Magnetization reversal and domains structures in (Co/Ni/Co/Pt) multilayers

Multilayers of [Co/Ni(t_Ni)/Co/Pt]_×4 are investigated for different Ni insertion layer thicknesses. The resulting magnetic properties and magnetic domain structures are compared with [Co/Ni]_×8 multilayers. As determined by magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy and a vibrating sample magnetometer measurements, all multilayers exhibited a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. It is found that the nucleation field and magnetic coercivity of [Co/Ni(t)/Co/Pt]_×4 multilayers are lower than (Co/Ni)_×8 and decreased with Ni thickness. Magnetization decay measurements reveal that these multilayers did not show an exponential decay behavior as was observed in rare earth transition metal alloys. Very narrow wires will remain stables for several hours even with an applied magnetic field closer to the coercivity. Insertion of very thin Ni in (Co/Pt) multilayers offers a good way to optimize the magnetic properties of the material and adjust the domain size for nanowire-based devices.     

磁场对模板法制备的Co纳米线结构和磁性的影响

在用二次氧化法制备的高度有序的氧化铝模板上通过交流电化学方法制备了Co纳米线阵列．研究了外加磁场及电解液pH值对纳米线生长的影响．在pH值为6.0和6.5的电解液中分别在不加磁场和沿纳米线轴向施加0.3 T磁场情况下制备了hcp结构的Co纳米线阵列．实验数据表明,沉积时外加磁场和调节pH值能有效影响纳米线中hcp结构的Co晶粒的易磁化轴沿纳米线长轴方向生长．由于晶粒的磁晶各向异性和纳米线沿长度方向的宏观形状各向异性叠加,制备的Co纳米线阵列具有高垂直各向异性,高矫顽力和较高矩形比． 关键词： Co纳米线阵列 织构 磁性     

Induction of an atomically thin ferromagnetic semiconductor in 1T′ phase ReS2 by doping with transition metals

Two-dimensional 1T′ phase ReS₂, a transition metal dichalcogenide, has a unique structure and electronic properties that are independent of thickness. The pure phase is a nonmagnetic semiconductor. Using density functional theory calculations, we show that ReS₂ can be tuned to a magnetic semiconductor by doping with transition metal atoms. The magnetism mainly comes from the dopant transition metal and neighboring Re and S atoms as a result of competition between exchange splitting and crystal field splitting. ReS₂ doped with Co can be considered as a promising diluted magnetic semiconductor owing to its strong ferromagnetism with long-range ferromagnetic interaction, high Curie temperature (above room temperature) and good stability. These findings may stimulate experimental validation and facilitate the development of new atomically thin diluted magnetic semiconductors based on transition metal dichalcogenides.     

Magnetic behavior of nanocrystalline CoFe2O4

Magnetic nanoparticles of CoFe₂O₄ have been synthesized under an applied magnetic field through a co-precipitation method followed by thermal treatments at different temperatures, producing nanoparticles of varying size. The magnetic behavior of these nanoparticles was investigated. As-grown nanoparticles demonstrate superparamagnetism above the blocking temperature, which is dependent on the particle size. One of the nanoparticles demonstrated a constricted magnetic hysteresis loop with no or small coercivity and remanence at low magnetic field. However, the loop opens up at high magnetic field. This magnetic behavior is attributed to the preferred Co ions and vacancies arrangements when the CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized under an applied magnetic field. Furthermore, this magnetic property is strongly dependent on the high temperature heat treatments that produce Co ions and vacancies disorder.     

In situ synthesis of cobalt ferrite nanoparticle/polymer hybrid from a mixed Fe–Co methacrylate for magnetic hyperthermia

Hyperthermic CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticle (CFO NP)/polymer hybrids were synthesized by hydrolysis–condensation from a complex of Co and Fe possessing methacrylate ligands. Single-crystal analysis revealed that the complex consisted of two Co and four Fe metal atoms coordinated by methacrylate and 2-methoxyethoxy groups. The complex was copolymerized with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and the resulting copolymer was then hydrolyzed to form a CFO NP/copolymer of poly(methacrylate) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hybrid. Copolymerization with HEMA enhanced the stability of the hybrid in water. The size and magnetic properties of CFO in the hybrid were controlled by adjusting the hydrolysis conditions. Moreover, the hybrid generated heat under an alternating current magnetic field; its exothermal properties depended on the magnetic properties of the hybrid, the strength of the applied field, and the CFO NP content in the agar phantom matrix.     

