湿法脱硫浆液中Hg2+的还原机制研究

针对燃煤电厂湿法脱硫浆液中Hg²⁺易被还原的特性,研究Hg²⁺在模拟湿法脱硫系统中的迁移机制,考察了浆液温度、pH值以及SO₃^2-、Cl^-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺浓度等因素对Hg²⁺还原性能的影响。结果表明,Hg²⁺还原率随着浆液中SO₃^2-浓度的增大而降低;pH值对Hg²⁺的还原呈先增加后降低的趋势,在pH值为5.5时还原率最高;温度的升高不利于浆液中稳定的二价汞盐络合物存在,导致Hg²⁺还原率增加;Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺以及Cl^-浓度的增加有利于形成稳定化合物,从而抑制Hg²⁺的还原。     

金属离子对二甲亚砜依赖的RNA切割型脱氧核酶催化活性的影响

在高浓度有机溶剂中工作的RNA切割型脱氧核酶(RNA-cleaving DNAzyme,RCD)及其构筑的分子器件不仅拓展了DNA作为酶的能力,还可将功能核酸推进新的应用领域.本文研究了一个需要二甲亚砜才能工作的RCD(命名为E3)对金属离子的需求,发现二价金属离子对其催化活性至关重要,活性顺序为Zn²⁺,Mg²⁺>Fe²⁺>Pb²⁺>Mn²⁺>Co²⁺.以Mg²⁺或Zn²⁺为辅因子,表征了E3的速率-pH值关系及其与二者的结合比例.E3的催化速率-pH曲线在Mg²⁺存在下为“钟形”,高速率的pH值范围为7.0～9.0;Zn²⁺存在下为“尖峰”,速率最高时pH=7.0;E3与Mg²⁺和Zn²⁺的数量结合比例均为1∶1.另外,E3以Fe²⁺为辅因子时易失活,Fe²⁺     

2-硝基-2-亚硝基丙烷氧化1,4-二氢Hantzsch酯衍生物的反应机理

4位取代的Hantzsch酯(HEH)衍生物在2-硝基-2-亚硝基丙烷的氧化下生成相应的吡啶类化合物. 将N-氘代1,4-二氢Hantzsch酯(N-d-HEH)和4,4'-双氘代1,4-二氢Hantzsch酯(4,4'-2d-HEH)分别代替HEH与2-硝基-2-亚硝基丙烷反应, 得到的同位素效应常数分别为1.03(k_N-H/k_N-D)和1.78(k_C4-H/k_C4-D), 表明1,4-二氢Hantzsch酯中4位上氢原子所涉及的C4-H键的断裂发生在反应的决速步骤中或在决速步骤之前, 而1位上氢原子所涉及键的断裂则不在决速步骤中. 由4位取代的HEH酯衍生物的氧化电位与2-硝基-2-亚硝基丙烷的还原电位可在热力学上判断该反应不是由电子转移引发的. 向反应体系中加入单电子转移抑制剂对二硝基苯, 反应未受到明显抑制, 进一步证明了上述推断. 据此推测, 反应可能是通过NO⁺直接对HEH酯上氮原子的亲电历程引发的.     

