基于层流动能湍流模型的数值模拟方法

从层流动能出发提出数值模拟原则;综合考虑自然、旁路和分离流转捩的因素构建实用的层流动能湍流模型,结合预处理和基本求解技术发展出适于转捩流动的数值模拟方法和程序.针对预处理技术,以Weiss-Smith矩阵为基础,考虑湍流粘性的影响;针对基本离散格式和边界条件,结合模型方程进行对角占优强化等特殊处理.最后通过平板边界层和典型翼型,特别是低雷诺数翼型的数值模拟,验证数值方法的有效性和鲁棒性.算例表明本文的方法能够为求解更复杂的流动提供参考.     

A Modeling Study on Particle Dispersion in Wall-Bounded Turbulent Flows

Three physical mechanisms which may affect dispersion of particle's motion in wall-bounded turbulent flows, including the effects of turbulence, wall roughness in particle-wall collisions, and inter-particle collisions, are numerically investigated in this study. Parametric studies with different wall roughness extents and with different mass loading ratios of particles are performed in fully developed channel flows with the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. A low-Reynolds-number $k-\epsilon$ turbulence model is applied for the solution of the carrier-flow field, while the deterministic Lagrangian method together with binary-collision hard-sphere model is applied for the solution of particle motion. It is shown that the mechanism of inter-particle collisions should be taken into account in the modeling except for the flows laden with sufficiently low mass loading ratios of particles. Influences of wall roughness on particle dispersion due to particle-wall collisions are found to be considerable in the bounded particle-laden flow. Since the investigated particles are associated with large Stokes numbers, i.e., larger than $\mathcal{O}(1)$, in the test problem, the effects of turbulence on particle dispersion are much less considerable, as expected, in comparison with another two physical mechanisms investigated in the study.     

高剪切率的Couette流下液氩流体热导率的分子动力学模拟

基于平衡分子动力学(EMD)模拟方法,对Lees-Edwards周期性边界条件作一修正并成功地应用其形成具有高恒定剪切率的Couette流动,最后通过Green-Kubo公式计算得到了剪切流下液氩流体的热导率。计算结果,表明在剪切流下液氩流体的热导率仍然表现为各向同性,同时还发现流动方向的热导率不随流动剪切率的增加而发生变化,并且该值跟静态下液氩的热导率(λ=0.132 Wm~(-1)K~(-1))基本一致。     

壁面在展向作周期运动的槽道湍流的大涡模拟

分别采用3种亚格子模式:传统的Smagorinsky模式、动力Smagorinsky模式和Cui(2004)基于Kolmogorov方程所提出的新模式,对壁面在展向作周期运动的槽道湍流进行了大涡模拟,以考察这3种模式对平均运动为三维、非定常的湍流流动的模拟能力.通过对湍流基本统计量的分析,发现动力模式和新模式都可以较好地预测这种三维非定常的湍流流动;对相位平均的湍流统计量,动力模式的结果略优于新模式;传统的Smagorinsky模式对这种流动的预测结果是最差的.     

半导体量子点中极化子的跃迁能量

研究了半导体量子点中极化子的激发态性质。采用Huybrechts线性组合算符和幺正变换方法,计算了量子点中极化子的振动频率、基态能量、第一激发态能量、由第一激发态向基态的跃迁能量和跃迁频率。分别讨论了电子-LO声子在强弱两种耦合情况下极化子的跃迁能量和跃迁频率。数值计算结果表明,跃迁能量ΔE和跃迁频率ω均随量子点有效受限长度l₀的增加而减少,且随电子-声子耦合强度α的增加而减少。     

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Nanofluid with Rod-like Particles in Turbulent Flows through a Curved Pipe

