Research and Development of Nuclear Heating Reactors in China

ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＮｕｃｌｅａｒＨｅａｔｉｎｇＲｅａｃｔｏｒｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａＷａｎｇＤａｚｈｏｎｇ（王大中）；ＺｈｅｎｇＷｅｎｘｉａｎｇ（郑文祥）；ＬｉｎＪｉａｇｕｉ（林家桂）；ＭａＣｈａｎｇｗｅｎ（马昌文）；ＤｏｎｇＤ...     

Sustainable Energy Development Strategy in China

Energy and electrical power is very important in economy and society. China has faced an increasingly serious energy shortage in the past decade. On the other hand, energy consumption and power generation, releasing carbon dioxide and other gaseous emissions from fossil fuels, may pollute the environment. Nuclear power, as an alternative energy source, would reduce these gaseous emissions. Both global wanning and sustainable energy supply can be solved to some extent by the application of nuclear power. In the aspects of regaining economic advantages, environmental protection, the security and reliability of energy, nuclear power has an obvious superiority. In this paper, we present the energy status in quo of China, and discuss ways to realize the sustainable development of energy and power.     

Biodiversity Sustainability Assessment of Principal Ecosystems in Hebei, China

Aiming at providing theoretical basis for effective protection of biodiversity, the study presents a cascade method which combines both qualitative and quantitative methods, incorporates basic data with RS（remote sense） technology, and ranks the ecosystems according to its ability of biodiversity sustainability in Hebei Province. The results indicate that the most important areas for protection in Hebei Province are forest and meadow ecosystems in some highlands around Xiaowutai Mountain, Wuling Mountain, North Hebei, Taihang Mountain and East Hebei; grass ecosystems in part of plateau area and North Hebei; and some scattered wetlands in the plain and inshore areas. This method is suitable for undertaking large-scale investigations especially when the data are not adequate or unevenly distributed spatially.     

Nuclear Explosion Fusion Power Plant ——the Hope of the Mankind Future Energy

In this article, the basic concept, constitute and brief development history of Nuclear Explosions Fusion Power Plant is introduced. A series of technique is put forward to solve the implement safety of nuclear explosion; the designs of nuclear devicein deuteriumtype and the reclamation of nuclear fuel are put forward. The technique possibility of power station is analyzed, and the prospect of all kinds of nuclear energy project to provide energy of the mankind future are compared.     

Poverty and Development——Poverty Alleviation in Rural China

In the past 20 years,the developing countries have made remarkable progress,but they feel that rapid economic growth has failed to eliminate the widespread absolute poverty except China.In order to fight against poverty,Chinese government has adopted a few measures.     

Comparative Studies on Education in China and the USA——Differences between American and Chinese College Students

Part1IntroductionPeople are the same everywhere,but that is toosimple——it strips away the complexities of the real life.Thehistorical,social,economic,linguistic,and spiritual contextsof China and American are profoundly different,and so thepeople—inclu…     

Nuclear Minerals Plants in Brazil——Case Studies

Introduction The nuclear industry of Brazil—INB (Indústrias Nu-cleares do Brasil), a mixed economy Brazilian com-pany connected with the Comiss?o Nacional de Ener-gia Nuclear (CNEN) under the authority of the Minis-try of Science and Technology is activ…     

Energy flow between litter of Puccinellia tenuiflora community and soil microorganisms in Songnen Grassland in Northeast China

The energy flow process between litter of Puccinellia tenuiflora community and soil microorganisms has been studied and a compartment model established to discuss the characteristics and function of microorganism during decomposing litter. The results show that during the process of energy flow through microorganism, the energy input is 1357.84 kj'm^-2'a^-1; the energy absorbed by microorganism is 733.97 kj'm^-2'a^-1in which up to 552.29 kj'm^-2'a^-1 energy is consumed for respiration and the energy about 181.23kj'm^-2'a^-1 is formed for microorganism biomass. 95% of the litter accumulated on the ground annually would be decomposed in 1. 85 years and the decomposition index is 1. 93. The mathematical model of the energy x^( t) absorbed by microorganism of the year was described as x₂(i) = 733. 97 -0. 82e^-1.85t and the model of the energy x₂(t) formed for microorganism biomass of the year is expressed as x2( t) = 181.23 - 0. 37ee^-1.85t + 0.005ee^-4.05t. The equilibrium state of the energy absorbed by microorganism is 733.97 kJ'm^-2*a^-1 and the equilibrium state of the energy formed for microorganism biomass is 181.23 kj*m^-2*a^-1.     

