Triton X-100/C10H21OH/H2O体系微乳液与溶致液晶

关于离子型表面活性剂生成的微乳液与溶致液晶已有不少研究，非离子型表面活性剂生成的微乳液与港致液晶的应用正在引起人们的重视，但由于药物提纯的困难，对其物理化学性质的研究还不多见．本文以非离子表面活性剂TritonX－100／C10H21OH／H2O体系为例，研究了非离子型表面活性剂微乳液和溶致液晶的生成及其结构特性．1实验部分试剂ThitonX－100（Aldrich公司，分析纯）正癸醇（分析纯）、水为一次蒸馏水微乳液区域和层状液晶区域的确定方法及小角x射线衍射测定方法同文献，实验温度20±0．1℃．2结果与讨论2·IThtonX－100、CIOH…     

CHLOROPHYLL b: AN INTEGRAL COMPONENT OF PHOTOSYSTEM I OF HIGHER PLANT CHLOROPLASTS

Abstract— An undissociated photosystem I complex may be isolated from spinach thylakoids by mild gel electrophoresis (CP1a) or Triton X-100. CP1a has a Chl a / b ratio of 11 and a Chl/P700 ratio of 120. while the Triton X-100 PS I complex (Chl a / b ratio of 5.9) has a larger antenna unit size (Chl/P700 ratio of 180). None of the Chl a / b -proteins of the main light-harvesting complex (apoproteins of 30–27 kD) are present in CP1a, and they account for less than 10% of the total chlorophyll in the Triton X-100 PS I complex. Instead, these PS I complexes have specific, but as yet little characterized, Chi a / b -proteins (apoproteins in the 26–21 kD range). With both PS I complexes, Chi b transfers light excitation to the 735 nm low temperature fluorescence band characteristic of photosystem I. We suggest that Chi b is an integral but minor component of photosystem I.     

Effect of surfactants on the rate of solid-liquid mass transfer with gas generation at the interface

The effect of Triton X-100 (nonionic surfactant) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), cationic surfactant, on the mass transfer coefficient of the cathodic reduction of ferricyanide ions and anodic oxidation of ferrocyanide ions at hydrogen- and oxygen-evolving electrodes, respectively, was studied. It was found that the limiting current decreases by amounts ranging from 26.67 to 54.67% for Triton X-100 and from 20 to 46.0% for CTAB in the case of cathodic reduction of ferricyanide ions under natural convection at H2-evolving electrodes and from 23.81 to 51.43% for Triton X-100 and from 18.10 to 40.95% for CTAB in the case of anodic oxidation of ferrocyanide ions under natural convection at O2-evolving electrodes, depending on the concentration of surfactant. Also the effects of Triton X-100 and CTAB on the gas hold-up and cell voltage were studied. The presence of surfactant in electrolytes was found to decrease the mass transfer coefficient by an amount ranging from 5.37 to 95.9%, depending on the operating conditions. Gas hold-up, cell voltage, and power consumption were found to increase in the presence of surfactant.     

Polymer surfaces with reversibly switchable ordered morphology

Honeycomb macroporous films fabricated by the "breath figures" method were composed of poly2-vinylpyridine (P2VP) distributed in the holes of polystyrene (PS). The porous films exhibited reversible behavior responding to water and different solvent vapors. When the porous film was treated with water, the honeycomb pattern would change to the hexagonal islandlike pattern. Once heated to remove the water, the honeycomb pattern emerged again. When the porous film was exposed to different solvent vapors, the same reversible process appeared. Carbon disulfide (CS(2)), toluene (TOL), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent vapors induced the honeycomb pattern into the ordered islandlike pattern, and ethanol, chloroform, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent vapors made the islandlike pattern come back to the honeycomb pattern. The hygroscopic property of P2VP and the polymer-solvent interaction are the driving force for the reversibly switchable morphology. The appropriate control of the hole depth is very crucial in determining the reversible changes.     