Pressure drop, heat transfer, and energy performance of ZnO/water nanofluid with rodlike particles flowing through a curved pipe are studied in the range of Reynolds number 5000 ≤ Re ≤ 30,000, particle volume concentration 0.1% ≤ Φ ≤ 5%, Schmidt number 10⁴ ≤ Sc ≤ 3 × 10⁵, particle aspect ratio 2 ≤ λ ≤ 14, and Dean number 5 × 10³ ≤ De ≤ 1.5 × 10⁴. The momentum and energy equations of nanofluid, together with the equation of particle number density for particles, are solved numerically. Some results are validated by comparing with the experimental results. The effect of Re, Φ, Sc, λ, and De on the friction factor f and Nusselt number Nu is analyzed. The results showed that the values of f are increased with increases in Φ, Sc, and De, and with decreases in Re and λ. The heat transfer performance is enhanced with increases in Re, Φ, λ, and De, and with decreases in Sc. The ratio of energy PEC for nanofluid to base fluid is increased with increases in Re, Φ, λ, and De, and with decreases in Sc. Finally, the formula of ratio of energy PEC for nanofluid to base fluid as a function of Re, Φ, Sc, λ, and De is derived based on the numerical data.     

高能重离子碰撞中末态粒子的极角分布

在反应平面内不同极角方向为z轴的质心坐标系中,分析了末态粒子方向角分布的非对称性,建立了一种确定集合侧向流流角的方法.在以流方向为z轴的质心坐标系中研究了Bevalac流光室1.2AGeV Ar+KCl、1.2AGeV Ne+NaF和2.1AGeV Ne+NaF三种反应中末态粒子的极角分布,对末态粒子非对称发射部分所占的比例及其在流方向的集中程度做出了定量的估计.     

Effects of spanwise system rotation on turbulent stripes in a plane Poiseuille flow

In the transitional channel flow, the large-scale intermittent structure of localised turbulence, which is called the turbulent stripe pattern, can be found in the form of stripe arrangement. The structure of the turbulent stripe pattern is an oblique laminar–turbulent banded pattern and is inclined with respect to the streamwise direction. We performed direct numerical simulation at a transitional Reynolds number and very low-rotation numbers, and focused on the turbulent stripe pattern in the plane Poiseuille flow subjected to spanwise system rotation. We captured the turbulent stripe pattern in a rotating channel flow and found the augmentation and diminution of the turbulent stripe pattern were affected by the spanwise rotation. The contents of the discussion are the spatial size of the turbulent stripe pattern on the basis of the instantaneous flow fields, the energy spectra, and various statistics relating to the spanwise velocity component that characterise the turbulent stripe pattern. The turbulent stripe pattern was found to contain kinetic energy that was larger in very weakly rotating flows than in the static system. It was also found that the magnitude of the spanwise secondary flow increases, while the quasi-laminar region is wider at a very lowrotation number.     

Activation Energy for the Glass Transition of a Confined Elastomer in HDPE/PP Blends

Blends of two highly crystalline polymers containing an elastomer were prepared to study the glass transition of the confined elastomer. The polymers chosen were high density poly ethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and two elastomers of a different nature: natural number (NR) and EPDM. The dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) technique was used to analyze the storage modulus of blends with elastomer content from 0% to 30% by weight, with the remainder made up of equal amounts of HDPE and PP, and blends with 10% of the elastomer, but varied ratios of polyolefins. We used the differentiation modification of the Arrhenius method in the kinetic analysis assuming an n‐order relaxation mechanism, which allowed detecting the percolation threshold of NR. Results indicate that both temperature and activation energy for glass transition (T _g ) are dependent on the types of polymers in the blend and blend composition. The T _g and E values of the unblended elastomers are higher than those in blends; this behavior is associated with the elastomer confinement and blend morphology.     

