X-ray study of the thermal expansion anisotropy in the quarternary semiconductor CuGaSn□Se4

Accurate lattice parameters a and c of the tetragonal chalcopyrite quaternary semiconductor CuGaSn□Se₄ have been determined as a function of temperature by the X-ray powder diffraction method in the temperature range 300 K to about 900 K. The data have been used to evaluate the axial expansion coefficients α_a and α_c at various temperatures. The thermal expansion studies revealed the anisotropy between the axial expansion coefficients having a larger coefficient of expansion along the a-axis than that along the c-axis (α_a > α_c). The mean values α_a and α_c, in the temperature range 300–900 K, are found to be 14.02 × 10^-6K^-1 and 5.02 × 10^-6K^-1 respectively, and the axial ratio, c/a, changes with a coefficient of -8.96 × 10^-6K^-1. This result indicates an increase in the tetragonal distortion, δ = 2 - c/a with temperature. An attempt is made to explain the increase in tetragonal distortion with temperature and the anisotropic thermal expansion of CuGaSn□Se₄ in terms of the thermal expansion of the A>−;Se (where A is Cu and Ga randomly distributed) and B>−;Se (where B is Sn and vacancy randomly distributed) bonds. The results are also discussed in terms of the principal Grüneisen parameters of chalcopyrite structure compounds.     

Brillouin scattering in ice and deuterated ice as a function of temperature

The elastic constants c₁₁, c₃₃, c₄₄ for ordinary ice and c₁₁ for D₂O ice between 12 and 250°K are deduced from light scattering Brillouin measurements for sound waves of wavevector q = 2.35 × 10⁵cm^?1. A range of temperature is found between 70 and 130°K where the elastic constants display an abnormal behaviour.     

Specific heat of A-15 Nb3Al0.83Ge0.21

The specific heat of A-15 Nb₃Al_.83Ge_.21 with a transition temperature, T_c, of 20.0 K has been measured from 6 to 25 K. Values of the parameters derived from the data are γ=35.0±2 mJ/mole-K²; the Debye temperature, θ_D=278±5 K; the energy gap, △, normalized as 2△/kT_c, is 4.9±.3, and the thermodynamic critical field, H_c(0), is 4700±300 Gauss.     

Raman studies of lattice dynamics in 1T-TiSe2

Raman scattering measurements were carried out on 1T-TiSe₂ above and below the phase transition temperature. Below _c many new lines appear, which are the Γ-point phonon modes folded from the original zone boundary points L, M and A due to the formation of the 2a₀ × 2a₀ × 2c₀ superlattice. Among them the strong A_1g line at 119 cm^?1 and the E_g line at 78 cm^?1 at 11 K show softening, as the temperature approaches to T_c, but the modes become overdamped before the energies go to zero.     

Estimation of sound velocities from resonance measurements on tungsten carbide calibration spheres

Tungsten carbide spheres have been used as reference targets to calibrate echosounders. The target strength depends upon the longitudinal and transverse stress wave speeds, c₁ and c₂, in the sphere. These may be estimated from the resonance frequencies, which can be measured precisely given two or more resonances whose coupling characteristics are sufficiently different to provide well conditioned equations for these wave speeds. The resonance frequencies may be measured by sampling the echo amplitude or by spectrum analysis. The latter method is more accurate but requires more sophisticated equipment. The measurements have been corrected to remove the bias resulting from the finite bandwidth of the apparatus. Experimental results are given for 11 spheres 38·1 mm in diameter containing a nominal 6% of cobalt binder, procured in two batches from different production runs. Both stress wave speeds are significantly different between but not within the batches, and likewise the sphere density which indicates variation of the cobalt content. For a density of 14 900 kg m^?3 (6% cobalt) and at 11°C, c₁ and c₂ are estimated to be 6853 ± 19 and 4171 ± 7 m s^?1, respectively, within 95% confidence limits. Empirical equations are presented for the speeds as functions of density. The temperature coefficient of c₂ is estimated to be ?1·3 ± 0·6 m s^?1°C^?1. These results demonstrate the high accuracy of the resonance technique for estimating the stress wave speeds in spheres. The small differences observed between the spheres would have a negligible effect on the target strength at 38 kHz.     

