X11与联立方程组模型在宏观经济月度预测中的应用

宏观经济计量模型是当今世界各国普遍采用的一种研究国民经济运行情况的有效工具,主要应用于结构分析、经济政策评价和经济发展预测。本论文探索建立一个宏观经济月度计量模型,运用建立的月度计量模型进行短期预测,为经济决策提供依据。     

基于CGE模型的我国西北地区民族经济政策模拟和实证研究

民族经济政策的模拟评估方法的缺失一直以来是我国民族经济政策效果有效性验证的一个短板。本文构建了基于CGE的西北地区民族经济政策评估模型,针对一般转移性支付政策进行系统模拟、政策力度对西北地区的经济要素以及当地企业产出的影响程度纵向对比分析,以及与东部沿海地区横向对比分析。本文的政策评估建模和模拟分析可以为我国西部大开发战略中一般性转移支付政策提供相应的决策支持。     

Urban dynamics and multiple-objective programming: A case study of Beijing

This study serves as a primary application of the integrated system dynamics and multiple-objective programming (ISDMOP) model for strategic planning of Beijing city, which is here divided into six subsystems as population, resources, energy, economy, environment and ecosystem, with the planning horizon spanning from 2003 to 2020. Comparison between the original system dynamics (ORSD) model based on the existing economic structure of Beijing and the optimized system dynamics (OPSD) model adjusted according to the solutions of the multiple-objective programming (MOP) are conducted. The developing trend of each subsystem is simulated and illuminated, based on which constructive suggestions are provided for urban strategic planning of Beijing. The ISDMOP model is proved effective for investigating urban dynamics and realizing the multiple-objective programming.     

Model predictive control,the economy,and the issue of global warming

This study is motivated by the evidence of global warming, which is caused by human activity but affects the efficiency of the economy. We employ the integrated assessment Nordhaus DICE-2007 model (Nordhaus, A question of balance: economic modeling of global warming, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2008). Generally speaking, the framework is that of dynamic optimization of the discounted inter-temporal utility of consumption, taking into account the economic and the environmental dynamics. The main novelty is that several reasonable types of behavior (policy) of the economic agents, which may be non-optimal from the point of view of the global performance but are reasonable form an individual point of view and exist in reality, are strictly defined and analyzed. These include the concepts of “business as usual”, in which an economic agent ignores her impact on the climate change (although adapting to it), and of “free riding with a perfect foresight”, where some economic agents optimize in an adaptive way their individual performance expecting that the others would perform in a collectively optimal way. These policies are defined in a formal and unified way modifying ideas from the so-called “model predictive control”. The introduced concepts are relevant to many other problems of dynamic optimization, especially in the context of resource economics. However, the numerical analysis in this paper is devoted to the evolution of the world economy and the average temperature in the next 150 years, depending on different scenarios for the behavior of the economic agents. In particular, the results show that the “business as usual”, although adaptive to the change of the atmospheric temperature, may lead within 150 years to increase of temperature by 2°C more than the collectively optimal policy.     

Optimising R and D expenditure in the development of resource substitutes1

This paper derives analytical and numerical solutions to a model of the optimal allocation of national economic resources between consumption, investment, and research and development. The research and development activity is a stochastic process which may produce a substitute for an exhaustible but currently essential natural resource. We investigate how the optimal policy varies with the parameters of the economy, and with the specification of the stochastic R and D process.     

Strategic route extension in transit networks

This study proposes a methodology through which transportation analysts and policy makers can use spatial optimization to support strategic planning, with the goal of extending existing service networks. Based on modeling objectives common to many service industries, an approach is developed for integrating geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial optimization modeling in order to extend an existing transit system through prioritizing route and stop additions. Development of a strategic methodology such as this is vital for agencies interested in extending transit networks to accommodate urban growth and development. This is especially true in public transit applications, such as bus route planning, as the future of bus-based public transportation depends on the success of route expansion and modification. The developed approach is applied to the transit system in Columbus, Ohio.     

