液体阴极辉光放电原子发射光谱法测定盐矿中的K、Ca、Na、Mg

以铂针尖为阳极,毛细管顶端溢出的液体为阴极,建立了一种新型的液体阴极辉光放电原子发射光谱(LCGD-AES)分析检测系统。利用该系统同时测定了格尔木化肥厂盐矿中K、Ca、Na和Mg的含量。研究了放电电压、溶液流速、电解质种类、溶液pH值、干扰物对发射强度的影响,同时与离子色谱(IC)的测量结果进行比较。结果表明,在放电电压650 V、溶液流速3 m L·min~(-1)、pH 1. 0的HNO3作为电解液时,K、Ca、Na和Mg的检出限(LOD)分别为0. 100 0、0. 048 0、0. 002 4和0. 003 9 mg·L~(-1),相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0. 57%、1. 8%、0. 94%和1. 8%。LCGD-AES对盐矿中K、Ca、Na、Mg的测试结果与IC的测定结果基本一致,样品回收率为95. 4%～108%。     

液体阴极辉光放电原子发射光谱法分析硅酸钇镥中痕量杂质元素

采用液体阴极辉光放电原子发射光谱( Solution-cathode glow discharge-atomic emission spectrometry, SCGD-AES)法测定了硅酸钇镥(Lutetium-Yttrium Orthosilicate, LYSO)闪烁晶体材料中痕量元素 Ca,Fe, K, Li, Mg和Na。最佳实验条件是溶液pH为1的HNO3,直流电压为1080 V,溶液流速为2.0 mL/min。本方法对LYSO基体的耐盐量为10 g/L。硅酸钇镥晶体使用HNO3, HF, HClO4溶解后经SCGD-AES分析测定,结果同电感耦合等离子体发射光谱( Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, ICP-AES)和电感耦合等离子体质谱( Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy, ICP-MS)分析结果比对,具有较好的一致性。在运用SCGD-AES对LYSO的测定中,未观察到Lu、Y元素的激发谱线,因此测定LYSO中痕量元素时测定的光谱干扰少,Ca, Fe, K, Li, Mg和Na的检出限分别为：1.0,3.0,0.02,0.01,0.02和1.0 mg/kg。     

内标法在电解液阴极大气压辉光放电原子发射光谱检测水体金属元素含量中的应用

电解液阴极大气压辉光放电-原子发射光谱ELCAD-AES是一种新兴的快速、高效、实时、在线的元素分析方法。将ELCAD-AES技术应用于水体中金属元素检测,选取K I 766.5 nm,Ca I 422.7 nm,Zn I 213.8 nm和Pb I 405.78nm为分析谱线,Hβ为内标谱线,分别建立基本定标法和内标法的光谱分析定标曲线,对4种元素的检验样品进行测定。实验结果表明,K,Ca,Zn和Pb基本定标曲线拟合度R2分别为0.9951,0.9985,0.9917和0.9934,相对误差为1.1%和2.4%,1.2%和0.94%,8.3%和0.83%,4.0%和1.9%;采用内标法,4种元素定标曲线的拟合度分别达到0.996,0.9996,0.9994和0.9996,相对误差可达到0.25%和1.8%,0.44%和0.34%,2.6%和0.19%,2.4%和0.94%。说明内标法可提高定标曲线的拟合度,减少定量分析误差,提高测量精度。     

大气压电解液阴极辉光放电发射光谱技术的研究进展及应用

近十多年来,大气压电解液阴极辉光放电系统在原子光谱分析中作为一种新兴的检测工具而备受关注。大气压电解液阴极辉光放电发射光谱技术兼具了光谱测量的稳定性、分析元素选择性和传感器测量方便、简洁性等优点。本文综述了基于等离子体的大气压电解液阴极辉光放电发射光谱技术的机理研究、仪器构建及改进和最新应用研究,并总结了该技术的优势及存在的问题,展望了其应用前景。     

电解液阴极大气辉光放电原子发射光谱检测水硬度

在自制的电解液阴极大气辉光放电原子发射谱(ELCAD-AES)装置上,研究了钙镁标准溶液的特征发射光谱,定量检测了Mg和Ca的含量,两元素的检出限分别为0.2mg/L和0.8mg/L。通过准确性和加标回收实验,以及与乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐络合滴定(EDTA滴定)法测量结果的比较,证明了ELCAD-AES方法测量水硬度的可靠性。测定了沸腾前后的自来水和地下水,以及湖水中Mg和Ca的含量,获得了这些水样的硬度。所建立的ELCAD-AES方法可用于水体硬度或金属元素的快速在线监测。     

