Enhancing the inter-fiber bonding properties of cellulosic fibers by increasing different fiber charges

Cellulosic fiber has been increasingly used in many fields. The fiber charge, including the surface charge and inner charge, affects the properties of cellulosic fiber and fiber-based materials significantly. In this study, the cellulosic fiber was subjected to different treatments, including 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl radical-mediated oxidation, carboxymethyl cellulose attachment and mechanical refining, to alter the fiber charge selectively. The effects of the fiber surface charge and inner charge on fiber performances and inter-fiber bonding strength for improving the high-value application of cellulosic fibers, respectively, were discussed. The results showed that the performances of cellulosic fiber can be improved with the increase of either surface or inner fiber charges, including the increased water retention value, flexibility and inter-fiber bonding strength, but with slightly decreased drainability. An increasing bulk fiber charge showed more significant enhancement of the inter-fiber bonding strength than only an increase of the fiber surface charge on cellulosic fiber. This was because the fiber inner charge contributed to the increase of fiber flexibility and deformability, which could benefit the inter-fiber bonding indirectly. As a consequence, the bulk fiber charge enhancement was better for tensile strength improvement of handsheets (fiber-based material) than only fiber surface charge enhancement. Increasing both the surface charge and inner charge improved the tensile strength effectively with less change of the bulky fiber network than the refining treatment.     

Exploring the Potential of Betel Nut Husk Fiber as Reinforcement in Polymer Composites: Effect of Fiber Maturity

This paper presents investigations on the effect of three different stages of fiber maturity (unripe, ripe and dried) on the physical, morphological and mechanical properties of betel nut husk (Areca catechu) (BNH). Density analysis, optical observation, moisture content and water absorption study were carried out to evaluate physical properties of BNH fiber. The fiber length and diameter were decreased with the increase of maturity stage from raw to ripe, while the density increased from raw to ripe. Mechanical properties of BNH fiber at different maturity were determined from single-fiber tensile tests where tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation at break were found varied at each stages of fiber maturity. The difference in tensile strength of raw, ripe and dried BNH fiber is attributed to the structural changes in the plant cell wall during the ripening stage from immature to fully ripening stages. Modulus of natural fiber is also related to the lignin content in the fiber. Water absorption was found to be the highest for raw BNH fiber and the lowest water absorption was observed in dried BNH fiber. Highest moisture content was observed in ripe BNH fiber and the lowest was in dried BNH fiber due to moisture lost during fruit ripening. The diameter of lumen in raw BNH is larger than that of lumen of ripe BNH fiber, while dried BNH fiber showed more compacted structure of fiber.     

PET/PT双组分弹性长丝的热收缩性能及卷曲形成机理探讨

由于纺丝线上PET/PTT复合长丝中各组分受到的纺丝张力差异导致两组分存在潜在的热收缩性差异.从纺丝线下来的成品丝只有通过后道热处理,才能有效释放潜在的热收缩差异,获得理想、可用的卷曲弹性.通过TMA测试了PET/PTT双组分复合弹性长丝及其对应单组分纤维的热收缩性能.同样的外作用力下,PET/PTT纤维的收缩应变更接近PET纤维、远小于PTT纤维.同样预张力约0.2N下,PET/PTT、PET、PTT纤维的收缩应力依次变大.结果表明PET纤维具有较小的收缩应力和较小的收缩应变,PTT纤维具有较大的收缩应力和较高的收缩应变.这导致后道热处理过程中,PTT组分发生强烈的尺寸收缩,并带动收缩较小的PET组分位于纤维外侧并形成更为细密的卷曲.     

Statistical Modeling of Unidirectional Fibrous Structures

Some textiles such as slivers, rovings, yarns, and highly oriented polymer fibers as well as the reinforcing structure of unidirectional composites have a kind of unidirectional or quasi-unidirectional fibrous structures. The statistical properties of their structure and strength can be modeled by using idealized fiber bundles as model elements. In this study the tensile test process of unidirectional short fiber structures is modeled for different damage types using the instantaneous fracture model and special idealized fiber bundles for gradual damages such as fiber breakage and fiber slippage. Constant fiber length and exponential fiber length distribution as extreme cases of the Erlang distributions were used for analysis. In case of exponential fiber length distribution and constant fiber breaking strain simple analytical relationships between the mean tensile strength and the fiber length were derived and compared to those for constant fiber length and written in a general form which is valid for all the damage modes discussed. The convex linear combination of the solutions for exponential fiber length distribution and constant fiber length was proposed to use for cases when the variation coefficient of the fiber length is between 0 and 1. The practical applicability of the results was demonstrated by identifying the relationship between the mean tensile strength and the average molecule mass of polypropylene fibers that made it possible to estimate the critical molecule mass and the tensile strength of the molecules without further measurements.     

