双月桂酸三乙醇胺酯水溶液的囊泡性质研究

研究了具有非离子和阳离子双重特性的表面活性剂──双（月桂酸）三乙醇胺酯在稀盐酸溶液中未成囊泡的性质．发现只有当溶液pH值小于4．2时，囊泡才能形成，而在溶液pH值2~3范围内，囊泡稳定性和“耐盐”能力最佳．这些特性被归之于此化合物酸性水解作用的结果．     

二氮杂芴酮Schiff碱两亲配体分子的自组织特性

本文研究了四种合成的二氮杂芴酮Schiff碱两亲配体分子C~1~1N~2H~6NC~nH~2~n~+~1(n=18,16,14,12)所形成的单分子膜,双分子膜的特性,并用透射电镜,紫外- 可见光谱及微量差示扫描量热观察了在所形成的囊泡中分子的聚集形式与相变过程.结果表明,该系列两亲配体分子所形成的单分子膜和双分子膜具有良好的稳定性,在稀溶液中能自组织成双层结构的囊泡     

杂臂星型嵌段共聚物在溶液中自组装形成囊泡结构的计算机模拟

利用耗散粒子动力学模拟方法, 研究了杂臂星型嵌段共聚物A_m(B_n)₂在溶液中自组装形成囊泡的行为. 主要分析了自组装过程、亲水分枝和疏水分枝的长度及分子构型对组装结构的影响. 结果表明, 杂臂星型聚合物在溶液中会自组装形成碟状胶束, 之后弯曲闭合形成囊泡. 当亲水部分的分枝较短时, 易于形成囊泡结构; 在可形成囊泡结构的条件下, 双分子层囊泡膜的厚度随分枝长度的增加而增加. 与构成相近的线型嵌段共聚物相比, 杂臂星型嵌段共聚物更易形成囊泡结构, 且形成的囊泡结构较薄.     

金属配位诱导体系Ca(DS)_2/C_(14)DMAO/H_2O的相行为和流变学

在室温(25.0±0.1℃)下,对十二烷基硫酸钙(Ca(DS)2)/十四烷基二甲基氧化胺(C14DMAO)体系在两种表面活性剂不同比例r(r=nCa(DS)2/nC14DMAO)下的水溶液进行了表面活性考察.当Ca(DS)2和C14DMAO结合形成复配体系时,溶液CMC值及在CMC时的表面张力都远低于C14DMAO溶液,说明Ca(DS)2和C14DMAO的缔合结构在水-空气界面的结合比单一表面活性剂更为紧密.在所考察的比例中,当r=2.0:10.0时,溶液CMC值及在CMC时的表面张力达到最低值,该比例处于囊泡相区域.当C14DMAO浓度固定时,随着Ca(DS)2的加入,首先形成了球状胶束相(L1-相),然后球状生长得到蠕虫状胶束相(L1-相),接着出现L1/Lα两相区,之后随Ca(DS)2浓度的进一步增大,得到了具有双折射现象的囊泡相区(Lαv-相),而后是凝胶相(gel),最后当Ca(DS)2过量时,不溶的Ca(DS)2在溶液中形成了沉淀.对囊泡相样品进行负染色透射电镜表征,观察到了多分散的囊泡结构,囊泡直径分布约在50～200nm范围内.各相区受温度影响变化非常显著.当温度升高时,在相同C14DMAO浓...     

基于反应性两嵌段共聚物的刺激响应性有机/无机杂化囊泡的制备及性能研究

采用ATRP法制备了结构明确的两亲性嵌段共聚物聚[甲基丙烯酸(N,N-二甲氨基)乙酯-b-甲基丙烯酸(3-(三甲氧基硅基))丙酯],其在甲醇/水的混合溶液中自组装形成囊泡结构,并通过甲基丙烯酸[3-(三甲氧基硅基)]丙酯链段中三甲氧基硅基的水解交联,形成了稳定的共聚物囊泡结构。用光散射、SEM和TEM对囊泡的结构进行了表征。所得共聚物囊泡粒子具有温度和pH双重响应性,通过简单调控温度或pH值来实现囊泡粒子的溶解与沉淀收集,可用于蛋白质等的分离与纯化。     

离子键交联聚合物囊泡的制备及对药物的负载与释放

通过双亲性接枝共聚物海藻酸钠接枝聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(SA-g-PNIPAM)与Ca2+之间的静电作用,在水溶液中制备了温度敏感性离子键交联聚合物囊泡,并以5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)为模型药物,研究了聚合物囊泡对5-FU的负载与释放性能。该囊泡疏水性的膜由海藻酸钠与Ca2+之间的静电作用复合形成。透射电镜研究表明,囊泡具有空心结构,直径在100~150nm左右。聚合物囊泡的最低临界溶解温度(LCST)为34.5℃左右。聚合物囊泡对5-FU具有较高的载药量和包封率,其药物释放速率随溶液p H值的增加而降低,随离子强度的增大而增大,表现出良好的环境响应性。     

