溴甲烷在强激光场中的电离和解离

利用自制的反射式飞行时间质谱仪(RTOF-MS)研究了多原子分子CH₃Br在强激光场中的电离解离. 得到了溴甲烷在强激光场中电离解离的飞行时间质谱, 基于RTOF-MS的高分辨率(M/ΔM>2000), 测量了分子库仑爆炸产生的系列碎片离子的动能释放(KER), 用多光子解离和库仑爆炸解释了实验结果. 与碘甲烷在强场中的实验结果对比发现: (1) 在相同的激光场强下, 碘甲烷电离解离的最高价碎片离子为I⁶⁺而溴甲烷为Br³⁺; (2) 溴甲烷质谱中存在母体离子的脱氢产物CH_mBr⁺ 和CH_mBr²⁺, 而对于碘甲烷, 没有检测到这些通道, C-I键首先断开; (3) 质谱中存在H⁷⁹Br⁺和H⁸¹Br⁺, 而碘甲烷的电离解离中不存在HI产物; (4) 溴甲烷库仑两体爆炸的有效电荷间距随着两碎片电荷乘积的增大而增大, 而对于碘甲烷此间距几乎不随电荷乘积变化; (5) CH_m⁺(m=0, 1, 2)的主要生成通道可能与碘甲烷不同, 不是来自CH₃⁺的顺序脱氢, 而是来自脱氢母体离子的直接解离.     

N2+2离子在线偏振和圆偏振强激光场中的解离

基于N+离子的飞行时间质谱, 研究了N2+2离子在线偏振和圆偏振强飞秒激光场中(45 fs, 5×1015-1×1016 W·cm-2, 800 nm)的解离. 通过对N+离子质谱和平动能的分析发现, N2+2离子在线偏振光和圆偏振光作用下具有不同的解离方式. 在线偏振光下, N2分子在平衡核间距RE处发生次序双电离生成N2+2离子, N2+2离子解离所释放的能量能够用单光子跃迁模型来解释. 而在圆偏振光下, N2分子首先电离生成N+2离子, N+2离子在核间距增大到临界核间距RC(>RE)时, 进一步被电离从而发生解离, 此时解离所释放的能量可以用库仑推斥模型来解释.     

甲烷在飞秒强激光场中的解离

用波长为800 nm，脉宽为160 fs，强度范围为7.6×1013～1.4×1014 W•cm－2的强激光使甲烷分子解离，并用质谱仪检测产生的离子.母体离子在较低的激光强度（7.6×1013 W•cm－2）下出现;当激光强度增加到8.0×1013 W•cm－2时，开始出现；CH2＋、CH＋和C＋离子出现的阈值分别为1.0×1014 W•cm－2、1.4×1014 W•cm－2和1.4×1014 W•cm－2.这些现象表明甲烷的解离是一个顺序过程.质谱图中没有多电荷离子，因此排除了发生库仑爆炸的可能.以线偏振激光作用于甲烷，只有H＋离子有各向异性的角度分布，暗示分子中的化学键是被激光外场拉断的，且初级产物离子H＋是沿着激光电场的方向飞出.提出的准双原子分子模型较好地解释了实验结果.     

Characteristics and Dynamics of Superexcited States of Molecules

Characteristics and dynamics of superexcited states of molecules are interpreted by emphasizing their significant roles in various molecular dynamic processes. The states are expected to open a new field of physics and chemistry; but because of their complexity, they should be investigated by using the possible multifarious means from the various view points. The interplays between theory and experiment and also between the two theories, dynamics theory and quantum chemistry, are crucial to reveal this world. More systematic studies are required for the superexcited states of polyatomic molecules.     

飞秒强激光场下亚硝酰氯分子的电离和解离

Ionization and dissociation of nitrosyl chloride ClNO were studied using femtosecond laser mass spectra tech-nique.Strong fragmental ions NO~ and Cl~ were observed with the laser intensity varied from 3.2×10~(14) to 2.5×10~(15) W/cm~2.These fragmental ions were attributed to the direct dissociation of the parent ions.Electronic structurecalculations were also carried out with Hartree-Fock,density functional and correlated levels of theory to under-stand the possible fragmentation pathways.The very low N-Cl bond energy in the parent ion of nitrosyl chloride isa clear reason for the absence of ClNO~ and ClN~ ion peaks from the femtosecond laser mass spectrum.     