Fiber motion and rheology of suspensions with uniform fiber orientation

One of the main goals in the studies of fiber suspensions is the prediction of fiber orientation in a short fiber composite part, using the processing variables, mold geometry, and material characteristics. The rheological properties of the fiber suspensions are strongly associated with the fiber orientation distribution. The understanding of the relations between the fiber structure in the suspension and its rheological properties is a key step in the design and implementation of processing operations. The fiber motion in shear flow is analyzed in this article. The study is focused on the relation between fiber orientation and rheological properties for a suspension with uniform (delta function) fiber orientation distribution in a Newtonian fluid. The study shows that the rheological properties of the suspension, measured during the start up of steady shear flow, can be used to determine the fiber orientation in the sample. The first normal stress coefficient is the property to measure in order to determine whether or not the suspension has a random fiber orientation. Any of the shear flow transient rheological properties can be used to determine the fiber initial orientation. It was found that the normal stress coefficients can show negative or positive values depending on the fiber orientation. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 1788–1799, 2000     

Correlating detergent fiber analysis and dietary fiber analysis data for corn stover collected by NIRS

There exist large amounts of detergent fiber analysis data [neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL)] for many different potential cellulosic ethanol feedstocks, since these techniques are widely used for the analysis of forages. Researchers working in the area of cellulosic ethanol are interested in the structural carbohydrates in a feedstock (principally glucan and xylan), which are typically determined by acid hydrolysis of the structural fraction after multiple extractions of the biomass. These so-called dietary fiber analysis methods are significantly more involved than detergent fiber analysis methods. The purpose of this study was to determine whether it is feasible to correlate detergent fiber analysis values to glucan and xylan content determined by dietary fiber analysis methods for corn stover. In the detergent fiber analysis literature cellulose is often estimated as the difference between ADF and ADL, while hemicellulose is often estimated as the difference between NDF and ADF. Examination of a corn stover dataset containing both detergent fiber analysis data and dietary fiber analysis data predicted using near infrared spectroscopy shows that correlations between structural glucan measured using dietary fiber techniques and cellulose estimated using detergent techniques, and between structural xylan measured using dietary fiber techniques and hemicellulose estimated using detergent techniques are high, but are driven largely by the underlying correlation between total extractives measured by fiber analysis and NDF/ADF. That is, detergent analysis data is correlated to dietary fiber analysis data for structural carbohydrates, but only indirectly; the main correlation is between detergent analysis data and solvent extraction data produced during the dietary fiber analysis procedure.     

一种新型低噪音碳纤维纳米电极

近年来,碳纤维超微电极在生命科学领域中已取得了广泛应用,电极的超微尺寸使之能对生物微环境进行实时监测^[1],还可作为微柱分离的检测 ^[2],自Adams研究组1976年开展微电极伏安法对细胞外液中生物胺以及有关代谢物的检测研究以来,碳纤维超微电极已成为探测脑内甚至单个细胞内神经递质的一种有力的工具,人们已对单个细胞内神经递质^[3]及激素^[4]的释放进行了探索性研究。     

Comparative study of pineapple leaf microfiber and aramid fiber reinforced natural rubbers using dynamic mechanical analysis

Natural fiber is often considered inadequate for high performance reinforcement of polymer matrix composites. However, some natural fibers have relatively high mechanical properties with modulus close to that of high-performance synthetic fibers. Since the reinforcing efficiency of a short fiber is determined not only by the fiber modulus, but also by other physical properties such as the length to diameter ratio. Here it is shown, for the first time, that pineapple leaf fiber, whose modulus is somewhat lower than that of aramid fiber, can be used to reinforce natural rubber more effectively than aramid fiber. The situation was achieved by breaking down the fiber bundles into the constituent microfibers to gain very high aspect ratio. Comparisons were made at fiber contents of 2, 5 and 10 parts (by weight) per hundred of rubber (phr) using dynamic mechanical analysis over a range of temperature. The results reveals that at temperature below the glass transition of the matrix rubber and low fiber contents of 2 and 5 phrs, aramid fiber displays slightly better reinforcement efficiency. At high temperatures of 25 and 60 °C and high fiber content of 10 phr, pineapple leaf microfiber clearly displays higher reinforcement efficiency than does aramid fiber. Surface modification of the fiber by silane treatment provides a slight improvement in reinforcing efficiency.     