Nucleating pattern formation in spin-coated polymer blend films with nanoscale surface templates

We use Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) to generate monolayer surface templates for guiding pattern formation in spin-coated polymer blend films. We study template-directed pattern formation in blends of polystyrene/poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS/P2VP) as well as blends of PS and the semiconducting conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). We show that acid-terminated monolayers can be used to template pattern formation in PS/P3HT blends, while hydrophobic monolayers can be used to template pattern formation in PS/P2VP blends. In both blends, the polymer patterns comprise laterally-phase separated regions surrounded by vertically separated bilayers. We hypothesize that the observed patterns are formed by template-induced dewetting of the bottom layer of a polymer bilayer during the spin-coating process. We compare the effects of template feature size and spacing on the resulting polymer patterns with predictions from published models of template-directed dewetting in thin films and find the data in good agreement. For both blends we observe that a minimum feature size is required to nucleate dewetting/phase separation. We find this minimum template diameter to be approximately 180 nm in 50/50 PS/P2VP blends, and approximately 100 nm in 50/50 PS/P3HT blends. For larger template diameters, PS/P2VP blends show evidence for pattern formation beginning at the template boundaries, while PS/P3HT blends rupture randomly across the template features.     

非离子表面活性剂层状液晶的结构与增溶作用

相行为研究表明，与ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００／Ｃ＿６Ｈ＿６／Ｈ＿２Ｏ体系相比，ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００／Ｃ＿（１０）Ｈ＿（２１）ＯＨ／Ｈ＿２Ｏ体系更易于生成层状液晶，并更为稳定，小角Ｘ－射线衍射表明；ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００／Ｃ＿（１０）Ｈ＿（２１）ＯＨ／Ｈ＿２Ｏ体系层状液晶中，Ｃ＿（１０）Ｈ＿（２１）ＯＨ与ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００交替排列于两亲双层中，Ｃ＿（１０）Ｈ＿（２１）ＯＨ／ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００重量比增加，两亲双层厚度ｄ＿０值不变。以Ｃ＿６Ｈ＿６代替Ｃ＿（１０）Ｈ＿（２１）ＯＨ后，Ｃ＿６Ｈ＿６存在于两亲双层的油层和渗入ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００分子链尾周围，使得溶剂渗透率减少，并且Ｃ＿６Ｈ＿６／ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００增加，ｄ＿０值增加。     

Formation of a highly ordered dot array of surface micelles of a block copolymer via liquid crystal-hybridized self-assembly

A highly ordered dot array pattern of surface micelles on water is formed by a spread monolayer of an amphiphilic block copolymer, polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-4VP), via hybridization with a liquid crystal molecule, 4'-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB), on water. Simple co-spreading of PS-4VP with 5CB provides a flat homogeneous monolayer of PS-4VP on water without the aggregation of PS blocks. With increasing surface pressure, well-defined dots of the PS blocks start to grow and are arrayed in a highly ordered hexagonal structure. The exact coincidence of the surface pressure-area curves for the hybrid monolayer in the compression and expansion processes confirms that the flat spread monolayer and the dot array are formed on water in the equilibrium state by a self-assembly process.     

Tensammetry with accumulation on the hanging mercury drop electrode : Part 3. The behaviour of triton X-100 in mixtures with PEG-9000

The behaviour of Triton X-100, which can be present in monomeric or associated form, and its mixtures with PEG-9000, which does not undergo association, is described. The tensammetric curve of Triton X-100 alone shows one or two peaks at negative potentials, depending on the concentration of Triton X-100, i.e., on the presence of associated forms. For <2 mg l^?1, there is one broad peak, related to monomers of Triton X-100. The calibration plot for this peak is sigmoidal but its rising section (0.05–0.20 mg l^?1) is approximately linear. The calibration curve of the second, much narrower, peak related to associated forms of Triton X-100, grows parabolically with increasing concentration of Triton X-100. The behaviour of a mixture of PEG-9000 with a larger amount of Triton X-100 is similar to the behaviour of a model mixture of components with sufficiently different properties (e.g., PEG 1500/PEG 9000). The peak for PEG-9000, the stronger surfactant, is relatively less affected by a large amount of Triton X-100. Even this effect can be decreased by using a suitable preconcentration potential (?1.45 V vs. SCE) so that PEG-9000 can be determined in the presence of a 1000-fold amount of Triton X-100. Both peaks of Triton X-100 are greatly decreased by the presence of PEG-9000 and the broad peak can be completely suppressed. Triton X-100 cannot be determined accurately in the presence of unknown amounts of PEG-9000.     

