超疏水聚合物表面的水滴蒸发模拟

基于质量守恒和Fick第一定律，模拟了水滴在超疏水聚合物表面的蒸发全过程．研究从以往的接触角<90±扩展到>150±，液滴形貌扩展为椭球球帽模型进行疏水表面蒸发模拟．水滴在超疏水PC和FPU/PMMA表面蒸发的实验结果显示，计算的椭球球帽模型可以更好的反映出液滴接触角和高度的变化情况，并且不同聚合物表面接触角的相同变化趋势也揭示出微-纳二级结构表面结构不仅影响液滴接触角，也影响液滴蒸发模式．     

碳纳米管阵列超双疏性质的发现

用高温裂解酞菁金属络合物方法制备了几种具有不同形貌的阵列碳纳米管膜 ,并对其超疏水和超双疏性质进行了研究 .对于具有均匀长度和外径的阵列碳纳米管膜 ,文章作者发现 ,在未经任何处理时 ,其表现出超疏水和超亲油性质 ,与水的接触角为 15 8 5± 1 5° ,与油的接触角为 0± 1 0°.经氟化处理后 ,则表现出超双疏性质 ,与水和油的接触角分别为 171± 0 5°和 16 1± 1 0° .对具有类荷叶结构的阵列碳纳米管膜 ,其表面形貌与荷叶的十分接近 ,且在未经任何处理时所表现出的超疏水性也与荷叶的非常接近 ,与水的接触角为 16 6° ,滚动角为 8° .这种超疏水和超双疏性质是由表面的纳米结构以及微米结构和纳米结构的结合产生的 .这一发现为无氟超疏水表面 界面材料的研究提供了新的思路     

接触角滞后对组合表面液滴运动的影响

本文通过控制NaOH和(NH_4)_2S_2O_8溶液的刻蚀时间,制备了具有不同接触角滞后超疏水区的0.5 mm-0.5mm超疏水疏水组合表面,可视化研究了常压纯蒸汽下液滴脱落半径,冲刷周期,尺寸分布.电镜表征结果表明,刻蚀时间越长,所制备超疏水表面的微纳结构越细,导致液滴接触角滞后增加。在0.5 mm-0.5 mm超疏水-疏水组合表面冷凝过程中,存在两种排液行为:液滴横向抽吸和液滴跨区脱落。随着超疏水区接触角滞后的增加,对液滴的抽吸作用越强。液滴跨区脱落直径随着超疏水区接触角滞后的增加有减小趋势,表面冲刷周期随超疏水区接触角滞后的增加而减小;与完全疏水表面相比,组合表面疏水区域液滴尺寸较小,主要集中在50μm以内。     

超疏水-疏水组合表面蒸汽冷凝的实验研究

液滴的快速脱落和移除对蒸汽滴状冷凝传热具有重要的影响,超疏水表面由丁二具有接触角大,接触角滞后小的优点而用于驱动冷凝液滴的自发运动,但是,常压蒸汽在超疏水表面冷凝时,液滴的润湿形态还没有定论。本文设计了超疏水疏水条纹间隔排列的超疏水一疏水组合表面,研究了常压蒸汽在组合表面上的冷凝过程,观测了液滴的运动特性,测量了超疏水一疏水组合表面上常压蒸汽冷凝传热性能。实验结果显示疏水区液滴在表面张力差的作用下从疏水区向超疏水区自发迁移,说明超疏水区液滴处于Wenzel润湿形态,超疏水一疏水组合表面蒸汽冷凝传热性能比完全超疏水和完全疏水表面传热性能的面积加权平均值大。说明液滴的自发迁移运动强化了疏水区的传热性能。     