直流辉光放电发射光谱法测定电工钢中多元素含量

采用直流辉光发电发射光谱法对电工钢中15种元素的含量进行测定。以铁为内标元素,确定实验条件为:激发电压1200 V,激发电流50 mA,预溅射时间45 s,积分时间10 s。15种元素测定结果的相对标准偏差小于2.0%(n=11),方法的检出限小于3μg/g,各元素的测定结果与标准物质的认定值吻合。     

激光剥蚀-大气压辉光放电原子发射光谱法中土壤样品分析基质效应研究

采用激光剥蚀-大气压辉光放电原子发射光谱法(LA-APGD-AES)研究了土壤样品中基质效应对于Cd和Pb元素检测结果的影响。选取来自不同地区、主成分含量相差较大的实际土壤样品进行研究。在激光能量60 mJ、激光脉冲数20的条件下,对APGD-AES的参数条件进行优化。放电间距为14 mm、气体流速为130 mL/min、放电电流为27 mA时,信号强度及稳定性最佳。在最佳条件下,采用本方法结合单变量校准模型分别对4种复杂基质土壤中的Cd和Pb进行定量检测,并将检测结果拟合在同一校准曲线中进行分析。对4种不同基质土壤检测所得的Cd和Pb的线性相关系数分别为R²≥0.99和R²>0.97,两种元素LA-APGD-AES测量值与电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测量值的相对误差均在0.4%～11.8%之间;拟合在同一校准曲线中分析所得的Cd和Pb元素的R²变化不明显,两种元素测量相对误差均在3.0%～13.2%之间。不同基质土壤中Cd和Pb元素的检出限(LOD)变化不明显,测量结果均与配制浓度吻合。结果表...     

悬浮液进样-液体阴极辉光放电原子发射光谱法测定高纯氮化硅粉体中微量杂质元素

针对高纯氮化硅粉体中的9种微量杂质元素(Al、Ca、Co、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni),建立了悬浮液进样-液体阴极辉光放电原子发射光谱定量分析方法.考察了制备稳定悬浮液对样品颗粒度的要求,并通过六通阀将悬浮液引入液体阴极辉光放电原子发射光谱装置检测.本方法采用水溶液标准进行定量分析,无需对悬浮液的pH值进行精确调节,能够保持液体阴极辉光等离子体的稳定性.研究了仪器装置的操作电压、载液流速、光电倍增管积分时间等因素对检出限的影响.优化后得到的最佳实验条件为操作电压1080 V,载液流速1.2 mL/min,光电倍增管积分时间800 ms.利用六通阀进样系统对原有的液体阴极辉光放电原子发射光谱装置进行改进,从而实现悬浮液直接进样检测.用此装置对氮化硅实际样品进行检测,得到各种元素的检出限在0.2~53 mg/kg之间,RSD在1.1%~5.0%之间.通过对氮化硅标准参考物质ERM-ED101进行分析,其测定结果与高温高压消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法一致,并与标准参考值吻合,表明此方法可用于氮化硅粉体的悬浮液直接进样检测,结果准确可靠,灵敏度高,具备应用价值.     

氢氦气氛液体阴极辉光放电原子发射光谱法在线检测污水中的铬

建立了一种氢氦混合气氛液体阴极辉光放电原子发射光谱(SCGD-AES)测定污水中铬含量的方法,结果表明,氢氦混合气氛(H₂掺杂量3%)有利于SCGD-AES激发条件的改善。优化了气体流量、电解液种类及流速、放电电压及间距等实验参数,铬的检出限从650μg/L(空气气氛)降至106μg/L,并且保持了良好的稳定性(RSD=1.3%, 10 mg/L,n=11)。本方法对糙米粉标准物质(GBW(E)100619)及实际工业污水中铬含量的测定结果与电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)的测定值一致,回收率为92.4%～104.0%,表明本方法可应用于实际水样中铬含量的检测。     