腺苷酸激酶催化循环后期Mg2+转移的分子动力学模拟

腺苷酸激酶是一个包含三个结构域(LID结构域、NMP结构域和CORE结构域)的蛋白质分子,其主要作用是催化化学反应Mg²⁺ + ATP + AMP ⇌ 2ADP + Mg²⁺,进而将细胞内ATP分子的浓度维持在合适的范围内。在腺苷酸激酶催化上述化学反应的过程中,需要有Mg²⁺的参与。最近的实验发现Mg²⁺不仅参与上述反应的化学步骤,而且对化学反应发生后底物的释放过程至关重要。已有晶体结构数据显示,在催化循环过程的化学反应步骤完成后,一个Mg²⁺可同时和分别位于LID结构域及NMP结构域的两个ADP分子配位。然而,在底物的释放与分离过程中, Mg²⁺可能只与其中一个ADP分子结合。由于Mg²⁺与ADP分子的结合情况会在很大程度上影响作为催化循环限速步骤的底物释放过程,因此人们有必要研究清楚在底物释放前Mg²⁺与催化产物ADP分子的配位情况,即Mg²⁺更倾向于与LID结构域的ADP分子结合还是与NMP结构域的ADP分子结合。本文中,我们对催化反应后底物释放前的酶-底物复合物(包含酶、两个ADP分子以及Mg²⁺)做了分子动力学模拟研究。我们基于metadynamics方法得到了Mg²⁺在两个ADP分子间转移的自由能面,发现在底物分离与释放过程中, Mg²⁺更倾向于与LID结构域的ADP分子结合。只有当LID结构域的ADP分子被质子化,同时NMP结构域的ADP分子处于去质子化状态时, Mg²⁺才会倾向于与NMP结构域的ADP分子结合。另外,我们也刻画了Mg²⁺转移过程中配体交换与脱水过程。本工作的研究结果有助于理解腺苷酸激酶催化循环后期的分子过程。     

12-钨磷酸及其盐的酸性与催化性能的研究

红外法研究结果表明12-钨磷酸Fe³⁺、Mg²⁺和Na⁺盐都具有L酸点和B酸点。用Benesi法测得10种12-钨磷酸盐的酸强度顺序为(Al³⁺、Fe³⁺、La³⁺、Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺>Zn²⁺>(Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺>(Na⁺、Li⁺,其酸量与抗衡阳离子的离子势和电负性大体成线性关系。还看出酸量与所含结晶水量有关。催化剂的酸量与其对异丙醇脱水反应和丁烯-1异构化反应的催化活性的关系表现出不同的特征,这可用“体相型”和“表面型”催化作用的不同特点来解释。     

拉曼光谱法研究Na+, Mg2+//SO42-, Cl-, H2O四元体系中SO42-离子缔合结构特征及其变化规律

复杂水盐体系存在稳态和介稳固液相平衡以及复杂的成盐规律。为了解固液平衡状态下液相的结构特征,本文采用拉曼光谱技术并结合高斯-洛伦兹去卷积分峰拟合程序对Na⁺, Mg²⁺//SO₄^2-, Cl^-, H₂O四元体系及其二元和三元子体系中ν₁-SO₄^2-的离子缔合结构特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:SO₄^2-在Na₂SO₄-H₂O体系存在自由态SO₄^2-和SO₄^2-离子簇两种结构,在MgSO₄-H₂O, MgSO₄-MgCl₂-H₂O及Na⁺, Mg²⁺//SO₄^2-, Cl^-, H₂O等含镁体系中,还有Mg²⁺-H₂O-SO₄^2-和Mg²⁺-OSO₃^2-两种缔合结构。在二元和三元体系中ν₁-SO₄^2-的离子缔合结构以自由态SO₄^2-为主,随着SO₄^2-离子总浓度的变化,上述四种结构所占比例会发生规律性变化。Na⁺, Mg²⁺//SO₄^2-, Cl^-, H₂O四元体系在NaCl减少及等温蒸发过程中,自由态SO₄^2-结构比例逐步降低, Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-相结合形成Mg²⁺-H₂O-SO₄^2-或Mg²⁺-OSO₃^2-结构的机会增多,在复盐区还会形成SO₄^2-离子簇结构。由此判断溶液结构的适应性变化是导致介稳现象的重要原因。进一步的相关分析表明:SO₄^2-的浓度和耶涅克指数J与ν₁-SO₄^2-峰的峰强度和峰面积存在正相关关系, Mg²⁺浓度是影响ν₁-SO₄^2-峰中四种缔合结构的比例发生变化的主要因素。     

CO2加H2合成甲醇Cu－Zn－O催化剂表面化学态研究

应用XRD、ESR、URDS、XPS及XAES等手段研究了CO₂加H₂合成甲醇Cu-Zn-O催化剂在还原后和反应状态下的表面化学状态,结果表明,在还原及反应状态下,催化剂表面仅能检测到Cu⁰,而未发现稳定的Cu²⁺和Cu⁺存在;ZnO被部分还原产生低价锌Zn^2-δ(0<δ<2).关联活性测试结果认为,Cu⁰/Zn^(2-δ)+O构成CO₂加H₂合成甲醇反应的活性中心。     