Self-aggregation and supramolecular structure investigations of Triton X-100 and SDP2S by NOESY and diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy

The self-aggregation and supramolecular micellar structure of two surfactants in aqueous solution, the anionic surfactant SDP2S (sodium dodecyl dioxyethylene-2 sulfate) and the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 (octylphenol-polyoxyethylene ether with 9.5 ethoxy groups), were investigated by NMR spectroscopy. The critical micellar concentration (CMC), the size, and shape of the aggregates were determined by diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY), while 2D NOESY NMR spectra were used to study the mutual spatial arrangement of surfactant molecules in the aggregated state. A nonlinear increase of the micellar hydrodynamic radius, indicating possible sphere-to-rod shape transition, was found for SDP2S at higher surfactant concentrations. Triton X-100 micelles were found to be almost spherical at low surfactant concentrations, but formation of ellipsoid shaped particles and/or micellar aggregation was observed at higher concentrations. The NOESY data show that at low concentration Triton X-100 forms a two-layer spherical structure in the micelles, with partially overlapping internal and external layers of Triton X-100 molecules and no distinct hydrophilic-hydrophobic boundary.     

Formation of ordered microphase-separated pattern during spin coating of ABC triblock copolymer

In this paper, the authors have systematically studied the microphase separation and crystallization during spin coating of an ABC triblock copolymer, polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-P2VP-b-PEO). The microphase separation of PS-b-P2VP-b-PEO and the crystallization of PEO blocks can be modulated by the types of the solvent and the substrate, the spinning speed, and the copolymer concentration. Ordered microphase-separated pattern, where PEO and P2VP blocks adsorbed to the substrate and PS blocks protrusions formed hexagonal dots above the P2VP domains, can only be obtained when PS-b-P2VP-b-PEO is dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide and the films are spin coated onto the polar substrate, silicon wafers or mica. The mechanism of the formation of regular pattern by microphase separation is found to be mainly related to the inducement of the substrate (middle block P2VP wetting the polar substrate), the quick vanishment of the solvent during the early stage of the spin coating, and the slow evaporation of the remaining solvent during the subsequent stage. On the other hand, the probability of the crystallization of PEO blocks during spin coating decreases with the reduced film thickness. When the film thickness reaches a certain value (3.0 nm), the extensive crystallization of PEO is effectively prohibited and ordered microphase-separated pattern over large areas can be routinely prepared. When the film thickness exceeds another definite value (12.0 nm), the crystallization of PEO dominates the surface morphology. For films with thickness between these two values, microphase separation and crystallization can simultaneously occur.     

Inhibition of Triton X-100／n-C5H11OH／H2O System on Hydrolysis of Cephanone

The hydrolysis of cephanone in Triton X-100 micelle and Triton X-100/n-C5H11OH/H2O(O/W) microemulsion were studied by means of UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The results show that compared with water, Triton X-100 micelle and Triton X-100/n-C5H11OH/H2O (O/W) microemulsion can inhibit the hydrolysis of cephanone. The inhibition effects of Triton X-100 micelle and Triton X-100/n-C5H11OH/H2O (O/W) microemulsion on the hydrolysis of cephanone are related to the location of cephanone in the interphases of Triton X-100 miceUes and Triton X-100/n-C5H11OH/H2O(O/W) microemulsion droplets.     

Structural isomer effects on the morphology of block copolymer/metal salts hybrids

The structural isomer effects on phase behavior of block copolymer/FeCl₃ hybrids were investigated by comparing structures of two series of blends based on polystyrene‐b‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐P4VP) and polystyrene‐b‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐P2VP), with the same molecular weight and the same composition. By conbining fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and differencial scaninng calorimetry, successful achievements of selective dispersion of FeCl₃ into poly(vinylpyridine) phase via coordination were verified. Complementary morphological observation by transmission electron microscopy and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), it has been clarified that phase behavior for two isomer series is considerably different. That is, neat PS‐P4VP formed thicker cylindrical domains than that of neat PS‐P2VP due to much stronger Flory‐Huggins interaction parameter χ, χ_PS‐P4VP » χ_PS‐P2VP. As for PS‐P2VP/FeCl₃ hybrids, morphological transition can be taken place at the smaller amount of metal salt; furthermore, P2VP blend series form lamellar structures with evidently larger periodic length at the same amount of metal salt. This is probably caused by the event that excess metal salt also contributes to lamellar expansion by localizing at the center of P2VP lamellar phase. Moreover, the saturation limit of introduced metal salt in P2VP was smaller than that in P4VP due to the steric hindrance for a lone pair electrons on nitrogen atoms directed to the main chain of P2VP. These results can be explained by the structural isomer effects on the conformation of the P2VP chains at coordinated state with FeCl₃, that is, P2VP chains prefer to form the intramolecular coordination due to the short range interaction so as to make themselves stiffer, whereas P4VP chains tend to adopt the long range interaction including intra‐ and intermolecular coordinations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014 , 52, 377–386     