Emission Characteristics of Jet Configurations for Jet-Boosted Glow Discharge Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Comparisons of emission characteristics and analytical performance have been made between three types of jet configuration. These include cone-jet configuration, six-jet configuration, and cylinder-jet configuration. The cone-jet configuration shows the highest emission intensity among all jet configurations. Regardless of the jet configuration, the Cu II 224.70 nm emission line was found to be the most dominant of all Cu emission lines. The intensity ratios of the resonance line Cu I 324.75 to a nonresonance line Cu I 282.44 nm was 1.3 for the six-jet configuration, 2.3 for the cylinder jet, and 2.8 for the cone jet. This may indicate that self-absorption was significant in six-jet configuration. The effects of main and auxiliary gas flow rates on the emission characteristics for the cone jet configuration were also investigated. The intensity of Cu I at 324.75 and 327.40 nm decreases about 30% when the gas flow rate increased from 0 to 150 ml/min, while the intensities of Cu II 224.70 nm and the UV–Visible Cu I 510.55-, 515.32-, and 521.82-nm lines increased by a factor of 2 to 3. The decrease in intensity of the resonance line relative to the Cu II and Cu I green lines may be caused by self-absorption. The cone-jet and six-jet configurations show comparable values of precision, linearity, and detection limits, while the cylinder-jet configuration provides the worst analytical performance among three types of jet configurations. The linearity of the calibration curve was the worst in the six-jet configuration due to self-absorption.     

Liquid Cathode Glow Discharge as a Microplasma Excitation Source for Atomic Emission Spectrometry for the Determination of Trace Heavy Metals in Ore Samples

A novel liquid cathode glow discharge (LCGD) was designed as a microplasma excitation source for atomic emission spectrometry (AES) and used for the determination of Pb, Cu, and Cd in digested ore samples. The operating parameters and stability of LCGD-AES were investigated in detail. The statistical analysis (t-test) was used for comparing the results of ore samples using LCGD-AES and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results showed that the optimized analytical conditions are 650?V discharge voltage, 4.5?mL?min^?1 solution flow rate, and pH 1 HNO₃ as the supporting electrolyte. The limits of detection for Pb, Cu, and Cd were 0.019, 0.47, and 0.37?mg?L^?1, respectively. The correlation coefficients and relative standard deviations were 0.9985 and 1.19% for Pb, 0.9868 and 2.37% for Cu, and 0.9960 and 3.98% for Cd. The power consumption was below 65?W. The recoveries were in the range from 79.1 to 115.1%. Moreover, the measurement results of ore samples by LCGD-AES are comparable to the values obtained by ICP-AES. Therefore, the LCGD-AES may be developed as a portable analytical instrument for the direct determination of trace heavy metals.     

微波等离子体炬质谱直接分析水中镉的研究

建立了一种测量水中痕量镉的质谱电离新方法。以微波等离子体炬(MPT)为离子源,结合质谱仪器可直接分析水样而无需任何样品预处理。水样直接通过雾化器雾化形成气溶胶,气溶胶经加热冷却循环及浓硫酸干燥后,由MPT中心管道引入等离子体,产生的离子采用四极杆质谱仪(QMS)检测,得到镉的MPT特征质谱。根据镉的特征质谱进行定量分析。结果表明,114Cd的信号强度与溶液中镉离子浓度在300~3 000ng/L范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数可达0.994 96,检出限(LOD)为72.7 ng/L。对实际水样(自来水、太湖湖水、赣州龙南井水、矿泉水)进行分析,加标回收率为90.6%~112.2%,10次测量的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=10)为7.1%~21.5%,单个样品测试可在2~3 min内完成。因此,MPT质谱法对水中有害金属镉的快速测量具有一定优势,作为传统ICP质谱检测的有力补充,可以发展成为在线分析方法,应用于环境水、生活水质量监控等领域。     

射频供能辉光放电原子发射光谱分析导体的基本特性

自行设计组装了射频供能辉光放电原子发射光谱仪器(rf-GD-AES),并对其分析导体试样的基本特性(包括光源的稳定性、电学特性和光谱特性)进行了研究。在此基础上建立了rf-GD-AES分析导电试样的方法,并用于铜合金标准样品中的A l和Mn的分析,其测定结果与标准值吻合很好,充分地显示了rf-GD-AES在固体样品直接分析中的潜力。     

Characteristics of Atmospheric Pressure Air Glow Discharge with Aqueous Electrolyte Cathode