用质谱和光电子能谱研究飞秒强场中的电离动力学

报导了用自制飞秒激光器通过飞秒多光子电离质谱和光电子能谱对飞秒强激光场与分子（氨、苯）相互作用的研究。飞秒激光脉宽约100fs,二倍频中心波长407.5nm,聚焦后脉冲功率密度达到1012W/cm2。氨的光电子能谱显示了（2+2）REMPI和（2+2）+1ATI、（2+2）+2ATI三组电子峰,每组峰又包括伸缩振动v1的带系,ATI峰的振动布居出现反转。随着光强增加,谱峰加宽而且振动能级出现平移。这些强场效应可用PonderomotivePotential解释。苯的飞秒质谱图与纳秒情况不同,分子离子为主,碎片峰很少。     

烯丙醇的红外激光离解和异构化

目前对于红外激光诱导的异构化研究甚少,有关烯丙醇分子的激光化学反应尚未见报道,本文报道了烯丙醇分子红外激光诱发的1,3-σ迁移反应及离解反应。 1 实验方法 以光栅选频TEA CO_2 B型脉冲激光器为激发光源,脉宽<150 ns,脉冲重复频率1 Hz,光束聚焦至反应池中央,焦斑面积<0.1 cm~2.反应池先抽至0.13 Pa以下,再充入一定压力的烯丙醇和缓冲气体Ar或N_2,用Perking-Elmer 983型红外分光光度计和MAT 454型色质联     

CO Oxidation by Neutral Gold-Vanadium Oxide Clusters

Oxidation of CO by gas-phase atomic clusters is being actively studied to understand the molecular-level mechanisms of heterogeneous CO oxidation over related catalytic surfaces. However, it is experimentally challenging to study CO oxidation by neutral heteronuclear metal oxide clusters because of the difficulty of cluster ionization and detection without fragmentation. Herein, the neutral AuVO_2-4 clusters were experimentally generated and their reactions with CO and O₂ were studied. The experimental results showed that CO adsorption is the dominant channel on the interactions of AuVO₄ and AuVO₃ with CO, and AuVO₂ can pick up an O₂ molecule to generate AuVO₄. Theoretical studies indicated that the oxidation of the trapped CO in AuVO_3,4CO into CO₂ is exothermic while the reaction barriers have to be overcome at the elevated temperatures. A catalytic cycle for CO oxidation by AuVO_2-4 is proposed.     

Photodissociation of Cycloketones by Ultraintense Femtosecond Laser Pulses

ThestudyofphotoionizationandphotodissociationprocessesinducedbyintensefemtosecondlaserpuIses(>lo"W/cm')withpolyatomicmoleculesbecomesofinterestbecausesomenewphenomenahavebeenobserved'-3.Sofar,mostoftheinvestigationsfocusontheexperimentalexplorationofphotoionizationprocesses'-'.Butthephotoionizationmechanismofpolyatomicmoleculesinanintensefslaserfieldisstillambiguous'.,.Incontrasttothephotoionizationprocesses,theunderstandingoffragmentationofmolecularionisevenpoorer.Corkumetal,'.,'reportedthef…     

纳秒强激光场中苯电离产生高价离子的研究

用25 ns脉冲Nd-YAG 532 nm的激光，在1010～1011 W•cm－2的光场强度下，利用飞行时间质谱对He、 N2、Ar载气条件下苯的激光电离过程进行了研究.发现当利用氩作为载气时，除观察到C2＋、C2H2+、C3H3+、C6H6+离子外，还观察到很强的Cq＋(q=1～3)高价离子.这些离子都有很高的平动能， C2＋的最可几平动能为12.9 eV， C3＋为37.5 eV.通过改变载气种类和压力及在不同光场强度条件下的实验，可以认为这些高价离子来源于含苯团簇的库仑爆炸过程.     

飞秒脉冲作用下氯丙烯的多光子解离和电离动力学

The dissociation and photoionization dynamics of C₃H₅Cl were studied at 200, 400, and 800 nm with femtosecond laser pulses. The time-of-flight mass spectra, laser power index and photoelectron images were recorded. At short wavelength (200 nm), ionization of the parent molecule was found to be the dominant channel, while other ions were generated by the dissociation of C₃H₅Cl⁺. With the shift to long wavelength (e.g., 800 nm), fragment ions became dominant, and were generated through the multiphoton ionization of neutral fragments after the photodissociation of C₃H₅Cl. These results imply that photodissociation plays a significant role at long wavelength, because neutral fragments are supposed to be generated from the intermediate states reached by 800 nm photons. At 400 nm, the dissociation on the intermediate states is also critical, but is not as high as that at 800 nm. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the dissociation/ionization behaviors of allyl chloride are wavelength-dependent, and reveal the complex dynamics of allyl chloride at 200, 400 and 800 nm.     

Fragmentation of Neutral Amino Acids and Small Peptides by Intense, Femtosecond Laser Pulses

High power femtosecond laser pulses have unique properties that could lead to their application as ionization or activation sources in mass spectrometry. By concentrating many photons into pulse lengths approaching the timescales associated with atomic motion, very strong electric field strengths are generated, which can efficiently ionize and fragment molecules without the need for resonant absorption. However, the complex interaction between these pulses and biomolecular species is not well understood. To address this issue, we have studied the interaction of intense, femtosecond pulses with a number of amino acids and small peptides. Unlike previous studies, we have used neutral forms of these molecular targets, which allowed us to investigate dissociation of radical cations without the spectra being complicated by the action of mobile protons. We found fragmentation was dominated by fast, radical-initiated dissociation close to the charge site generated by the initial ionization or from subsequent ultrafast migration of this charge. Fragments with lower yields, which are useful for structural determinations, were also observed and attributed to radical migration caused by hydrogen atom transfer within the molecule.