磷脂微滴囊泡化的介观模拟

发展了一种非显示溶剂的粗粒化三粒子磷脂模型,该模型明确反映磷脂分子的双尾结构．模型分别采用变形的MIE作用势和Harmonic作用势描述分子间非成键和分子内成键相互作用,粗粒化力场参数通过拟合DPPC双分子层的结构和力学性质获得．该粗粒化模型成功重现了磷脂分子从随机初始态到双分子层和从盘状结构到囊泡的形成过程．应用该模型系统研究了球形和柱形磷脂微滴囊泡化的过程,结果表明此模型能有效地模拟介观尺度下复杂磷脂囊泡的形成及演化．     

膜表面具有2-羟基-3-氯丙基或环氧丙基的对pH和离子强度敏感的新型磷酸酯囊泡

近年来,囊泡已被广泛应用于药物基因传导、人工模拟酶和纳米分子器件等研究领域,在对囊泡研究中,需要对囊泡进行某种包结或化学修饰,并对囊泡的稳定性及对物质的包结与释放进行可控操作．囊泡状态下使囊泡分子间聚合是提高囊泡稳定性的有效方法之一,苯乙烯等一些可进行聚合反应的基团已被导入囊泡中,我们曾在单长链烷基磷酸酯的亲水头部引入2-羟基3-氯丙基,进而将其转变成化学活性的环氧丙基.     

PEP与阴离子表面活性剂复配体系泡沫性能的研究

研究了PEP型非离子表面活性剂分别与十二烷基苯磺酸钠（DBS）,十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）形成复配体系的泡沫性能,讨论了浓度及配比的变化对泡沫性能的影响,结果表明起泡性和稳泡性皆随混合表面活性剂的浓度的上升而增强;在一定浓度下,随着PEP比例下降,起泡性和稳泡性也随着增大,并达到稳定值。     

荧光探针法研究囊泡融合的动力学

应用荧光探针法研究双（月桂酸）三乙醇胺酯形成囊泡的融合动力学过程，工作中合成和应用了含长烷基链的荧光探针—十六烷基罗丹明B，以保证其进入囊泡的双分子层，随着融合的进行，探针浓度被稀释，探针分子逐渐由二聚体离解成为单体，从而使其荧光强度增强．研究发现，由双（月桂酸）三乙醇胺酯形成的囊泡，其融合速率和膜结构与介质酸度、环境温度等密切相关，当介质酸度处于一定的pH范围时，形成的囊泡膜具有最致密的结构，其融合也最慢。     

pH-dependent phase behavior of carbohydrate-based gemini surfactants. The effects of carbohydrate stereochemistry, head group hydrophilicity, and nature of the spacer

The pH-dependent phase behavior and hydroxide-ion adsorption ability of a series of (reduced) carbohydrate-based gemini surfactants were studied between pH 2 and 12. Static and dynamic light scattering were employed to address transitions in the aggregate morphologies and cryo-electron microscopy was used to provide further evidence for the morphologies present in solution. Changes in aggregate structure as a result of a change in solution pH and an accompanying change in protonation state or a change in molecular structure can be rationalized in terms of the variations in the packing parameter. In this paper we have focused our attention on the size of the carbohydrate moiety, the carbohydrate stereochemistry and the nature of the spacer (hydrophobic vs hydrophilic). At near neutral pH, most of the gemini surfactants form vesicles. Upon lowering of the pH, the vesicles undergo a transition toward wormlike micelles followed by a transition to spherical micelles. Upon increasing the solution pH, flocculation occurs due to charge neutralization followed at still higher pH by redispersion and charge reversal of the vesicles through the specific adsorption of hydroxide ions to the vesicular surface. Upon decreasing head group size at constant, but low, degrees of protonation, the packing parameter has a tendency to become larger than one resulting in the formation of inverted phases. Upon further decrease in the head group size, oil droplets are observed. In case of a hydrophobic spacer, the carbohydrate stereochemistry affects the pH of the transitions, but not the type of the transitions. By contrast, for a hydrophilic spacer, the pH of the transitions remains unaffected. Adsorption of hydroxide ions at basic pH follows similar trends, but was only found for vesicles and oil droplets. The large range of structural variations that we have examined allows a better understanding of the requirements for the phase transitions for carbohydrate-based gemini surfactants as well as for the physisorption of hydroxide ions to interfaces in general.     