Adsorption Kinetics of Some Polyethylene Glycol Octylphenyl Ethers Studied by the Fast Formed Drop Technique

The adsorption kinetics of Triton X-100 and Triton X-405 at solution/air and solution/hexane interfaces is studied by the recently developed fast formed drop technique. The dynamic interfacial tension of Triton X-100 and Triton X-405 solutions against hexane has been measured without preequilibration of the water and oil phases. It is found that the dynamic interfacial tension of Triton X-100 solutions passes through a minimum. This strange behavior is attributed to partial solubility of the surfactant in hexane. Such minima of the dynamic interfacial tension of Triton X-405 solutions have not been observed, which correlates well with the solubilities of both surfactants in hexane reported in the literature. The dynamic surface tension of solutions of both surfactants and the dynamic interfacial tension of Triton X-405 solutions are interpreted by the Ward and Tordai model for diffusion controlled adsorption. It is shown that proper interpretation of the experimental data depends on the type of isotherm used. More consistent results are obtained when the Temkin isotherm is used instead of the Langmuir isotherm. The results obtained with Triton X-100 at the solution/air interface confirm that the adsorption of this surfactant occurs under diffusion control. The adsorption of Triton X-405 at solution/air and at solution/hexane interfaces seems to occur under diffusion control at short periods of time, but under mixed (diffusion-kinetic) control at long periods of time. A hypothesis is drawn to explain this phenomenon by changes in the shape of the large hydrophilic heads of Triton X-405 molecules. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Creating surfactant nanoparticles for block copolymer composites through surface chemistry

A simple strategy to tailor the surface of nanoparticles for their specific adsorption to and localization at block copolymer interfaces was explored. Gold nanoparticles coated by a mixture of low molecular weight thiol end-functional polystyrene (PS-SH) (Mn = 1.5 and 3.4 kg/mol) and poly(2-vinylpyridine) homopolymers (P2VP-SH) (Mn = 1.5 and 3.0 kg/mol) were incorporated into a lamellar poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer (PS-b-P2VP) (Mn = 196 kg/mol). A library of nanoparticles with varying PS and P2VP surface compositions (FPS) and high polymer ligand areal chain densities was synthesized. The location of the nanoparticles in the PS-b-P2VP block copolymer was determined by transmission electron microscopy. Sharp transitions in particle location from the PS domain to the PS/P2VP interface, and subsequently to the P2VP domain, were observed at FPS = 0.9 and 0.1, respectively. This extremely wide window of FPS values where the polymer-coated gold nanoparticles adsorb to the interface suggests a redistribution of PS and P2VP polymers on the Au surface, inducing the formation of amphiphilic nanoparticles at the PS/P2VP interface. In a second and synthetically more challenging approach, gold nanoparticles were covered with a thiol terminated random copolymer of styrene and 2-vinylpyridine synthesized by RAFT polymerization. Two different random copolymers were considered, where the molecular weight was fixed at 3.5 kg/mol and the relative incorporation of styrene and 2-vinylpyridine repeat units varied (FPS = 0.52 and 0.40). The areal chain density of these random copolymers on Au is unfortunately not high enough to preclude any contact between the P2VP block of the block copolymer and the Au surface. Interestingly, gold nanoparticles coated by the random copolymer with FPS = 0.4 were dispersed in the P2VP domain, while those with FPS = 0.52 were located at the interface. A simple calculation for the adsorption energy to the interface of the nanoparticles with different surface arrangements of PS and P2VP ligands supports evidence for the rearrangement of thiol terminated homopolymers. An upper limit estimate of the adsorption energy of nanoparticles uniformly coated with a random arrangement of PS and P2VP ligands where a 10% surface area was occupied by P2VP -mers or chains was approximately 1 kBT, which indicates that such nanoparticles are unlikely to be segregated along the interface, in contrast to the experimental results for nanoparticles with mixed ligand-coated surfaces.     