Participation and Reconstruction——On the History of the Republic of China Navy Officers Dispatched to England and the United States in World War Ⅱ

20世纪40年代,国民政府曾派遣海军军官赴英美参战、实习.这一计划的实施(包括稍后国民政府大规模从英、美获得赠舰和租舰)的实际意义不仅是为国民政府战后重建海军准备了基本力量,而且也为消除民国海军内部的派系藩篙,建立全国统一的海军起到了重要作用.     

Distribution and identification of the low-velocity layer in the northern South China Sea

The low-velocity layer (LVL), closely related with tectonic activities and dynamic settings, has always been a hot topic in the deep crustal structure studies. The deep seismic (OBS/OBH) and onshore-offshore experiments have been extensively implemented in the northern South China Sea (SCS) since the 1990s. Six seismic profiles were finished on the northern margin of SCS by domestic and international cooperations. The features of crustal structures were revealed and five velocity-inversion layers were discovered. Among them three LVLs with 3.0—3.5 km?s^-1 velocity are located in the sedimentary structure (2.0—6.0 km in depth and 2.0—4.6 km in thickness) of the Yinggehai Basin and Pearl River Mouth Basin. They were identified by the reflective and refractive phases for their shallow depth. The other two LVLs with 5.5—6.0 km?s^-1 velocity generally existed in the middle crust (7.0—18.0 km in depth) with an about 2.5—6.0 km thickness in the transitional crustal structure of the northeastern and northwestern SCS. They were detected by the refractive phase from their overlain and underlying layers. We explored the possible tectonic formation mechanisms combining with previously reported results, which provided evidence for the formation and evolution of SCS.     

Distribution and identification of the low-velocity layer in the northern South China Sea

The low-velocity layer (LVL), closely related with tectonic activities and dynamic settings, has always been a hot topic in the deep crustal structure studies. The deep seismic (OBS/OBH) and onshore-offshore experiments have been extensively implemented in the northern South China Sea (SCS) since the 1990s. Six seismic profiles were finished on the northern margin of SCS by domestic and international cooperations. The features of crustal structures were revealed and five velocity-inversion layers were discovered. Among them three LVLs with 3.0—3. 5 km·s-1 velocity are located in the sedimentary structure (2.0—6.0 km in depth and 2.0—4. 6 km in thickness) of the Yinggehai Basin and Pearl River Mouth Basin. They were identified by the reflective and refractive phases for their shallow depth. The other two LVLs with 5.5—6.0 km·s-1 velocity generally existed in the middle crust (7.0—18.0 km in depth) with an about 2.5—6.0 km thickness in the transitional crustal structure of the northeastern and northwestern SCS. They were detected by the refractive phase from their overlain and underlying layers. We explored the possible tectonic formation mechanisms combining with previously reported results, which provided evidence for the formation and evolution of SCS.     

Simulated and reconstructed winter temperature in the eastern China during the last millennium

Since the 1990s, under the auspicious impetus of two international research programs, the “Past Global Changes” (PAGES) and the “Climate Variability and Pre- dictability” (CLIVAR), massive research work has been carried out on climate and environment changes over the past 2000 years[1-3]. But majority of the studies has been centered on obtaining various kinds of climatic proxy data (such as historical documents, tree rings, ice cores, lake cores) and focused on the reconstruction of…     

Floristic Characteristics of the Rare and Endangered Plants and the Conservation Countermeasures in Tibet, China

The floristic elements and the geographical distribution are analyzed in this paper based on statistics of elements of rare and endangered plants in Tibet. The results have been gained as following:① According to ““““the National Important Wild Conservative Plants List (List 1)““““ and ““““the National Important Wild Conservative Plants List (List 1)““““, there are a total of 54 plant species (48 genera and 33 families); ② The geographical elements are very complicated in Tibet with 12 of 15 distribution patterns of genera classified byacademician Wu; ③ There are obvious temperate genera with 28 genera accounting for 60.40% of the total genera; ④ There are abundant endemic speciesaccounting for 18.52% of total species but poor endemic genera; ⑤ The geographical distribution is uneven and a great of species distribute in the areas be-tween 1 000 m and 3 500 m above sea level; ⑥ To protect the rare and endangered plants efficiently, six conservation measures are proposed, and 35 species are suggested for the conservative plants of the autonomous conservation level.     