Micromagnetic properties and magnetization switching of single domain Co dots studied by magnetic force microscopy

Magnetic force microscopy was applied to study the magnetic properties of Co dot microstructures. The high density magnetic dot arrays were fabricated using nanolithographic techniques on GaAs substrates. The ferromagnetic Co dots were found to be in a single domain state for Co film thicknesses of 7 nm and 17 nm. The magnetization of the as-prepared Co dot array was found to be in a non-uniform state. After applying a magnetic field the Co dots are in a uniform magnetization state. Induced switching of the magnetization of single Co dots by the stray field of the probing tip using an additionally applied in-situ magnetic field has been demonstrated.     

Anomalous behavior of the surface tension at the interface of the metallic and insulating phases in the vicinity of the metal-insulator phase transition in a magnetic field

Mean-field equations describing the metal-insulator (MI) transition are formulated. They involve two coupled order parameters characterizing this transition: (i) a scalar order parameter describing the density change accompanying the transition from the insulating state to the metallic one and (ii) an order parameter (a two-component vector) describing the electron density in the metallic or semimetallic phase affected by the applied magnetic field. Two components of this vector correspond to different possible spin states of electrons in the applied magnetic field. The transition in the density of metallic and insulating phases being a first order phase transition is treated in terms of the Cahn-Hilliard-type gradient expansion. The transition in the electron density is a second order phase described by the Ginzburg-Landau-type functional. The coupling of these two parameters is described by the term linearly dependent on the electron density n in the metal with the proportionality factor being a function of the density of the metallic phase. The derived equations are solved in the case of the MI interface in the presence of both parallel and perpendicular uniform magnetic fields. The calculated surface tension Σ_mi between the metallic and insulating phases has a singular behavior. In the limit of zero electron density n ? 0, Σ_mi ～ n ^3/2. Near the MI transition point T _c(h) in the applied magnetic field, Σ_mi ～ [T - T _c(h)]^3/2. The singular behavior of the surface tension at the MI interface results in the clearly pronounced hysteresis accompanying the transition from the insulating to metallic state and vice versa.     

The three-line magnetic hyperfine spectrum of57Fe

Longitudinal magnetization of a⁵⁷Co in iron metal foil source and an iron metal foil absorber in a uniform external magnetic field results in a simple three-line magnetic hyperfine absorption spectrum. Measurement of the spectral splitting as a function of applied magnetic field yields the⁵⁷Fe excited-and ground-state,g-factors.     

Induced spin polarization of copper spin 1/2 molecular layers

Thin films of the metal organic molecule bis(4-cyano-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)copper(II) (or Cu(CNdpm)₂), (C₂₄H₃₆N₂O₄Cu, Cu(II)), deposited on ferromagnetic Co(111) at 40 K, exhibit a finite electron spin polarization. The spin polarization magnitude and sign for Cu(CNdpm)₂ deposited on Co(111) is coverage dependent, but deviates from the mean field expectations for a simple paramagnet on a ferromagnetic substrate. The spin asymmetry is seen to favor select molecular orbitals, consistent with the predicted single molecule density of states. The overlayer polarization observed indicates a strong influence of the ferromagnetic Co(111) substrate and some extra-molecular magnetic coupling.     

Magnetic properties of lithographically defined lateral Co/Ni80Fe20 wires

A novel micro-fabrication technique has been used to create an array of lateral magnetic multilayers consisting of micron-sized sputtered Co and Ni₈₀Fe₂₀ wires. The structures were fabricated using conventional optical lithography and a combination of hard and soft lift-off methods. For the field applied parallel to the wires intrinsic easy axis, we observed two switching fields corresponding to the distinct coercive field of the Ni₈₀Fe₂₀ wires (H_c1) and Co wires (H_c2) constituting the lateral multilayer wire array. A state of anti-parallel relative alignment of magnetization was observed when the applied field is greater than the switching field of Ni₈₀Fe₂₀ wires but less than the switching field of Co wires. We found the region of anti-parallel alignment of magnetization between the Co and Ni₈₀Fe₂₀ wires to be very sensitive to the relative orientation of the applied magnetic field.     