We investigated the characteristics of atmospheric pressure (AP) air glow discharge with aqueous electrolyte cathode. Distilled water or aqueous solutions of HNO₃, KCl, KBr and KI were utilized as a cathode. The cathode voltage drop, electric field strength, gas temperature as well as emission intensity of some lines of OI, H, K, Na and bands of N₂, OH, NO were measured at discharge current from 10 to 50 mA. The procedure of gas temperature measurement on the base of non-resolved structure of N₂(C³Π_u → B³Π_g) bands was described. The reduced electric field strength (E/N) was obtained, which showed that the discharge existed in the normal mode. On the base of these data, the regularities of optical emission were discussed.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定石灰石中5种氧化物含量

建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定石灰石样品中5种氧化物氧化镁(MgO)、三氧化二铁(Fe_2O_3)、二氧化硅(SiO_2)、氧化锰(MnO)、三氧化二铝(Al2O3)含量的方法。先将样品与无水碳酸钠和四硼酸钠高温熔融后,再用盐酸进行消解可以很好地溶解石灰石样品。选择Mg285.21nm、Fe 238.20nm、Si 251.61nm、Mn 257.61nm、Al 396.15nm为分析谱线,采用空白校正的方法校正基体的影响。在选定的实验条件下,各元素标准曲线的线性相关系数均不小于0.999,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)在1.8%～2.4%,各测定元素的加标回收率也在94%～105%。按照实验方法将各元素测定结果与5种国家标准测定方法得出的结果进行比对,准确度、精密度、回收率均在理想范围内。结果表明,所建立的方法可以满足石灰石中5种元素联测的要求,并且更加快速、准确。     

Comparison of the Plasma Temperature and Electron Number Density of the Pulsed Electrolyte Cathode Atmospheric Pressure Discharge and the Direct Current Solution Cathode Glow Discharge

A novel-pulsed electrolyte cathode atmospheric pressure discharge (pulsed-ECAD) plasma source driven by an alternating current (AC) power supply coupled with a high-voltage diode was generated under normal atmospheric pressure between a metal electrode and a small-sized flowing liquid cathode. The spatial distributions of the excitation, vibrational, and rotational plasma temperatures of the pulsed-ECAD were investigated. The electron excitation temperature of H T_exc(H), vibrational temperature of N₂ T_vib(N₂), and rotational temperature of OH T_rot(OH) were from 4900?±?36 to 6800?±?108 K, from 4600?±?86 to 5800?±?100 K, and from 1050?±?20 to 1140?±?10 K, respectively. The temperature characteristics of the dc solution cathode glow discharge (dc-SCGD) were also studied for the comparison with the pulsed-ECAD. The effects of operating parameters, including the discharge voltage and discharge frequency, on the plasma temperatures were investigated. The electron number densities determined in the discharge system and dc-SCGD were 3.8–18.9?×?10¹⁴?cm^–3 and 2.6?×?10¹⁴ to 17.2?×?10¹⁴?cm^–3, respectively.     

Analytical Characterization of a Solution Cathode Glow Discharge with an Interference Filter Wheel for Spectral Discrimination

Solution cathode glow discharge–atomic emission spectrometry (SCGD–AES) has attracted increasing attention in recent years in water and environmental analysis. In this article, the traditional spectrometer was replaced by an interference filter wheel for spectral discrimination using SCGD–AES. The aforementioned interference filters selected the spectral lines of Na, K, Ca, Li, Sr, Rb, and Cs. These spectral signals were transferred to weak currents using a photomultiplier tube and amplified by a picoammeter. The solution flow rate, discharge current and slit width were optimized individually. The analytical performance of SCGD coupled with an interference filter wheel was studied for atomic emission (SCGD–IFW–AES). The results show that the limits of detection for Na, K, Ca, Li, Sr, Rb, and Cs were 0.16, 0.36, 107, 0.53, 330, 1.93, and 13.58?µg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviations of the spectral intensities for the seven elements were 0.58, 0.94, 0.69, 0.70, 0.63, 0.67, and 0.65%, which indicated that the system operated stably. Matrix effect experiments were performed to study the effect of different concentrations of Na on the spectral intensities of K and Ca. Based on these measurements, the concentration of K in physiological saline was determined to be 0.534?mg/L by SCGD–IFW–AES.