Quaternary transgressive and regressive depositional sequences in the East China Sea

Based on the interpretation more than 4000 km sparker single channel seismic profiles and the comparison with Borehole DZQ4 on the outer shelf of the East China Sea (ECS),the seismic sequences,sedimentary facies and paleo-sedimentary environment are studied to establish the chronology framework and discuss the Quaternary transgressive and regressive sequences of the ECS shelf as well as their response to glacio-eustatic sea-level changes.The sea level of the ECS fluctuated with global climate changes in the Quaternary.During the sea level rise,the pacific tidal wave impacted actively on the ECS continental shelf and the reciprocating tidal currents in NW-SE direction formed tidal sand ridges,which represent large transgressive deposits visible on the seismic profiles.In response to sea level fall,the Yangtze River deltas prograded seaward and built massive subaqueous deltas to form regressive sequences on the seismic profiles.Alternative transgression and regression sequences were vertically distributed on the ECS shelf with the frequent eustacy in the Quaternary.The gentle slope of the ECS shelf makes it possible for the coastline to migrate hundreds of kilometers forth and back on the shelf because of tens of meters sea level changes,in the meanwhile,the Yangtze River discharged large amounts of sediments into the ECS resulting in large-scale subaqueous deltas and tidal sand ridges.There have developed 3 stages of tidal sand ridges and 4 stages of deltas on the ECS shelf since oxygen isotope stage 8.     

The spring soil moisture and the summer rainfall in eastern China

The relation between the soil moisture in spring and the rainfall in summer in eastern China is investi- gated. Results show that the summer rainfall in eastern China is closely related to the spring soil moisture in the area from North China to the lower reaches of Yangtze River (NCYR). When spring soil moisture anomalies over NCYR are positive, the summer precipitation exhibits positive anomalies in Northeast China and the lower reaches of Yangtze River, and negative anomalies in southern China and North China. The higher soil moisture over NCYR cools land surface and reduces the land-sea tem- perature gradient, which weakens East Asian summer monsoon. The western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) is located to the south and shifts westward, resulting in more rainfall in the lower reaches of Yangtze River and less in southern China and North China.     

Meanders of the Jialing River in China： Morphology and formation

As a fundamental category of river system, comparisons in diverse regions and types with quantitative parameters on meander morphology will help to distinguish different characteristics and approach formations and evolutions. It also can provide scientific basis of geomorphology for their protections and exploitation of the meander resources. Based on the images of Google Earth, meanders＇ parameters are proposed and then measured and calculated. The result suggests that incised meanders in the Jialing River are among the most complex, irregular and sinuous channels. Special river gradient, geological structures, strata and lithology, backwater effect of landform are key factors to shape meanders of the Jialing River. The evolution of meander in the Jialing River obeys the principle of minimum-maximum energy dissipation. Easy acquisitions of remote sensing data make regional and global comparisons possible, and then the differences of formations can be explored. The morphology can probably provide an evidence of antecedent river and demonstrate the channel incisions and crustal uplifts. Meander core in Chinese is named after the isolated hills in the Jialing River. The incised meander is a kind of resource and needs to be protected.     

Allocation of Energy Use in the Biomass-based Fuel Ethanol System and Its Use in Decision Making

The Chinese government is developing biomass ethanol as one of its automobile fuels for energy security and environmental improvement reasons. The energy efficiency of the biomass-based fuel ethanol is critical issue. To investigate the energy use in the three biomass-base ethanol fuel systems, energy content approach, Market value approach and Product displacement approach methods were used to allocate the energy use based on life cycle energy assessment. The results shows that the net energy of corn based, wheat based, and cassava-based ethanol fuel are 12S43MJ, 10299MJ and 13112MJ when get one ton biomass-based ethanol, respectively, and they do produce positive net energy.