纳米粒子构建表面的超疏水性能实验研究

采用疏水纳米粉体压片法和岩心吸附法构建了具有微纳米结构的表面,测试了这些表面的接触角,拍摄了水滴在吸附纳米粒子的岩石表面的滚动过程照片,采用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)检测了表面的微结构.实验结果表明：无机纳米粒子经弱疏水性材料修饰后,其表面润湿性由强亲水变为强疏水;疏水纳米粒子吸附表面的接触角均大于120°,滚动角约7°,显示出超疏水特性;SEM照片显示,这些超疏水表面是具有不规则微纳米结构的气固复合面,符合Cassie-Baxter的复合表面模型. 关键词： 超疏水 纳米粒子 微纳米结构表面 接触角     

从昆虫得到启发的防水材料

<正>当水与材料的表面接触时,对于亲水材料水滴会散开;对于疏水材料则形成水珠。这种现象是由水滴边缘和水滴下面的表面所成的角度——所谓的接触角——决定的。当接触角大于90°时表面是疏水的,大于160°时材料是超疏水的。超疏水性与表面化学及表面材质有关。当疏水表面暴露在雾中或潮湿的环境里,湿气会凝结成微小的水滴,其大小与表面的结构相当,微小的水滴将停留在表面结构中,随着露水累积,水滴增大,结果材料变湿。     

两步法制备超疏水性ZnO纳米棒薄膜

采用两步法制备了超疏水性ZnO纳米棒薄膜,在用磁控溅射在普通玻璃衬底上生长一层ZnO籽晶层基础上,利用液相法制备了空间取向高度一致的ZnO纳米棒阵列,经修饰后由亲水性转变为超疏水性.用扫描电子显微镜观察了纳米棒的表面结构,用接触角测量仪测出水滴在ZnO纳米棒薄膜表面的接触角为151°±05°,滚动角为7°.用Cassie模型对ZnO纳米棒薄膜的超疏水性进行了验证. 关键词： ZnO纳米棒 超疏水 两步法     

稳定超疏水性表面的理论进展

自然界中很多动植物都具有稳定的超疏水性, 它们既拥有高接触角, 又拥有低滚动角, 且能长期稳定存在.通过对它们的研究, 发现表面的润湿性与表面的化学成分、表面的几何形貌有关, 并且表面几何结构的影响更为显著, 甚至可以实现由亲水性表面向超疏水转变. 虽然目前在这个领域已经有大量的实验验证了表面粗糙结构的重要作用, 但是对于表面微纳米结构对表面疏水性机理的理论研究还并不完善. 本文详细介绍了超疏水表面的基本理论及其适用性、 接触角滞后现象, 分别从经典理论和能量的观点探讨了润湿状态转化发生的条件, 重点介绍了通过仿生理念对表面几何形貌的优化设计, 包括单尺度和多尺度表面结构对于设计稳定超疏水表面的作用. 最后, 对超疏水理论的不足和未来发展进行了展望. 关键词： 超疏水 仿生 接触角 滞后     

表面润湿性对水平管降液膜流型的影响

降液膜的流动形态对水平管降膜蒸发器的强化传热过程具有十分重要的意义。本文构造了三种不同润湿性的表面,超亲水,亲水以及疏水,通过可视化实验和机理分析,研究了表面润湿性对降液膜管间流动的作用机理。结果表明,直列与错列柱状流的出现受到表面润湿性的影响。在亲水与超亲水表面只存在错列柱状流,而在疏水表面只存在直列柱状流。同时,错列柱状流的表面存在接触角上限,临界接触角为67°,直列柱状流的表面存在接触角下限,临界接触角为106°。     

疏水表面减阻的格子Boltzmann方法数值模拟

采用格子Boltzmann方法的多松弛模型和Shan-Chen多相流模型对雷诺数为100的疏水表面方柱绕流进行了数值模拟, 分析了疏水表面接触角和来流含气率对方柱绕流流场的影响. 研究结果表明: 疏水表面接触角一定时, 来流含气率在一定范围内, 疏水表面具有减阻的能力, 超出这一范围时会出现阻力系数、升力系数升高的现象, 同时在方柱近壁面处伴随涡的形成产生了气团脱落; 当来流含气率处于适当水平时, 接触角越大, 绕流物体近壁面处含气率越稳定, 减阻效果越明显. 分析发现疏水表面减阻的关键在于保证近壁面处气层的稳定性, 此时接触角越大, 减阻效果越明显. 本文从含气率角度出发分析疏水表面的减阻现象, 为进一步探索疏水表面减阻机理提出了新的思路.     