阻燃粘胶纤维的研究进展

粘胶纤维是一种性能优良,穿着舒适的再生纤维素纤维,一直受到人们的欢迎。由于生产过程造成污染,发达国家逐渐关停了传统粘胶工业,发展中国家成为粘胶纤维的主要生产国。粘胶纤维的主要缺点是极易燃烧,湿态强度低。为减少人员伤亡和火灾损失,有必要添加阻燃剂对粘胶纤维进行改性。本文参考了国内外大量文献,介绍了国内外广泛使用的阻燃剂及最新开发的新型阻燃剂,对阻燃粘胶的发展历史和现状进行了详细的介绍,探讨了阻燃粘胶纤维的未来发展趋势。     

The research on the mechanical properties improvement of HDPE/ABS blends reinforced with acid‐treated wood fiber

In this study, the effect of acid‐treated wood fiber modifications on the mechanical behaviors of HDPE/ABS blend is investigated. Wood fiber/HDPE/ABS composites were fabricated by incorporating acid‐treated wood fiber into HDPE/ABS blends. The results showed that both the tensile strength and flexural strength of wood fiber/HDPE/ABS composites were greater than those of HDPE/ABS blend, regardless of wood fiber modification. The results also showed that the impact strength of HDPE/ABS composites is improved by the addition of wood fiber. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of fractured surfaces showed that the improvement in the mechanical properties of the wood fiber/HDPE/ABS composites was attributed to the improved dispersion of wood fiber in the HDPE/ABS and the better interfacial characteristics caused by the acid treatment of the wood fiber.     

Effect of fiber length and composition on mechanical properties of carbon fiber‐reinforced polybenzoxazine

The mechanical strength and modulus of chopped carbon fiber (CF)‐reinforced polybenzoxazine composites were investigated by changing the length of CFs. Tensile, compressive, and flexural properties were investigated. The void content was found to be higher for the short fiber composites. With increase in fiber length, tensile strength increased and optimized at around 17 mm fiber length whereas compressive strength exhibited a continuous diminution. The flexural strength too increased with fiber length and optimized at around 17 mm fiber length. The increase in strength of composites with fiber length is attributed to the enhancement in effective contact area of fibers with the matrix. The experimental results showed that there was about 350% increase in flexural strength and 470% increase in tensile strength of the composites with respect to the neat polybenzoxazine, while, compressive properties were adversely affected. The composites exhibited an optimum increase of about 800% in flexural modulus and 200% in tensile modulus. Enhancing the fiber length, leads to fiber entanglement in the composites, resulted in increased plastic deformation at higher strain. Multiple branch matrix shear, debonded fibers and voids were the failures visualized in the microscopic analyses. Defibrillation has been exhibited by all composites irrespective of fiber length. Fiber debonding and breaking were associated with short fibers whereas clustering and defibrillation were the major failure modes in long fiber composites. Increasing fiber loading improved the tensile and flexural properties until 50–60 wt% of fiber whereas the compressive property consistently decreased on fiber loading. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺及其共聚体纤维的成型新技术

聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺纤维(芳纶1414)是经液晶溶液于喷—湿纺制得的高强、高模纤维，是当前最重要的高科技纤维。随着全球对芳纶需求量的增加及市场竞争的日益加剧，各国芳纶的生产厂家和研究单位都在不断地开发新工艺、新品种，以赋予聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺纤维更优异的性能和尽可能地降低生产成本。本文综述了近年来芳纶生产的新工艺和具有各种特殊功能的新品种并简单介绍了该纤维的结构性能及发展方向。     

聚丙烯纤维预辐照接枝制备弱碱性离子交换纤维及其对链霉素的吸附

以γ-射线预辐照,在聚丙烯(PP)纤维上接枝丙烯酰胺(AAm),再经过Hofmarm降解反应制备弱碱性离子交换纤维(PP-g-YAm)交换容量达到5.47mmol/g干纤维.研究了PP-g-VAm纤维对链霉素的吸附和解吸性能.其吸附等温曲线符合Langmiur吸附等温式.静态吸附试验表明,PP-g-AAm纤维对链霉素的吸附量可以达到446.96mg/g千纤维,脱附率达到98.9%.     

Comparison of four methods for determining fiber content of carbon fiber/epoxy composites

The most fundamental parameter that controls the properties of fiber/epoxy composites is fiber content. Thus, exact calculation of carbon fiber content is important for product quality control and process optimization. In this study, four methods for calculating fiber content of continuous carbon fiber/epoxy composites were investigated. These four methods are processing statistical (PS), optical microscopy (OM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and carbonization-in-nitrogen (CIN). The results show that the CIN and PS methods have high repeatability with no more than 4.7 wt.% deviation, and a relatively exact estimation of fiber content can be obtained by using both of them. A larger difference was generated when the TGA and OM methods were used to determine the fiber content. This is because the small amount of samples required by these methods is not sufficiently representative of the whole carbon fiber composite structure. The PS and CIN methods can be used as approved ways to calculate fiber content of carbon fiber/epoxy composites effectively.     