基于广义DEA方法的中国西部省市经济效益图谱分析

中国西部省市经济发展在整个国民经济发展中具有举足轻重的作用,特别是随着中国"一带一路"的实施,中国西部地区的经济发展更具重要的战略意义.随着国家对西部地区建设力度的加大,西部地区经济取得了快速发展,但与东部沿海地区相比仍存在一定差距.因此,以广义DEA理论为基础,提出了一种基于面板数据评价地区经济效益有效性的非参数方法,并应用该方法分析了中国西部11个省、市、区在1996-2012年间的经济效益,然后利用中国西部地区经济效益图谱分析中国西部省市经济效益的有效性和整体状况,最后根据上述分析提出了新形势下中国西部省份经济效益改进的对策建议.     

The multivariate non-homogeneous Markov manpower system in a departmental mobility framework

The present paper proposes a non-homogeneous multivariate Markov manpower system in the general category of mathematical human resource planning. More specifically, we suggest a model, which takes into account the divisions existing in an organization categorizing its employees into several groups (departments). In this context, it considers not only possible transitions within the departments (intra-department transitions), but also, transfers of personnel between departments (inter-department transitions). Additionally, the proposed modeling structure is accompanied by cost and stocks (personnel) objectives which are set and in the sequel could be achieved by controlling either the recruitment policy or the allocation policy of employees transferred to other departments (or both). We use a minmax fuzzy goal-programming approach, under different operating assumptions, in order to keep the operational cost below desired aspiration levels and reach desirable stock structures in the presence of system’s constraints and regulations. The paper concludes with a numerical illustration.     

纯增益反馈控制律在MF模型中的应用研究

给出蒙代尔-弗莱明模型的动态表述,并证明蒙代尔-弗莱明模型的动态系统具有能控性、能达性、能观性等结构特征.在蒙代尔-弗莱明模型动态系统的基础上对开放经济条件下宏观经济模型的供需均衡问题转化为宏观经济政策的控制律设计问题,得出开放经济条件下宏观经济政策的纯增益反馈控制律的解析解并且对控制律的解析解的政策含义作出阐述.本文...     

基于投入产出分析的建筑节能经济-环境影响测算模型的研究和应用

将改进的投入产出局部闭模型和分析方法应用到建筑节能研究领域.结合数量经济方法,建立了建筑节能经济-环境影响测算投入产出模型,应用该模型测算了2002年不同比例的既有建筑实施50%的建筑节能标准后的直接经济影响,然后测算通过各个产业部门之间的相互影响和相互作用后,建筑节能对国民经济其他产业部门的关联影响、对本部门的完全影响和对以GDP衡量的整个国民经济系统的影响.最后测算不同比例的既有建筑实施50%的建筑节能标准后减少的二氧化碳和二氧化硫的排放量.     

基于固定效应变截距回归的区域规划政策效果评价研究

应用国家重大区域规划中的典型规划“长江三角洲地区区域规划”中两省一市的经济数据,建立了不同时间窗口的固定效应变截距回归模型。通过对比不同时间窗口模型回归系数的变化,得到国家重大区域规划的政策效果。本研究的创新与特色:一是通过全部三个省份不同时间窗口变截距回归模型斜率系数的变化,得到单位政策变量导致效果变量增量变化的大小。二是通过规划前后全部三个省份不同时间窗口回归方程截距变化的对比,得到效果变量总额增加自发部分的大小。本文的创新点一和二改变了现有研究通过不同区域的横向数据对比获取评价效果的现状;事实上,不同区域由于客观基础和条件的差异是不具备可比性的。三是通过对比规划前后不同省份效果回归函数截距大小排序的变化,判别不同省份之间发展的均衡程度的变化。主要结论:一是规划区域中央固定资产投资的单位投入对城乡居民人均可支配收入的改变量有显著增加;由于经济发展水平的提高中央补助收入的单位投入对城乡居民可支配收入的变化量减少,其影响不再显著。二是规划区城乡居民人均可支配收入自发水平有显著增加。三是长三角规划区各省间人均可支配收入的自发性收入水平的差距缩小。     