Predictions of Conjugate Heat Transfer in Turbulent Channel Flow Using Advanced Wall-Modeled Large Eddy Simulation Techniques

In this paper, advanced wall-modeled large eddy simulation (LES) techniques are used to predict conjugate heat transfer processes in turbulent channel flow. Thereby, the thermal energy transfer process involves an interaction of conduction within a solid body and convection from the solid surface by fluid motion. The approaches comprise a two-layer RANS–LES approach (zonal LES), a hybrid RANS–LES representative, the so-called improved delayed detached eddy simulation method (IDDES) and a non-equilibrium wall function model (WFLES), respectively. The results obtained are evaluated in comparison with direct numerical simulation (DNS) data and wall-resolved LES including thermal cases of large Reynolds numbers where DNS data are not available in the literature. It turns out that zonal LES, IDDES and WFLES are able to predict heat and fluid flow statistics along with wall shear stresses and Nusselt numbers accurately and that are physically consistent. Furthermore, it is found that IDDES, WFLES and zonal LES exhibit significantly lower computational costs than wall-resolved LES. Since IDDES and especially zonal LES require considerable extra work to generate numerical grids, this study indicates in particular that WFLES offers a promising near-wall modeling strategy for LES of conjugated heat transfer problems. Finally, an entropy generation analysis using the various models showed that the viscous entropy production is zero inside the solid region, peaks at the solid–fluid interface and decreases rapidly with increasing wall distance within the fluid region. Except inside the solid region, where steep temperature gradients lead to high (thermal) entropy generation rates, a similar behavior is monitored for the entropy generation by heat transfer process.     

模拟退火算法在化学自由能模型中的应用

对化学自由能模型进行系统性的研究，着重分析化学反应动态平衡条件下粒子组分的求解方案，提出应用模拟退火算法寻找自由能密度函数极小值点的求解方案.该方案同时解决了两个难题：1）在一级相变区化学势平衡方程组可能遇到多个解而无法甄别其物理意义.通过模拟退火算法定位到自由能密度函数曲面的最低点，因而可从多个解中甄别出稳定的热力学平衡态.2）模拟退火算法用随机的"热涨落"消除初值敏感性，因而可采用同一套初值计算不同的温度密度点，为实现宽区域上大量温度密度点的连续快速计算奠定基础.作为该平衡态求解方案的应用，计算氦流体在"等离子相变"区的物态方程，揭示了丰富的"等离子相变"现象，并与第一性原理计算揭示的氢流体"液液相变"现象进行类比.     

Analysis of Energy Loss Characteristics of Vertical Axial Flow Pump Based on Entropy Production Method under Partial Conditions

The energy loss of the vertical axial flow pump device increases due to the unstable internal flow, which reduces the efficiency of the pump device and increases its energy consumption of the pump device. The research results of the flow loss characteristics of the total internal conduit are still unclear. Therefore, to show the internal energy loss mechanism of the axial flow pump, this paper used the entropy production method to calculate the energy loss of the total conduit of the pump device to clarify the internal energy loss mechanism of the pump device. The results show that the energy loss of the impeller is the largest under various flow conditions, accounting for more than 40% of the total energy loss of the pump device. The variation trend of the volume average entropy production and the energy loss is similar under various flow coefficients (K_Q). The volume average entropy production rate (EPR) and the energy loss decrease first and then increase with the increase of flow, the minimum volume average entropy production is 378,000 W/m³ at K_Q = 0.52, and the area average EPR of the impeller increases gradually with the increase of flow. Under various flow coefficient K_Q, the energy loss of campaniform inlet conduit is the smallest, accounting for less than 1% of the total energy loss. Its maximum value is 63.58 W. The energy loss of the guide vane and elbow increases with the increase of flow coefficient K_Q, and the maximum ratio of energy loss to the total energy loss of the pump device is 29% and 21%, respectively, at small flow condition K_Q = 0.38. The energy loss of straight outlet conduit reduces first and then increases with the increase of flow coefficient K_Q. When flow coefficient K_Q = 0.62, it accounts for 27% of the total energy loss of the pump device, but its area average entropy production rate (EPR) and volume average entropy production rate (EPR) are small. The main entropy production loss in the pump device is dominated by entropy production by turbulent dissipation (EPTD), and the proportion of entropy production by direct dissipation (EPDD) is the smallest.     