血清镁离子浓度与直肠癌患者谷氨酰转肽酶的关系

直肠癌患者血清镁离子(Mg²⁺)浓度对γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)的影响尚不明确,收集分析临床数据,Mg²⁺浓度不呈正态分布(D=0.737,P<0.05),按照中位数分组,比较不同组间临床病理特征的差异,用局部加权散点平滑(LOWESS)、分段线性回归方法,拟合血清Mg²⁺浓度与γ-GT的关系。结果发现,与Mg²⁺浓度小于0.92 mmol/L组的直肠癌患者比较,Mg²⁺浓度≥0.92 mmol/L组的γ-GT和血清总胆固醇较高(P均<0.05)。LOWESS的结果表明,原始数据中血清Mg²⁺浓度的两个变化点分别为0.92 mmol/L和0.99 mmol/L,自然对数转换的数据中血清Mg²⁺浓度的另外两个变化点分别为-0.167和-0.01。利用原始数据建立的两段线性回归模型表明,血清Mg²⁺浓度的变化点为0.98 mmol/L,Mg²⁺浓度<0.98 mmol/L对γ...     

四元水盐体系H+, Li+, Mg2+/CI——H2O中0℃时相平衡的研究

1.本文报告四元体系H⁺,Li⁺,Mg²⁺∥Cl^--H₂O的研究。此体系H⁺,Li⁺,Mg²⁺∥Cl^--H₂O在0℃时的等温溶度图上有MgCl₂·6H₂O,HCl·MgCl₂·7H₂O,LiCl·MgCl₂·7H₂O,LiCl·2H₂O,LiC1.本文报告四元体系H⁺,Li⁺,Mg²⁺∥Cl^--H₂O的研究。此体系H⁺,Li⁺,Mg²⁺ Cl^--H₂O在0℃时的等温溶度图上有MgCl₂·6H₂O,HCl·MgCl₂·7H₂O,LiCl·MgCl₂·7H₂O,LiCl·2H₂O,LiCl·H₂O等五种盐的结晶区域以及一个HCl分压大于1大气压的区域。 2.在研究三元体系H⁺,Mg²⁺∥Cl^--H₂O时,进一步证实有可称为氢(或泋)光滷石的复盐HCl·MgCl₂·7H₂O生成,它于1大气压下在約44℃分解。在三元体系H⁺,Li⁺∥Cl^--H₂O中,当0℃时,它也作为固相之一而存在。 3.初步考察所研究的三元和四元体系中的盐析作用。确定在溶液粗成变化相当大的范围内,MgCl₂·6H₂O的溶度随氯化氢和氯化锂的浓度增加而比例下降(以重量克分子浓度表示溶液组成),同时在四元体系中氯化氢与氯化锂对溶液中氯化鎂的盐析作用呈加和性,即它们在四元体系中的总盐析作用等于它们分别在相应三元体系中对氯化镁的盐析效应之和。l·H₂O等五种盐的结晶区域以及一个HCl分压大于1大气压的区域。 2.在研究三元体系H⁺,Mg²⁺∥Cl^--H₂O时,进一步证实有可称为氢(或泋)光滷石的复盐HCl·MgCl₂·7H₂O生成,它于1大气压下在約44℃分解。在三元体系H⁺,Li⁺∥Cl^--H₂O中,当0℃时,它也作为固相之一而存在。 3.初步考察所研究的三元和四元体系中的盐析作用。确定在溶液粗成变化相当大的范围内,MgCl₂·6H₂O的溶度随氯化氢和氯化锂的浓度增加而比例下降(以重量克分子浓度表示溶液组成),同时在四元体系中氯化氢与氯化锂对溶液中氯化鎂的盐析作用呈加和性,即它们在四元体系中的总盐析作用等于它们分别在相应三元体系中对氯化镁的盐析效应之和。     