Field induced magnetic density in the Pauli paramagnet YNi5

The induced magnetic density of the enhanced Pauli paramagnet YNi₅ has been measured by polarized neutron diffraction at 100 K and in an applied field of 48 kOe. The magnetic density is localized on Ni sites where a 3d form factor, similar to that of Ni metal, is observed. The induced Ni moment is different for the two crystallographic sites: (2.4 ± 0.6) × 10^-3 μ_B on Ni_I on the 2c site and (4.1 ± 0.8) × 10^-3 μ_B on Ni_II on the 3g site. This difference must be associated with the difference of the Y surroundings of each site. The results are discussed from the band structure of the alloy.     

A New Insight into Cobalt Metal Powder Internal Field 59Co NMR Spectra

The authors present a new approach of internal field ⁵⁹Co NMR spectra assignment leaving apart from “usual” decomposition on “pure” hcp and fcc stackings, and a set of stacking faults (sfs) sf₁–sf₅ with a certain lines position. The authors propose including into consideration not only cobalt structural features as well as its magnetic nature due to the strong ferromagnetism in Co metal. The last fact supposes an existence of different magnetic species such as magnetic domains, domain walls, and single-domain particles, thereby helping to spectral lines assignment according to both structural and magnetic origin. The examined sample contains fcc and hcp resonance peaks in both domains and domain walls giving the hcp to fcc ratio equal to 1.9, as well a significant amount of Co sfs, or Co in loose coordination, up to 10 %. The research exhibits a good agreement of all implemented techniques.     

Magnetic and electrical properties of amorphous PdCoP alloys

Magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity measurements were performed (Pd_100?xCo_x)₈₀P₂₀ alloys where 15 < x < 50. The magnetic properties show that these alloys undergo a ferromagnetic transition between 272 and 399 K as the cobalt concentration increases from 15 to 50 atomic %. Below 20 atomic % Co the short-range exchange interactions which produce the ferromagnetism are unable to establish a long-range magnetic order and a peak in the magnetization shows up at the lowest temperature range under an applied field of 6.0 kOe. The electrical resistivity of these alloys has been measured from 4.2 K up to the vinicity of the melting point (900 K). The electrical resistivity data could be interpreted by the coexistence fo a Kondo-like minimum and ferromagnetism. The minimum becomes less important as the transition metal concentration increases. The coefficients of In T and T² become smaller and concentration dependent. The spin ordering in such alloys can be simulated as either the ordering due to an applied “external field” or as an increase in “internal fields”. These are due to an increase in transition metal concentration. The negative magnetoresistivity is a strong indication of the existence of localized moment.     

Magnetic transition in Co/(Gd–Co) multilayers

[Co/Gd_0.36Co_0.64]₄/Co multilayers with Co termination layer have been prepared by rf sputtering. They form macroscopic ferrimagnets with a compensation temperature (T_comp) determined by the thickness ratio of the layers. In low fields the magnetization of Co and Gd–Co layers are along the axis of the applied field. Increasing field makes the moments of both the Co and Gd–Co layers deviate from the axis of the field giving rise to a transition into a twisted state. These magnetic transitions were studied by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), magneto-optic Kerr effect and magnetoresistance measurements at various temperatures. The nucleation and evolution of surface- and bulk-twisted magnetic states were also observed in these multilayers.     

Gd2Co2Al电子结构和磁性的第一性原理研究

从第一性原理出发，在局域自旋密度近似(LSDA)和LSDA+U(在位库仑能)近似下，采用FPLAPW密度泛函能带计算方法研究了Gd₂Co₂Al的电子结构和磁性. 从平均场近似出发，估算了体系的居里温度，并分析了导致体系居里温度偏低的原因.研究结果显示Gd₂Co₂Al为金属导体，其强的铁磁性的提供者主要是Gd，且Co的局域铁磁性是不稳定的. 基于LSDA近似的计算表明Gd₂Co₂关键词： 稀土过渡族金属间化合物 密度泛函理论 电子结构 磁性性质     

Investigation of the pressure and temperature dependence of the intrinsic magnetic properties of YCo4Ge

The YCo₄Ge intrinsic magnetic properties; such as the saturation magnetization and the magnetocrystalline anisotropy parameters; are determined at 5, 100, 200 and 300 K from a fit of the isothermal magnetization curves measured in applied field up to 10 T. Ge for Co substitution induces a reduction of the first order anisotropy parameter as well as of the uniaxial anisotropy field. At 4 K an anisotropy field of 5.8 T is obtained, whereas a value of that is observed at room temperature. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy found for YCo₄Ge is significantly reduced upon heating from 4 to 300 K. The investigation of the magnetic properties of YCo₄Ge in both the ordered and the paramagnetic phases shows that this YCo₄Ge compound exhibits a typical itinerant ferromagnetic behavior. The effect of applied pressure on the isothermal magnetization has been investigated showing that the volume has an important influence on the magnetization of YCo₄Ge. The influence of the Ge for Co substitution on the Co-Co exchange interaction is also discussed. The results are compared and commented on in the light of earlier reports for YCo₅ and other Co containing phases.     