不同长度端壁翼刀对跨声速压气机叶栅二次流影响的数值研究

对可控扩散叶型(CDA)环形叶栅和4种具有不同长度和流向位置的端壁翼刀叶栅内的三维黏性流场进行了数值模拟。结果表明:较长翼刀对气流横向流动的阻断作用较强,较短翼刀产生的附加损失较小;加装翼刀后叶栅中部气流流动状况显著改善,但端壁附近损失有所增加;翼刀加装在流道前部比后部更有利于降低总能量损失,占据前1/2流道的翼刀方案为本文最佳翼刀方案,使叶栅总能量损失比原型叶栅低2.2%。     

钛酸铅与偏氟乙烯-三氟乙烯共聚物形成的铁电复合物相变过程的热释电研究

研究了偏氟乙烯－三氟乙烯共聚物与钛酸铅形成的铁电复合物ＰＴ／Ｐ「ＶＤＦ（７０）－ＴｒＦＥ（３０）」的热秋电流行为。Ｐ「ＶＤＦ（７０）－ＴｒＦＥ（３０」室温下存在两个铁电相,即较无序的铁电相和较有序的铁电相,升温经过各自的相转变点后转变成较有序的顺电相和较无序的顺电相,热释电流谱上出现在９５℃和１０８℃的两个电流峰,分别由两个铁电相的结构陷阱以及部分取向的偶极所贡献。采用Ｔｃ以上温度极化并冷却到不同     

Numerical Simulation of Deflagration to Detonation Transition in a Straight Duct: Effects of Energy Release and Detonation Stability

Numerical simulation based on the Euler equation and one-step reaction model is carried out to investigate the process of deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) occurring in a straight duct. The numerical method used includes a high resolution fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme for spatial discretization, coupled with a third order total variation diminishing Runge-Kutta time stepping method. In particular, effect of energy release on the DDT process is studied. The model parameters used are the heat release at $q=50, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10$ and $5$, the specific heat ratio at $1.2$, and the activation temperature at $Ti=15$, respectively. For all the cases, the initial energy in the spark is about the same compared to the detonation energy at the Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) state. It is found from the simulation that the DDT occurrence strongly depends on the magnitude of the energy release. The run-up distance of DDT occurrence decreases with the increase of the energy release for $q$=50~20, and increases with the increase of the energy release for $q$=20~5. This phenomenon is found to be in agreement with the analysis of mathematical stability theory. It is suggested that the factors to strengthen the DDT would make the detonation more stable, and vice versa. Finally, it is concluded from the simulations that the interaction of the shock wave and the flame front is the main reason for leading to DDT.     

北京谱仪大型精密圆柱漂移室dE/dx粒子识别的研究

本文简要描述了北京谱仪主漂移室的dE/ds粒子识别方法,给出在物理实验应用中dE/dx性能测量的主要结果.经过系统效应的软件修正和绝对的能量刻度后,对最小电离粒子(0.4—0.5GeV/c的π)大于30次dE/dx取样的能量分辨率为7.5%.大于3σK/π分离的动量p≤0.65GeV/c.大于3σe/π分离的相应动量范围为0.2≤p≤4GeV/c.     

Electron Energy Loss Spectra of the Organic Complexes of Europium

In the electron energy loss spectra (EELS) of the organic europium complexes Eu³⁺ (BTFA)₃TPPO and Eu³⁺(BrBTFA)₃TPPO in a gas phase obtained on excitation by monokinetic beams of electrons of different energies in the range 12–50 eV, we have identified the bands associated with the electron transitions S ₀–S ₁, S ₀–S ₂, and S ₀–S ₃. The connection of these transitions with the structural groups of the complexes is established. The addition of the bromine atom to the phenyl ring of diketonate leads to the rise in the relative intensity of the S ₀–S ₂ band. The singlettriplet transitions manifest themselves in the region 2.5–3.2 eV and contribute to the S ₀–S ₂ band of the electron energy loss spectra.