Magneto-crystalline properties of BaFe12−2x M x Sn x O19 (M = Sn, Ni, Zn) ferrite powders

BaFe_12?2x M _x Sn _x O₁₉ compounds, where M?=?Sn²⁺, Ni²⁺ or Zn²⁺ ions, were synthesized by mechanical milling and partially by citrate precursor methods. Analysis of magneto-crystalline structure has been carried out by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Sn⁴⁺ ions replace Fe³⁺ ions on 2b and slightly on 2a?+?4f₁ sites, Zn²⁺ ions strongly prefer 4f₁ sites, Sn²⁺ ions prefer 4f₁ sites too and Ni²⁺ ions occupy 4f₂ and 12k or 2a sites. The magnetic properties were evaluated by the vibrating sample magnetometry and the thermomagnetic analysis. A large variation of the intrinsic coercivity H _c (330 to 78 kA/m) and of temperature coefficient of coercivity of ΔH _c /Δ? (0.39 to 0.22 kA/m°C) were achieved as a function of the (Zn–Sn) and (Sn–Sn) substitutions, respectively. The Curie temperature T _c decreased with the (Ni–Sn) substitution from 447 to 399°C.     

Raman spectroscopy of RuSr2(Eu1.5Ce0.5)Cu2O10 magneto-superconductor

Raman spectroscopy studies are reported for the RuSr₂Eu_1.5Ce_0.5Cu₂O₁₀ (Ru-1222) compound at various temperatures of 300, 250, 200 and 90 K. Three distinct vibrational bands: the first at 110, 140, and 160 cm⁻¹, the second at 295 and 347 cm⁻¹, and third one at 651 cm⁻¹ are seen in Raman spectra of the compound at room temperature. These bands are attached to the Cu atoms’ c-direction, the Ru atoms’ ab-plane stretching and Ru atoms’ c-direction anti-stretching modes. Below 200 K, an extra vibrational mode is also seen at 260 cm⁻¹. Also, with a decrease in temperature, though the Cu vibrational modes remain intact, the Ru atoms’ ab-plane stretching (295 cm⁻¹) and c-direction anti-stretching (651 cm⁻¹) modes shift gradually to higher wave number positions. The frequencies of modes at 260 and 651 cm⁻¹ showed anomalous softening and line-width broadening below 100 K that corroborates well with the spin ordering seen in susceptibility studies. The studied compound is a ferromagnetic superconductor with magnetic ordering of the Ru spins at 200 K and superconductivity below 30 K. A magnetic and electrical transport characterization of the compound is also presented briefly.     

Thermal expansion of ZrFe2 and some rare-earth iron compounds

The thermal expansion coefficient of the compounds ZrFe₂, TiFe₂, YFe₂, ErFe₂, ErFe₃, Er₆Fe₂₃ and Er₂Fe₁₇ has been determined from room temperature up to 700°C. The anomalous thermal expansion of some of these compounds observed at temperatures below their Curie temperature (T_c) is shown to be related to a strong pressure dependence of T_c. (dT_c/dP is large and negative).     

Thermal expansion of CuGaSe2

The thermal expansion coefficients of CuGaSe₂ are measured in the temperature range from 300 to 670 K by an X-ray technique and are found to be α_a = 13.1 × 10^?6K^?1 and α_c = 5.2 × 10^?6K^?1 for the lattice parameters a and c, respectively. Some general trends in the temperature dependence of the tetragonal distortion of the I-III-VI₂ and II-IV-V₂ compounds are considered.     