Fabrication of superhydrophobic film by microcellular plastic foaming method

To solve the complicated manufacturing operation and the usage of toxic solvent problems, a simple and novel method to fabricate superhydrophobic film by surface foaming method was introduced in this paper. The superhydrophobic property of the foamed material was obtained at a contact angle >150° and a rolling angle about 8°. The foamed material can instantly generate its superhydrophobicity via peeling process. The effects of blowing agent content, foaming time and peeling rate on the foam structure and superhydrophobicity were studied.     

A simple method to prepare miniature quartz fiber boats with superhydrophobicity

According to the reformed Cassie-Baxter equation, a superhydrophobic quartz fiber bundle boat was fabricated from mimicking the lotus leaf venation using chemical surface modifications and roughness introductions. Water contact angles as high as 165.8° were achieved for quartz fiber cloths. The loading capacities of the miniature boats made from the superhydrophobic quartz fiber bundles were measured. The highest loading weight, 10.19 g, was obtained by the boats with 2.0 mm spacing distance between fiber bundles. The striking loading capacities were believed to stem from the air film surrounding the superhydrophobic surfaces of the boats. The results of this study presented new applications of artificial hydrophobic surfaces in areas of aquatic devices.     

Preparation of superhydrophobic poly-p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole (PBO) fiber bundles

According to the reformed Cassie-Baxter equation, the superhydrophobic phenylenebenzobisoxazole (PBO) fiber bundle boats were fabricated from mimicking the lotus leaf venation using chemical surface modifications and roughness introduction. Water contact angles as high as 152.3° were achieved for PBO fiber bundles. Furthermore, the loading capacities of the superhydrophobic PBO fiber bundle boats were also measured. And the highest loading weight, 8.36 g, was obtained by the boats treated with 2.0 wt.% (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2,-tetradecyl)trimethoxysilane (HFTES). The large loading capacities were believed to arise from the air film surrounding the superhydrophobic surfaces of boats. The results of this study presented new applications of artificial hydrophobic surfaces in areas of miniature aquatic devices.     

Thermal stability of the structural features in the superhydrophobic boehmite films on austenitic stainless steels

Boehmite thin film with 50–100 nm surface flake structure has been synthesized on AISI 316 type austenitic stainless steel by immersing boehmite gel film into boiling water. When further coated with hydrolyzed (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl) trimethoxysilane (FAS), the boehmite film becomes superhydrophobic with a contact angle for water of 152°. The superhydrophobic property results from both the nanoscale surface flake structure and the low surface energy of the FAS top layer. The topography of such film was revealed by atomic force microscope (AFM) and a set of roughness parameters of such film was discussed. The degradation of superhydrophobicity of the surface was studied as a function of the heat-treatment temperatures. Below 600 °C, the surface remained to be superhydrophobic with the FAS top layer. Above 700 °C, the surface was not superhydrophobic anymore due to a gradual loss in surface roughness which was revealed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). A phase change from boehmite to γ-Al₂O₃ occurred during the heat-treatments from 700 to 900 °C which was studied by the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns from the transmission electron microscope (TEM) measurement.     

Deposition of superhydrophobic nanostructured Teflon-like coating using expanding plasma arc

A novel approach was used to grow nanostructured Teflon-like superhydrophobic coatings on stainless steel (SS). In this method Teflon tailings were pyrolyzed to generate fluorocarbon precursor molecules, and an expanding plasma arc (EPA) was used to polymerize these precursors to deposit Teflon-like coating. The coating shows super hydrophobic behavior with water contact angle (WCA) of 165°. The coating was observed to be uniform. It consists of nanostructured (∼80-200 nm) features, which were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The chemical bond state of the film was determined by XPS and FTIR, which indicate the dominance of -CF₂ groups in the deposited coating. The combination of nanofeature induced surface roughness and the low surface energy imparted by Teflon-like coating is responsible for the observed superhydrophobic nature.     