Selective Dissociation of Sulfur Hexafluoride by Intense CO2 Laser Radiation in Pulsed Gas Dynamic Flow

Isotopically selective IR multiphoton dissociation (MPD) of SF₆ in a pulsed gas dynamic flow was studied. The dependence of the yield of the product SF₄ on the frequency of CO₂ laser radiation exciting SF₆ molecules was obtained. The ³⁴S enrichment coefficient in SF₄ was measured. The enrichment factor was found to agree well with the value predicted from comparison of spectral dependences for the SF₄ yield from ³²SF₆ and ³⁴SF₆. The obtained results are compared with the data on SF₆ dissociation in a low-temperature cell and in a molecular beam.     

HCl分子在激光场中的多光子激发

用二次量子化方法讨论了ＨＣｌ分子在激光场中的多光子激发，还包括对ＨＣｌ分子伸缩振动能级的计算，跃迁概率随外场频率的变化及随时间的变化（取光场强度１０~（－８）Ｗ／ｃｍ~２）。     

Determination of Nitric Oxide by Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Poly(Neutral Red)

Nitric oxide can be oxidized to NO⁻₂ (then to NO⁻₃) and reduced to N₂O at a glassy carbon electrode modified with the film of poly(neutral red). When the modified electrode is further coated with a thin Nafion film, the interference of NO⁻₂ can be almost thoroughly eliminated, and the electrode can be employed to detect nitric oxide.     

Direct Observation of Oxygen Dissociation on Non‐Stoichiometric Metal Oxide Catalysts

Oxygen dissociation on metal oxides is a key reaction step, limiting the efficiency of numerous technologies. The complexity of the multi‐step oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) makes it difficult to investigate the oxygen dissociation step independently. Direct observation of the oxygen dissociation process is described, quantitatively, on perovskites La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2Fe_0.8O_3‐δ and (La_0.8Sr_0.2)_0.95MnO_3±δ, using gas‐phase isotope‐exchange with a 1:1 ¹⁶O₂:¹⁸O₂ ratio. Oxygen transport mechanisms between gas–surface reactions and surface–bulk exchange are deconvoluted. Our findings show that regardless of participation of lattice oxygen, La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2Fe_0.8O_3‐δ is better at oxygen dissociation than (La_0.8Sr_0.2)_0.95MnO_3±δ. Heteroexchange, involving lattice oxygen, dominates on La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2Fe_0.8O_3‐δ. In contrast, (La_0.8Sr_0.2)_0.95MnO_3±δ shows both homoexchange and heteroexchange, with the latter only happening above 600 °C. Using a 1:1 isotope mixture, a simple method is presented for separation of the oxygen dissociation step from the overall ORR.     

2-甲基环戊酮离子前6个激发态的解离

用量子化学原理,CIS/6-31+G(d,p)方法研究了2-甲基环戊酮离子前6个激发态的解离过程,通过虚频的振动分析,计算其可能产物,寻求2-甲基环戊酮离子的解离通道和解离产物.     

纳秒强光场下呋喃的激光电离中高价离子的产生

The photo ionization of furan by an intense 25 ns Nd:YAG 532 nm laser has been studied by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. At the laser intensity of 1010～1011 W/cm2, multi-charged ions Can+ (n=2～4) and Ohm+ (m=2～3) appeared in the mass spectra when argon was used as the carrier gas. From the peak splitting and the numeric analysis, the most probable kinetic energies of C2+, C3+ and C4+ were confirmed to be 21、63 and 100 eV respectively, and the most probable kinetic energies of O2+ and O3+ were confirmed to be 20 and 40 eV respectively. It is proposed that the multi-charged ions come from the Coulomb explosion of furan cluster ions produced by multi photon ionization of neutral furan cluster.     

Reduction Mechanism of Transition Metal Oxide Particles in Thermally Induced Nanobubbles during Pulsed Laser Melting in Ethanol

Pulsed laser melting in liquid (PLML) is a technique to fabricate spherical submicrometer particles (SMPs) wherein nanosecond pulsed laser (several tens to several hundreds of mJ pulse⁻¹ cm⁻²) irradiates raw particles dispersed in liquid. Raw particles are transiently heated above the melting point to form spherical particles, which enables pulsed heating of surrounding liquid to form thermally induced bubbles by liquid vaporization. These transient bubbles play an important role as a thermal barrier to rapidly heat the particle. Reduced SMPs are generated from raw metal-oxide nanoparticles by PLML process in ethanol. This reduction cannot be explained by high-temperature thermal decomposition, but by mediation of molecules decomposed from ethanol. Computational simulations of ethanol decomposition by pulsed heating for 100 ns at the temperature 1000–4000 K revealed that ethylene is generated as the main product. Gibbs free energies of oxide reduction reactions mediated by ethylene greatly decreased compared to those without ethylene mediation. This explanation can be applied to reductive SMP formation from various transition metal oxides by PLML.