S曲线与产业结构调整

高新技术革命是当今社会变革当中的热点之一,它影响着国民经济的方方面面,文章从高新技术的一个独特现象——Ｓ曲线出发,分析了这一现象在产业结构调整中的表现,并结合我国经济的现状,提出了我国企业面对这次革命的应有对策     

Energy policy modelling in developing and industrializing countries

A large number of models have been developed and used for energy policy planning, in a regional, national or international level, in order to cope with the broad variety of issues related to the energy problem. Energy models belong to the class of policy models, which address fuzzy and complex issues involving many non-quantitative factors, such as political issues, behavioural aspects, etc., as well as many uncertainties and lack of rigorous knowledge concerning the structure of the reference system, and the interrelationships of its elements. The role of energy policy models is very important, since they enhance understanding and communication, and they assist the policymakers to review plausible future configurations of relevant decision variables and parameters. In this paper one of the most important areas of energy modelling is investigated, that concerning the interactions between energy and economy in the group of Developing and Industrializing Countries (DIC's). It is pointed out that energy models used in the DIC's must capture the particular features of energy policy in these countries, such as rapid economic development fueled by expensive, depleting and often imported energy resources; dependence on foreign resources such as energy, capital, technology, etc.; management of indigenous resources, social structural changes, rapid population growth, urbanization and industrialization. In order to improve energy models and enhance their contributions in policy analysis, it is proposed that modelling efforts should be directed towards a better understanding of the energy-economy relationships in the DIC's, as well as towards the development of validated data bases.     

基于关键因素的国家重大区域规划实施效果评价

以国家重大区域规划中的长三角为实证研究对象,利用加权灰色关联度筛选出与政策效果评价关联性高度相关的政策指标:中央财政专项拨款、中央补助收入、中央固定资产投资额,进而建立政策指标与规划目标的第三产业增加值的对数回归函数,通过过去的数据预测某一特定年份第三产业增加值,并与该年份的实际值进行对比、评价国家重大区域规划的政策效果。本文的特色与创新一是通过灰色关联度剔除与政策效果评价关联度小的指标,筛选出对重大区域规划政策效果有显著影响的关键因素。二是通过时间权向量对政策指标的关联度进行加权,体现时间越近的年份、加权灰色关联度越大,指标越应该保留的思路,保证年份越近的指标数据、对评价结果影响越显著。三是通过历史数据的预测,得到在没有规划政策下、区域自然发展的目标效果,并把其与同一时点、政策实施后的实际效果进行对比,得到政策实施后的政策绩效。实证结果表明应该增大对上海和浙江影响显著的中央财政专项拨款的政策投入,减少对上海和浙江影响不显著的中央固定资产投资额的投入。     

Monetary and Fiscal Policy Interaction in the EMU: A Dynamic Game Approach

The interaction of monetary and fiscal policies is a crucial issue in a highly integrated economic area as the European Union. We investigate to which extent the EMU, that introduced a common monetary policy and restrictions on fiscal policy at the national level, benefits from macroeconomic policy cooperation due to the various interactions, spillovers and externalities from national macroeconomic policies. To study the effects of policy cooperation we compare the impact of three alternative policy regimes in a stylized dynamic model of the EMU: (i) non-cooperative monetary and fiscal policies, (ii) partial cooperation, and (iii) full cooperation both in symmetric and asymmetric settings where countries differ in structural characteristics, policy preferences and/or bargaining power. The paper introduces an analysis of coalitional behaviour in a dynamic setting into the literature.     