Enhanced mechanical properties of carbon fiber composites by grafting different structural poly(amido amine) onto fiber surface

The mechanical properties of carbon fiber composites depend on the interfacial strength between fiber and epoxy matrix. Different poly (amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers were grafted onto carbon fiber to improve the interfacial strength of the resulting composites. Functional groups on the carbon fiber surface were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The surface morphology of the resulting materials was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscope. The characterization results revealed that PAMAM dendrimers were chemically grafted onto the surface of carbon fiber. More importantly, the mechanical properties of the resulting composites were enhanced owing to the presence of sufficient functional groups on the carbon fiber surface. In addition, after PAMAM containing chair conformations were grafted, the interlaminar shear strength had the highest increase of 53.13%, higher than that of the fiber grafted with PAMAM containing terminated linear amine. This work provides an alternative approach to enhance the mechanical properties of fiber composites by controlling the interface between fiber and epoxy matrix.     

Effects of bending and torsion rigidity on deformation and breakage of flexible fibers: a direct simulation study

To understand the various mechanisms of fiber deformation of flexible fiber suspensions, we carry out a direct simulation study to analyze the effect of fiber rigidity on fiber motion in simple shear flow. Such a study may be used to investigate the critical parameters controlling the breakage of flexible fibers during processing. We model the fiber as a series of rigid spheres connected by stiff springs. The stretching, bending, and torsional rigidities are determined by Young's modulus and shear modulus to realistically model the fiber rigidity. The model correctly predicts the orbit period of fiber rotation, T ?γ, as well as the trend of critical flow strength, η ?γ/E, versus fiber aspect ratio, r(p), at which breakage occurs in simple shear flow.     

An analysis of deformation process on poly‐p‐phenylenebenzobisoxazole fiber and a structural study of the new high‐modulus type PBO HM+ fiber

This study is concerned with fiber structure of new high‐modulus type PBO fiber. Crystal modulus and molecular orientation change with stress was surveyed. Standard‐modulus type PBO (AS) fiber has hysteresis effect to applied stress while high‐modulus type PBO (HM) fiber shows reversible change. In order to raise actual PBO fiber modulus higher, nonaqueous coagulation process was adopted with conventional heat treatment. The fiber (HM+) so made gives 360 GPa in the Young's modulus and an absence of small‐angle X‐ray scattering pattern that is characteristic for aqueous‐coagulated PBO fiber with heat treatment (Zylon™ HM). The crystal structure form and crystal size for the HM+ fiber are the same as those of the HM fiber. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 1605–1611, 2000     

纳米ATO改性聚丙烯腈纤维的研究

采用高导电率的纳米粉体ATO(SnO2·Sb2O3)为抗静电剂,从6种不同类型的分散剂中筛选出聚乙烯亚胺,通过设计正交实验探索出最佳工艺组合,将纳米ATO稳定均匀地分散于去离子水中,将该悬浮液作为聚丙烯腈纤维纺丝过程的预热浴,来改善聚丙烯腈纤维的抗静电性,研究了ATO用量、添加位置等对纤维抗静电性能、力学性能的影响。     

Poly(p-Phenylenebenzobisoxazole) fiber with polyphenylene sulfide pendent groups

Poly(p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole) (PBO) fiber with polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) pendent groups was made to improve PBO fiber compressive strength by crosslinking. PPS moieties allowed the polymeric network to crosslink at heat-treatment temperatures at which PBO does not thermally degrade. PBO-PPS fiber heat-treated for 30 s at 600°C did not dissolve or break up in methanesulfonic acid. Compressive strength of crosslinked fiber was about 20% better than that of unmodified PBO fiber. In another experiment, 10 mol % of 2,5-diphenylsulfideterephthalic acid was incorporated into PBO fiber. The side chain of one phenyl sulfide unit was too short to enhance crosslinking, and the fiber had about the same compressive strength as unmodified PBO fiber. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Acetalization of Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber with Aldehyde-containing Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber

A procedure is proposed for preparing polyvinyl alcohol fiber with increased water absorption by acetalization of a freshly formed fiber with dialdehyde-containing polyvinyl alcohol fiber. The fiber characteristics were determined in relation to the acetalization conditions.