Mg2+和Na+对高熔点煤灰熔融性的影响

以山西阳泉固庄高熔点煤灰为研究对象,通过向煤灰中添加不同量的MgO与Na₂CO₃,研究了Mg²⁺与Na⁺在高温下对煤灰熔融性的影响。研究结果表明,煤灰熔融温度随氧化镁的添加(5%~25%)单调下降;而随氧化钠添加(5%~25%)出现先降后升现象,在氧化钠添加量为15% 时,灰熔点达到最低。XRD分析表明,阳泉固庄煤灰熔融温度高(大于1 750℃)的原因是高温条件下耐熔矿物莫来石、方英石的存在。添加外加剂后,高温时外加剂与硅酸盐矿物反应,生成了更多的低共熔矿物霞石、堇青石等。同时,Mg²⁺和Na⁺的加入会使得非桥氧数量增多,高温煤灰低聚物增多,降低了煤灰的熔融温度。通过三元相图以及SEM分析,高温条件下煤灰中部分元素的富集以及团聚现象是导致Mg²⁺和Na⁺对煤灰熔融温度影响不同的原因。     

烟酰胺辅酶模型对N－芳基芴亚胺的酸催化还原反应的研究

报道了５种Ｎ－芳基芴亚胺在酸性条件下被烟酰胺辅酶模型（Ｈａｎｔｚｓｃｈ酯，ＢＮＡＨ）还原的反应。结果表明：亚胺的结构、酸的强度以及溶剂的不同均会影响亚胺的还原效率，本文结合反应的结构效应、溶剂效应和同位素效应，对其可能的酸催化氢负离子转移机理进行了讨论。     

A study on the reactions of NADH models with electron-deficient alkenes. A probe for the extreme of concerted electron-hydrogen atom transfer mechanism

The reactions of 9-fluorenylidenemalononitrile (FDCN) and 1,1-diphenyl-2,2-dicyanoethylene (DPCN) with Hantzsch ester (HEH), N-methyl Hantzsch ester (Me-HEH), and 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH) in oxygen-saturated acetonitrile have been studied. The aerobic reactions with HEH give solely reduction products. However, reactions with Me-HEH and BNAH not only result in reduction products, but also give varying amounts of oxidation products. The amount of oxidation product appears to be related to the electronic character and bulkiness of reactants. We propose that all these reactions follow a general mechanism of concerted electron-hydrogen atom transfer mechanism. If the electron-transfer complex is very tight, only ‘concerted hydride transfer reaction’ occurs. However, if the electron-transfer complex is not so tight, oxygen can capture the radicaloid intermediate to result in oxidation products.     

NAD(P)H Models 20: Chemoselective metal ion catalyzed reduction of α-keto-β,γ-unsaturated esters by 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives

Ethyl 2-oxo-4-aryl-3-butene-1-oates 1a–1c are reduced by NAD(P)H models (1-n-propyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (4) and Hantzsch ester(5)), in presence of magnesium perchlorate. One equivalent of the reductant reduces the substrates selectively to the corresponding 2-oxo-4-arylbutanoates (6,10a,b). An additional equivalent and higher temperature, converts ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutanoate (6) to ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoate (7). Reduction of ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenyl-3-buten-1-oate (1a) by Hantzsch ester in C₂H₅OD or by Hantzsch ester-4,4-d₂ in C₂H₅OH, leads to direct transfer of the hydrogen or deuterium, respectively, without isotopic scrambling. These results have been interpreted to support the hydride transfer mechanism.     

Transition metal complexes coordinated by an NAD(P)H model compound and their enhanced hydride-donating abilities in the presence of a base