Preparation and properties of ZnS superhydrophobic surface with hierarchical structure

A novel ZnS hierarchical structure composed of nanorod arrays with branched nanosheets and nanowires grown on their upside walls, was synthesized over Au-coated silicon substrate via chemical vapor deposition technique. Contact angle and sliding angle of this hierarchical film with no surface modification were measured to be about 153.8° and 9.1° for 5 μl water droplets. Self-cleaning behavior and dynamic water-repelling performance were clearly demonstrated. In addition, electrowetting transition phenomenon from superhydrophobic to hydrophilic state happened when a critical bias ∼7.0 V was applied. Below this threshold voltage, the contact angle change is little. This work for the first time reports the creation of ZnS superhydrophobic surface and could enrich its research field as surface functional materials.     

Fabrication of superhydrophobic polyaniline films with rapidly switchable wettability

A superhydrophobic polyaniline (PANI) film has been fabricated by using a facile one-step spraying method. The PANI was synthesized via in situ doping polymerization in the presence of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as the dopant. The water contact angle of this superhydrophobic surface reaches to 156°. Both the surface chemical compositions and morphological structures were analyzed. A granular morphology of PANI with a moderate amount of nanofibers was obtained. Moreover, a rapid surface wettability transition between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity can be observed when it is doped with PFOA and de-doped with base. The mechanism for this tunable wettability has been discussed in detail.     

光学透明频率选择表面的设计研究

以氟化镁为基底材料, 采用基底、金属网栅与频率选择表面一体化设计方法设计了一种雷达波与光学波段双带通的结构. 利用模式匹配法对设计结构的传输特性进行了仿真研究, 并将设计结果与制备样件的测试结果进行了对比分析. 结果发现: 采用一体化设计的方法设计光学透明频率选择表面, 不仅能够快速得到电场基函数而且还能够准确预估其谐振尺寸, 从而在提高计算效率的同时避免了模式互作用零点的出现. 采用一体化设计方法获得了具有稳定滤波特性的光学透明频率选择表面, 为雷达/红外双模制导头罩的电磁屏蔽技术和隐身技术提供了一种有效技术方案. 关键词： 复合制导 频率选择表面 金属网栅 一体化设计     

Icephobic performance on the aluminum foil-based micro-/nanostructured surface

The research of superhydrophobic materials has attracted many researchers' attention due to its application value and prospects.In order to expand the serviceable range,people have investigated various superhydrophobic materials.The simple and easy preparation method has become the focus for superhydrophobic materials.In this paper,we present a program for preparing a rough surface on an aluminum foil,which possesses excellent hydrophobic properties after the treatment with low surface energy materials at high vacuum.The resulting contact angle is larger than 160° and the droplet cannot freeze on the surface above-10 ℃.Meanwhile,the modified aluminum foil with the thickness of less than 100 μm can be used as an ideal flexible applied material for superhydrophobicity/anti-icing.     

A novel method to fabricate superhydrophobic surfaces based on well-defined mulberry-like particles and self-assembly of polydimethylsiloxane

A superhydrophobic surface was obtained by combining application of CaCO₃/SiO₂ mulberry-like composite particles, which originated from violent stirring and surface modification, and self-assembly of polydimethylsiloxane. Water contact angle and sliding angle of the superhydrophobic surface were measured to be about 164 ± 2.5° and 5°, respectively. The excellent hydrophobicity is attributed to the synergistic effect of micro-submicro-nano-meter scale roughness (fabricated by composite particles) and the low surface energy (provided by polydimethylsiloxane). This procedure makes it possible for widespread applications of superhydrophobic film due to its simplicity and practicability.