Temperature-triggered micellization of block copolymers on an ionic liquid surface

In situ neutron reflectivity was used to study thermally induced structural changes of the lamellae-forming polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) block copolymer thin films floating on the surface of an ionic liquid (IL). The IL, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, is a nonsolvent for PS and a temperature-tunable solvent for P2VP, and, as such, micellization can be induced at the air-IL interface by changing the temperature. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning force microscopy were used to investigate the resultant morphologies of the micellar films. It was found that highly ordered nanostructures consisting of spherical micelles with a PS core surrounded by a P2VP corona were produced. In addition, bilayer films of PS homopolymer on top of a PS-b-P2VP layer also underwent micellization with increasing temperature but the micellization was strongly dependent on the thickness of the PS and PS-b-P2VP layers.     

Triton X-100对染料敏化太阳电池性能影响的研究

采用无水相体系的胶体通过丝网印刷工艺制备TiO2薄膜电极,研究发现曲拉通(TritonX-100)可以明显改变TiO2电极显微结构,且对染料敏化太阳电池的性能影响显著.过少或过多的曲拉通都将导致开路电压、短路电流、填充因子以及效率的降低.由3gP25粉末配制的胶体中,曲拉通适宜的加入量约为0.8mL.     

Morphological change of a diblock copolymer film induced by selective doping of a photoactive chromophore

Tetrakis‐5,10,15,20‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)porphyrine (TCPP) was position‐selectively introduced into a diblock copolymer film of polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐P4VP) with a sea–island microphase structure. By immersing the PS‐b‐P4VP film into a solution of TCPP/methanol, TCPP was introduced into the island parts comprising P4VP phase. The morphology of the island parts depended on the immersion time and TCPP concentration. A schematic model for the morphological change caused by the phase‐selective introduction of TCPP was proposed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 368–375, 2007     

Self‐Organization of Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies with 3D Spatial Order and Their External Stimuli Responsiveness

Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) with pyridyl end‐capped polystyrenes (PS‐4VP) as “quasi‐monodentate” ligands self‐assemble into ordered PS‐4VP/AuNP nanostructures with 3D hexagonal spatial order in the dried solid state. The key for the formation of these ordered structures is the modulation of the ratio AuNP versus ligands, which proves the importance of ligand design and quantity for the preparation of novel ordered polymer/metal nanoparticle conjugates. Although the assemblies of PS‐4VP/AuNP in dispersion lack in high dimensional order, strong plasmonic interactions are observed due to close contact of AuNP. Applying temperature as an external stimulus allows the reversible distortion of plasmonic interactions within the AuNP nanocomposite structures, which can be observed directly by naked eye. The modulation of the macroscopic optical properties accompanied by this structural distortion of plasmonic interaction opens up very interesting sensoric applications.

     

Surfactant-induced amorphous aggregation of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein: a physical methods approach

The interactions of non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 and the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus, which is an established model for both ordered and non-ordered protein aggregation, were studied using turbidimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, isothermal titration calorimetry, and dynamic light scattering. It was found that at the critical aggregation concentration (equal to critical micelle concentration) of 138 x 10(-6) M, Triton X-100 induces partial denaturation of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein molecules followed by protein amorphous aggregation. Protein aggregation has profound ionic strength dependence and proceeds due to hydrophobic sticking of surfactant-protein complexes (start aggregates) with initial radii of 46 nm. It has been suggested that the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate forms mixed micelles with Triton X-100 and therefore reverses protein amorphous aggregation with release of protein molecules from the amorphous aggregates. A stoichiometric ratio of 5 was found for Triton X-100-sodium dodecyl sulfate interactions.     

Self‐organization and luminescent properties of nanostructured europium (III)–block copolymer complex thin films

We introduce a simple method to create nanosized, ordered, and highly luminescent thin film of Eu (III)–block copolymer complex. Micelles of polystyrene–block‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐P4VP) in P4VP‐selective solvents (ethanol/N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) mixture) serve as nanoreactors for the synthesis of Eu(III)–block copolymer complex with the presence of 1,10‐phenanthroline (Phen) as cooperative ligand. The resulted quaternary complexes were characterized by FT‐IR spectra, ¹⁵N NMR spectra, and elemental analysis, indicative of a composition of Eu(III)–(PS‐b‐P4VP)–Phen–5DMF. Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy investigations reveal that the Eu(III)–(PS‐b‐P4VP)–Phen–5DMF complex can self‐organize into hexagonally ordered thin films when dip‐coated from the solution onto silicon or silica glass substrates. Such ordered thin films can emit red fluorescence of Eu³⁺ with strong intensity and long lifetime. This method can be easily extended to prepare other ordered luminescent rare earth–polymer complexes thin films. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2181–2189, 2005