Reaction

A series of β‐amino esters were synthesized by the reaction of N‐tosyl aldimine or N‐hydroxy aldimine with bromoacetate by sonochemical Reformatsky reaction. The β‐N‐hydroxyamino ester was obtained and the formed sensitive hydroxylamino functionality was resistant under the reaction condition. The β‐lactam also was synthesized by the reaction of N‐p‐methoxy aldimine as reacting substrate under this sonochemical Reformatsky reaction condition.     

Mechanistic Insights into the Rhenium‐Catalyzed Alcohol‐To‐Olefin Dehydration Reaction

Rhenium‐based complexes are powerful catalysts for the dehydration of various alcohols to the corresponding olefins. Here, we report on both experimental and theoretical (DFT) studies into the mechanism of the rhenium‐catalyzed dehydration of alcohols to olefins in general, and the methyltrioxorhenium‐catalyzed dehydration of 1‐phenylethanol to styrene in particular. The experimental and theoretical studies are in good agreement, both showing the involvement of several proton transfers, and of a carbenium ion intermediate in the catalytic cycle.     

Alternative Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxy‐3,5,5‐trimethylcyclopent‐2‐en‐1‐one

The 2‐hydroxy‐3,5,5‐trimethylcyclopent‐2‐en‐1‐one ( 1 ) was synthesized in 42% yield by rearrangement of epoxy ketone 10 on treatment with BF₃⋅Et₂O under anhydrous conditions. Intermediate 10 was available from the known enone 8 , either via direct epoxidation (60% H₂O₂, NaOH, MeOH; yield 50%), or via reduction to the corresponding allylic alcohol 14 (LiAlH₄, THF), followed by epoxidation ([VO(acac)₂], ^tBuOOH) and reoxidation under Swern conditions, in 37% total yield.     

Synthesis of α-substituted 3-ulosonic acids from aldonolactones

Zinc-silver/graphite mediated Reformatsky-reaction of furanoid aldonolactones with α-bromo-esters allows the synthesis of α-substituted 3-ulosonic acids in high yields.     

A One Pot Synthesis of Dehydrohedione (DHH) from a Hedione® Precursor

Dehydrohedione (DHH) 1a was obtained via a one pot, three step, domino procedure in 54% overall yield from 2a , by treatment with CuBr₂, in MeOH at 65 °C. We demonstrated that the direct transformation of malonate derivative 2a into DHH 1a under CuX₂ Kochi's conditions goes preferentially through the pathway involving intermediates 2b / 2c and 7a , rather than 3a / 3b or 8a / 8b , essentially via α‐halogenation/dehydrohalogenation of the ketone moiety, both mediated by CuX₂, while in‐situ decarbomethoxylation is promoted by the resulting CuX in refluxing MeOH.     

Base‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroamination of Cyclohexa‐2,5‐dienes: Insights into the Mechanism through DFT Calculations and Application to the Total Synthesis of epi‐Elwesine

The base‐catalyzed intramolecular hydroamination of 1‐ethylaminocyclohexa‐2,5‐dienes is described. The transformation proceeds through isomerization of the cyclohexa‐1,4‐dienyl fragment into the corresponding conjugated 1,3‐diene prior to the hydroamination step. Attaching a chiral glycinol ether auxiliary on the amino group allows the protonation to occur with complete diastereocontrol. The resulting lithium amide then adds onto the 1,3‐dienyl moiety, affording the desired fused pyrrolidine ring along with the corresponding lithium allylic anion. Protonation of the latter then proceeds with high regiocontrol to favor the resulting allylic amines. In contrast, when the reaction was performed on primary amines, fused pyrrolidines bearing a homoallylic amino group were obtained. The stereochemical course of the process and determination of the reaction pathways were established based on calculations performed at the DFT level. Finally, application of the methodology to the enantioselective synthesis of (+)‐epi‐elwesine, a crinane alkaloid, is described.     

Synthesis,Characterization and Catalytic Activity of Polyoxometalates Derived from α-P_2W_(15)O_56~(12

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