Stereochemical studies of oligomers XXIX. Reinvestigation of the structure of N-m-tolyl phthalimide

C₁₅H₁₁NO₂, Mr 237.3, monoclinic, space groupC _c, a=8.539(2),b=19.865(4),c=7.599(2)?,β=111.44(2)°,V=1199.8 ?³,Z=4,D _c=1.31 gcm⁻³,λ(CuKα)=1.5418 ?,μ=6.74cm⁻¹,F(000)=496, room temperature. The structure was solved by direct methods with SHELX-86 and refined down to agreement valueR=0.046 for 1117 reflections above 2σ(I). The angle between the plane of the phthalimide group, which shows a little bent [1.2(2)°] between its two rings, and the tolyl group is 56.1(1)°. The packing of the molecules is stabilized by van der Waal’s forces only. Part XXVIII: Bocelli and Rizzoli (1990)     

Electrophysical parameters of <Emphasis Type="Italic">c</Emphasis>-oriented Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>Te<Subscript>3</Subscript> films with a low concentration of antistructural defects

Epitaxial c-oriented Bi₂Te₃ films 1.2 μm in thickness are grown by the hot wall method for a low supersaturation of the vapor phase over the surface of mica substrates. The hexagonal unit cell parameters a = 4.386 Å and c = 30.452 Å of the grown films almost coincide with the corresponding parameters of stoichiometric bulk Bi₂Te₃ crystals. At T = 100 K, the Hall concentration of electrons in the films is on the order of 8 × 10¹⁸ cm^?3, while the highest values of the thermoelectric coefficient (α ≈ 280 μV K^?1) are observed at temperatures on the order of 260 K. Under impurity conduction conditions, conductivity σ of the films increases upon cooling in inverse proportion to the squared temperature. In the temperature range 100–200 K, thermoelectric power parameter α²σ of Bi₂Te₃ films has values of 80–90 μW cm^?1 K^?2.     

Measurement of the pressure dependence of Tc for superconducting spinel compounds

The superconducting transition temperatures (T_c) of CuRh₂Se₄, CuRh₂S₄ and LiTi₂O₄ were all found to increase linearly under hydrostatic pressure up to 22 kbar, at a rate of 1–5 × 10^-5 Kbar^-1. These results are discussed in terms of the dependence of T_c on Debye temperature previously found for this set of compounds from heat capacity measurements at zero pressure.     

The specific heat of Y0.7Th0.3C1.58

The specific heat of the novel high temperature superconductor Y_0.7Th_0.3C_1.58 (T_c = 17.0 K) has been measured between 4 and 22 K. Unlike the other known high temperature superconductors (T_c > 16 K) which have either an A-15 or a NaCl-type structure, this material forms in the b.c.c., Pu₂C₃-type, structure. The Debye temperature, θ_D, is 346 K and the linear term coefficient, γ, of the specific heat has the value 4.66 mJ/mole-K². Thus the electronic density of states, N(0), which is proportional to γ, is quite low. The energy gap, 2Δ/kT_c, on the other hand has an anomalously high value of 5.8. Comparisons between these parameters of Y_0.7Th_0.3C_1.58 and those for some A-15 and NaCl-type superconductors are made.     

On the character of the unusual morin type transition in a cobalt-substituted dysprosium orthoferrite

Magnetic measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed two types of spin reorientation in DyFe_0.9975Co_0.0025O₃ in the temperature range 77–300 K. The higher temperature transition was a continuous rotation of Fe³⁺ spins from the a to the c axes of the single crystal in the region 260-145 K. The lower temperature transition was from a weakly ferromagnetic to the purely antiferromagnetic state. A peculiarity was observed with both methods. When the Fe³⁺ spins, turning from the a towards the c axis, form an angle of about 20° with the latter, they do not proceed to reach c, but jump to the b axis and the crystal becomes a pure antiferromagnet. An external magnetic field of 10 kOe, H_ext  c, does not change this reorientation pattern, but a smaller field along a completes the reorientation along the c axis. Mössbauer spectra indicate two hyperfine fields during the continuous spin reorientation.     

Charmed Deuteron

Possible existence of bound states of a charmed baryon, Λ _c , Σ _c , Σ* _c with a nucleon, N, as well as two charmed baryons, Λ _c Λ _c , etc., are examined in the meson exchange potential approach. The heavy quark spin symmetry induces a strong tensor coupling between Λ _c N, Σ _c N and Σ* _c N states, which causes a bound state of Λ _c N (J = 0⁺ and 1⁺) states. Such a bound state is also seen in the spin-singlet Λ _c Λ _c channel, which resembles the H dibaryon in the strange sector.     