NMR imaging study of various stages of a supported catalyst preparation process: getting the qualitative and quantitative information

Supported metal and metal oxide catalysts are widely used to perform various industrial processes such as hydrogenation reactions, the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, hydrotreatment, etc. The preparation of such catalysts often involves impregnation of a porous support with a solution containing a desired metal salt (the precursor of an active component) followed by drying, calcination, and reduction. The properties of the obtained in such a way supported catalysts depend significantly on the dispersion and distribution of the active component along the catalyst pellet radius. In this paper nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging was applied to visualize the distribution of the active component (metal) in catalyst pellets in various stages of their preparation (impregnation, drying, calcination). The possibility to get by NMR imaging the quantitative information on the distribution of the active phase in impregnated, dried, and calcined catalysts was also demonstrated on the example of the Co/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst. The preparation conditions leading to various (uniform, egg-shell, egg-white and egg-yolk) Co distributions in the calcined Co/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts were determined.     

Thickness-dependent magnetic domain structures of Co ultra-thin film investigated by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy

Thickness-dependent magnetic domain structure of ultrathin Co wedge films (0.3 nm–1.0 nm) sandwiched by Pt layers was investigated by scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM) employing X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), utilizing elliptically polarized soft x-rays and electromagnetic fields, with a spatial resolution of 50 nm. The magnetic domain images measured at the Co L₃ edge showed the evolution of the magnetic domain structures from maze-like form to the bubble-like form as the perpendicular magnetic field was applied. The asymmetric domain expansion of a 500 nm-scale bubble domain was also measured when the in-plane and perpendicular external magnetic field were applied simultaneously.     

基于光偏振旋转效应的碱金属气室原子极化率测量方法及影响因素分析

利用原子自旋效应能够实现超高灵敏度的惯性和磁场测量。一类操控原子自旋处于无自旋交换弛豫态的器件可以进行物理参数测量。碱金属气室为该类器件的敏感表头。碱金属原子密度与原子极化率是碱金属气室的重要参数,对研究原子自旋处于无自旋交换弛豫态有着重要的作用。光的偏振效应在量子计算和原子物理研究中发挥了重要作用。利用光的偏振效应能够实现对碱金属原子密度与原子极化率的检测。提出一种基于光偏振旋转效应的碱金属原子极化率测量方法。首先对碱金属气室加恒定磁场,利用激光作为检测光,根据光偏振旋转原理,检测通过气室的偏振光的法拉第旋转角,得到碱金属气室原子密度。然后将碱金属原子抽运,利用激光作为检测光,检测通过气室的偏振光的偏转角,得到碱金属原子极化率。该方法在测量原子极化率的过程中也测量了碱金属原子密度,实现利用一套系统测量两个重要参数,具有快速测量和高灵敏度等特点,简化了实验设备及过程。对两种偏转角进行仿真分析,得到该方法实验时检测激光波长变化对偏转角的影响,根据仿真图得到检测激光波长的可取范围,验证了该方法的可行性。最后分析激光器波长波动与磁场波动对其测量精度的影响,提出实验对激光器与磁场的要求。     

Temperature dependence of the magnetic hyperfine field at cerium impurity in Co

Perturbed gamma-gamma angular correlation (PAC) technique was used to measure the magnetic hyperfine field (B _hf ) at Ce impurity in Co using ¹⁴⁰La→ ¹⁴⁰Ce probe. The radioactive ¹⁴⁰La produced by neutron irradiation of lanthanum metal with thermal neutrons was introduced in Co by arc melting in argon atmosphere. The present measurements cover the temperature range from 4.2– 1300 K. Two pure magnetic interactions were observed at impurity sites, corresponding to a ferromagnetic ordering of Co moments in hcp and fcc phases. The temperature dependence of B _hf for both phases, however, shows a sharp deviation from an expected standard Brillouin-like behavior for the host magnetization. The results are discussed in terms of a simple molecular-field model where the localized moment at impurity ions as well as the conduction electron contributions to the hyperfine field are taken into account.