国有企业的供应商优选决策研究——兼顾政策性负担与经济性目标

国有企业对政策性负担的承担常常以其经济效益的损失为代价,保持政策性负担和经济性目标的平衡,对国企的可持续发展而言意义重大。国有企业的供应商选择是影响其政策性负担与经济性目标平衡发展的关键运营策略之一。其中,供应链成员的性质及其在改善就业、养老和社会稳定等方面的作用是国有企业所承担政策性负担的重要影响因素;供应链成员的能力则对国有企业的经济性指标有重大影响。首先,将国有企业所承担的政策性负担转化为一系列非经济性目标,并对其进行量化分析。在此基础上,构建了以非经济性指标和经济性指标为优化目标的供应商优选模型,并搭建了求解算法。最后,以算例验证了模型和算法的有效性与可行性。结果显示,所构建的供应商优选模型能够有效地使国有企业的经济性目标及其所承担的政策性负担都得到优化。     

An application of multi-objective modeling: The case of the Indian sugar industry

A multi-objective linear programming model is developed for the Indian sugar industry to plan for additional output by production technique, geographical region and forecasted year. Various policy scenarios generated by assigning different values to the policy variables in the model are studied. Thus a useful planning tool which demonstrates the exact impact of the policy parameters on various objectives is provided to the central decision maker. A satisficing multi-objective decision making method is developed based on an existing method of solution and used in policy analysis. The solution method is ideally suited to any general planning problem.     

A review of operations research models in invasive species management: state of the art,challenges, and future directions

Invasive species are a major threat to the economy, the environment, health, and thus human well-being. The international community, including the United Nations’ Global Invasive Species Program (GISP), National Invasive Species Council (NISC), and Center for Invasive Species Management (CISM), has called for a rapid control of invaders in order to minimize their adverse impacts. The effective management of invasive species is a highly complex problem requiring the development of decision tools that help managers prioritize actions most efficiently by considering corresponding bio-economic costs, impacts on ecosystems, and benefits of control. Operations research methods, such as mathematical programming models, are powerful tools for evaluating different management strategies and providing optimal decisions for allocating limited resources to control invaders. In this paper, we summarize the mathematical models applied to optimize invasive species prevention, surveillance, and control. We first define key concepts in invasive species management (ISM) in a framework that characterizes biological invasions, associated economic and environmental costs, and their management. We then present a spatio-temporal optimization model that illustrates various biological and economic aspects of an ISM problem. Next, we classify the relevant literature with respect to modeling methods: optimal control, stochastic dynamic programming, linear programming, mixed-integer programming, simulation models, and others. We further classify the ISM models with respect to the solution method used, their focus and objectives, and the specific application considered. We discuss limitations of the existing research and provide several directions for further research in optimizing ISM planning. Our review highlights the fact that operations research could play a key role in ISM and environmental decision-making, in particular closing the gap between the decision-support needs of managers and the decision-making tools currently available to management.     

关于深圳人口和病床需求的预测

医疗床位需求主要取决于人口总量和结构,而人口总量依赖于产业经济结构和经济总量,人口结构依赖于非户籍人口和户籍政策。深圳市经济发展受产业结构、经济规模、人口密度、区域面积等因素限制,根据这一特点,首先基于Logistic规律建立了分产业预测模型,然后基于人口发展与生产总值的关联建立了常住人口预测模型,最后依据相关数据分别建立了人口结构、医疗病床需求相关模型。预测结果与当地规划目标比较,显示了结果的相对合理性,这在某种程度上验证了模型的正确性。     

基于贝叶斯向量自回归的区域经济预测模型:以青海为例

由于缺乏足够的观测数据等原因,常规的区域经济预测模型在我国难以获得预期的预测效果,而贝叶斯向量自回归(BVAR)模型将变量的统计性质作为参数的先验分布引入到传统的VAR模型中,能够克服自由度过少的问题,以青海为例,本文建立了一个BVAR模型,并引入了全国GDP和中央政府转移支付作为外生变量以描述国民经济与区域经济的联系...