Thermal expansion op NbSe2 and TaS2

The lattice parameters a₀ and c₀ of the hexagonal 2H polytype of NbSe₂; have been measured over the temperature range 156–478 K for a₀, and 138–482 K for c₀. The lattice parameter c₀ of the hexagonal 2H polytype of TaS₂ has been measured between 151 and 472 K. The lattice parameters a₀ and c₀ for the octahedral 1T polytype of TaS₂ been measured between 165 and 488 K. Over these temperature ranges, the following average coefficients of thermal expansion have been measured; 2H-NbSe₂, 6.6 × 10^?6K^?1 along the a-axis, 19.9 × 10^?6 K^?1 along the c-axis; 2H-TaS₂, 15.6 × 10^?6 K^?1 along the c-axis; IT-TaS₂, 12.7 × 10^?6 K^?1 along the c-axis. The parameter c₀ of 1T-TaS₂ undergoes two transitions which may be explained in terms of charge density waves.     

Critical behavior of polar modes in lead phosphate near the ferroelastic phase transition

The temperature dependence of IR reflection spectra (15–4000 cm^?1) of A_u and B_u modes in the α phase and of E_u modes in the β phase of lead phosphate has been studied with a Fourier transform scattering interferometer. Frequencies, dampings and oscillator strengths of all modes show critical behavior, more or less marked, in the vicinity of the transition temperature. Correlations between the modes in both phases, including Raman results, are made. The temperature at which most of the modes lose their polar character is found more than ten degrees above that found by means of other techniques. Raman and X-ray data also indicate that characteristics of the monoclinic structure still persist well above T_c = 180°.     

The D.C. voltage-dependent resistivity of CuCl powder compacts under pressure

The CuCl powder compacts are found to exhibit d.c. voltage dependent resistivity. The resistivity drops by six orders of magnitudes when the applied voltage exceeds a critical value V_c.V_c is found to decrease with the increase in pressure. The high conducting phase shows a positive temperature coefficient of resistance at 1 atm of 0.004°C^-1 which increases with pressure at a rate 0.0004°C^?1 GPa^?1. It is suggested that the pressure induced transition reported at 4 GPa could arise from the application of d.c. voltage.     

Probing the phase transition of methane with Mössbauer effect in 57Fe impurities

Mossbauer studies were performed in ⁵⁷Fe impurities (0.3% at.) in solid methane, in order to investigate the properties of the order-disorder phase transition taking place at T_c=20.4K. From the temperature dependence of the relative values of the recoil-free-fraction - f - it was found that near T_c a change occurs in the slope of f(T²) without discontinuity in the value of f. A consistent model is proposed by which immediately below T_c both phases, I and II coexist with a gradual evolution of the ordered state (II) on the account of the high temperature plastic state (I). The Debye temperature of phase II (θ_II = 101±7K) increases with respect to that of phase I (θ_I = 72±3K), indicating a hardening in the phonon spectrum and precluding the onset of rotational modes of the disordered molecules.     

Weak decays of heavy baryons in the light-front approach

In this work, we analyse semi-leptonic and non-leptonic weak decays of the heavy baryons: Λ_b,Ξ_b,?_b and Λ_c,Ξ_c,?_c. For non-leptonic decay modes, we study only the factorizable channels induced by the external Wemission. The two spectator quarks in the baryonic transitions are treated as a diquark and form factors are calculated in the light-front approach. Using the results for form factors, we also calculate some corresponding semi-leptonic and non-leptonic decay widths. We find that our results are comparable with the available experimental data and other theoretical predictions. Decay branching fractions for many channels are found to reach the level 10~(-3)~10~(-2),which is promising for discovery in future measurements at BESIII, LHCb and Belle II. The SU(3) symmetry in semi-leptonic decays is examined and sources of symmetry breaking are discussed.