The ruthenium(II) and rhenium(I) complexes containing an NAD(P)H model compound, 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH), as ligand, [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(BNAH)]2+ (1 a) and [Re(bpy)(CO)3(BNAH)]+ (1 b), were quantitatively produced by the reaction of the corresponding metal hydrido complexes with BNA(+) (1-benzylnicotinamidium cation). In the presence of base with pK(a) = 8.9, 1 a and 1 b have much greater reducing power than "free" BNAH. The oxidation potentials of 1 a in the absence and the presence of triethylamine were 0.55 V and -0.04 V, respectively, versus Ag/AgNO(3), whereas that of "free" BNAH was 0.30 V. Spectroscopic results clearly showed that the base extracts a proton from the carbamoyl group on 1 a and 1 b to give the deprotonated BNAH coordinating to the transition-metal complexes [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(BNAH-H+)]+ (3 a) and [Re(bpy)(CO)3(BNAH-H+)] (3 b); this deprotonation underlies the enhancement in reducing ability. The deprotonated forms 3 a and 3 b can efficiently reduce other NAD(P) models to give the corresponding 1,4-dihydro form, resulting in the deprotonated BNA+ being coordinated to the metal complexes [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(BNA(+)-H+)]2+ (2 a) and [Re(bpy)(CO)3(BNA+-H+)]+ (2 b); "free" BNAH and the protonated adducts 1 a and 1 b cannot act in this way. X-ray crystallography was performed on the PF6- salt of 2 a, and showed that the deprotonated nitrogen atom on the carbamoyl group coordinates to the ruthenium(II) metal center with a bond length of 2.086(3) Angstroms. Infrared spectral data suggested that the deprotonated carbamoyl group on the reduced forms 3 a and 3 b is converted to the imido group, and that the oxygen atom coordinates to the metal center.     

Mechanisms of the oxidations of NAD(P)H model Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines by nitric oxide and its donor N-methyl-N-nitrosotoluene-p-sulfonamide

4-Substituted derivatives of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridine were treated by nitric oxide (NO) or its donor N-methyl-N-nitrosotoluene-p-sulfonamide (MNTS) to give the corresponding pyridine derivatives. When the 4-substituted group was methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and aryl groups, it was preserved, but when the group was isopropyl or benzyl one, it was lost. 2,3-Dichloro-5, 6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) was used in place of NO and MNTS to react with the 4-substituted Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines, no the corresponding 4-dealkyl Hantzsch pyridines were obtained from all the reactions. 1-Benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH), a close analogue of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridine (HEH), was used instead of HEH to react with either of NO and MNTS, no reactions were observed for 3 days. Replacement of HEH by N-d-HEH and HEH-4,4-d(2) to react with NO, MNTS and DDQ gave the observed kinetic isotope effects of 3.1 and 1.4 for NO, 1.1 and 1.3 for MNTS, and 1.1 and 2.1 for DDQ, respectively. When p-dinitrobenzene, an electron-transfer inhibitor, was added into the title reaction systems, no remarkable inhibitory effect was observed. These results indicated that the oxidation of HEH by NO was initiated by hydrogen transfer from the N(1)-position to give the corresponding aminyl radical, which then underwent homolytic cleavage to become the final aromatized product (A). But the reaction of HEH with MNTS was initiated by nitrosation to give the corresponding N-nitroso compound, which was subsequently subjected to two steps of homolytic cleavage to afford the aromatized Hantzsch pyridine A.     

Metal ion-catalyzed cycloaddition vs hydride transfer reactions of NADH analogues with p-benzoquinones

1-Benzyl-4-tert-butyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (t-BuBNAH) reacts efficiently with p-benzoquinone (Q) to yield a [2+3] cycloadduct (1) in the presence of Sc(OTf)(3) (OTf = OSO(2)CF(3)) in deaerated acetonitrile (MeCN) at room temperature, while no reaction occurs in the absence of Sc(3+). The crystal structure of 1 has been determined by the X-ray crystal analysis. When t-BuBNAH is replaced by 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH), the Sc(3+)-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction of BNAH with Q also occurs to yield the [2+3] cycloadduct. Sc(3+) forms 1:4 complexes with t-BuBNAH and BNAH in MeCN, whereas there is no interaction between Sc(3+) and Q. The observed second-order rate constant (k(obs)) shows a first-order dependence on [Sc(3+)] at low concentrations and a second-order dependence at higher concentrations. The first-order and the second-order dependence of the rate constant (k(et)) on [Sc(3+)] was also observed for the Sc(3+)-promoted electron transfer from CoTPP (TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin dianion) to Q. Such dependence of k(et) on [Sc(3+)] is ascribed to formation of 1:1 and 1:2 complexes between Q(*)(-) and Sc(3+) at the low and high concentrations of Sc(3+), respectively, which results in acceleration of the rate of electron transfer. The formation constants for the 1:2 complex (K(2)) between the radical anions of a series of p-benzoquinone derivatives (X-Q(*)(-)) and Sc(3+) are determined from the dependence of k(et) on [Sc(3+)]. The K(2) values agree well with those determined from the dependence of k(obs) on [Sc(3+)] for the Sc(3+)-catalyzed addition reaction of t-BuBNAH and BNAH with X-Q. Such an agreement together with the absence of the deuterium kinetic isotope effects indicates that the addition proceeds via the Sc(3+)-promoted electron transfer from t-BuBNAH and BNAH to Q. When Sc(OTf)(3) is replaced by weaker Lewis acids such as Lu(OTf)(3), Y(OTf)(3), and Mg(ClO(4))(2), the hydride transfer reaction from BNAH to Q also occurs besides the cycloaddition reaction and the k(obs) value decreases with decreasing the Lewis acidity of the metal ion. Such a change in the type of reaction from a cycloaddition to a hydride transfer depending on the Lewis acidity of metal ions employed as a catalyst is well accommodated by the common reaction mechanism featuring the metal-ion promoted electron transfer from BNAH to Q.     

1,4-二氢-2,6-二甲基-4-(3-硝基苯基)-3,5-吡啶二羧酸二(2-甲氧基乙基)酯的合成

对1，4－二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂西尼地平进行了结构修饰。以双乙烯酮和乙二醇单甲醚为原料，经酯化、缩合、氨化和Hantzsch环化等反应合成了1，4－二氢－2，6二甲基－4－（3－硝基苯基）－3，5－吡啶二羟酸二（2－甲氧基乙基）酯，总收率71％。目标产物结构经^1H NMR和MS确证。     

Direct detection of radical cations of NADH analogues

The radical cation of an NADH analogue (BNAH: 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide) has been successfully detected as the transient absorption and ESR spectra in the thermal electron transfer from BNAH to Fe(bpy)33+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). The ESR spectra of the radical cations of BNAH and the dideuterated compound (BNAH-4,4'-d2) indicate that the observed radical cation is the keto form rather than the enol form in the tautomerization. The deprotonation rate and the kinetic isotope effects of the keto form of BNAH*+ were determined from the kinetic analysis of the electron-transfer reactions.     

NAD(P)H辅酶模型还原碳正离子反应的研究: 动力学、热力学及反应机理

本文对NAD(P)H模型物BNAH同xanthylium正离子反应的动力学进行了较为详尽的测定。同位素效应,自由基抑制剂对反应的影响以及对不同机理模式中各基元步骤的热力学趋动力的研究均表明,反应由决速的电子转移引发,随后通过快速的氢原子转移而形成产物。动力学活化参数的分析指出,电子转移前反应底物间首先形成一个预配合平衡。本文还对BNAH还原9-苯基xanthylium正离子和三苯甲烷正离子的机理进行了较合理的估测。     

Use of pyridinium ionic liquids as catalysts for the synthesis of 3,5-bis(dodecyloxycarbonyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine derivative

The synthesis of cationic amphiphilic 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative, potential gene delivery agent is achieved via an efficient multi-step sequence. The key step of this approach is a two-component Hantzsch type cyclisation of 3-oxo-2-[1-phenylmethylidene]-butyric acid dodecyl ester and 3-amino-but-2-enoic acid dodecyl ester utilising bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ether as a solvent and 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium chloride as a catalyst. The 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative with long alkyl ester chains at positions 3 and 5 of the 1,4-DHP ring — 3,5-bis(dodecyloxycarbonyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine was obtained in substantially higher yield with respect to classical Hantzsch synthesis. Bromination of this compound followed by nucleophilic substitution of bromine with pyridine gave the desired cationic amphiphilic 1,4-dihydropyridine.