pH-dependent phase behavior of carbohydrate-based gemini surfactants. Effect of the length of the hydrophobic spacer

The phase behavior of a series of carbohydrate-based gemini surfactants with varying spacer lengths was studied using static and dynamic light scattering between pH 2 and 12. Cryo-electron microscopy pictures provide evidence for the different morphologies present in solution. The spacer length of the gemini surfactants was varied from two to 12 methylene units. At near neutral pH, spherical vesicles were obtained for gemini surfactants with a spacer shorter than 10 methylene units, whereas nonspherical vesicles were obtained for spacer lengths of 10 and 12. Upon decreasing the pH, the vesicles underwent transitions toward worm-like micelles and spherical micelles for a spacer length of six and larger, whereas for shorter spacers, these transitions are not observed. For the shortest spacer at low pH, perforated vesicles are observed, and vesicles built from the gemini surfactant with a spacer of four methylene units only underwent a transition toward worm-like micelles. Upon increasing the pH to slightly basic values, flocculation followed by redispersion upon charge reversal was observed up to a spacer length of eight methylene units. The redispersal is explained by hydroxide-ion binding to the uncharged vesicular surface. By contrast, vesicles formed from the gemini surfactants with 10 and 12 methylene units only undergo a transition toward inverted phases. The observations can be understood in terms of the packing parameter.     

Controllable organization of a carboxylic acid type gemini surfactant at different pH values by adding Copper(II) ions

The gemini surfactant sodium 4,8-dioctyl-3,9-dioxo-6-hydroxy-4,8-diaza-1,11-undecanedicarboxylate (SDUC), bearing two carboxylic headgroups and two hydrocarbon chains, has been synthesized, and its self-organization characteristics at strong basic and neutral environments have been studied. The results reveal that a transition from micelles to vesicles in SDUC aqueous solution occurs when the pH drops from 12.0 to 7.0. When a small amount of Cu(2+) ion is added to the SDUC solutions at both pH 12.0 and 7.0, remarkable transformations were observed within the SDUC aggregate structures. At pH 12.0, micelles transform into vesicles as Cu(2+) is added, while the vesicles of SDUC are formed at pH 7.0 and these small vesicles tend to fuse into larger ones slowly. Moreover, these SDUC vesicles at pH 7.0 undergo a relatively fast fission process when Cu(2+) is added in. An attempt has been made to explain the mechanism of these transformations.     

CO2 regulates phase transition of sodium oleate and 3-(diethylamino)-propylamine in aqueous solution

We reported that the phase conversion of the micelles in aqueous solution prepared by sodium oleate (NaOA) and 3-(diethylamino)-propylamine (DEAPA) in the presence of carbon dioxide. This micellar structure is very sensitive to CO₂ and the pH value of the solution is continuously reduced with the continuous introduction of carbon dioxide. When pH?>?10.2, the mixed solution of NaOA and DEAPA is mainly in the form of spherical micelles; when the 10.2?>?pH?>?9.6, the mixed solution mainly in the worm-like micelles (WLM), where the solution has a significant viscosity change; when the 9.6?>?pH?>?9.1, the NaOA and DEAPA mixed solution becomes the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), which is composed of two layers, the upper layer is the vesicle structure and the lower layer is the WLM structure; when the pH between 9.1?>?pH?>?9.0, NaOA and DEAPA mixed solution form vesicles, thus realizing the regulation of CO₂ on the micellar structure transition of NaOA and DEAPA mixed solution. Such these microstructures transition could be confirmed by Rheology measurement, DLS and Cryo-TEM.     

Low-pH-induced transformation of bilayer membrane into bicontinuous cubic phase in dioleoylphosphatidylserine/monoolein membranes

Cubic biomembranes, nonbilayer membranes with connections in three-dimensional space that have a cubic symmetry, have been observed in various cells. Interconversion between the bilayer liquid-crystalline (L(alpha)) phase and cubic phases attracted much attention in terms of both biological and physicochemical aspects. Herein we report the pH effect on the phase and structure of dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS)/monoolein (MO) membranes under a physiological ion concentration condition, which was revealed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurement. At neutral pH, DOPS/MO membranes containing high concentrations of DOPS were in the L(alpha) phase. First, the pH effect on the phase and structure of the multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) of the DOPS/MO membranes preformed at neutral pH was investigated by adding various low-pH buffers into the MLV suspension. For 20%-DOPS/80%-MO MLVs, at and below pH 2.9, a transition from the L(alpha) to cubic (Q(224)) phase occurred within 1 h. This phase transition was reversible; a subsequent increase in pH to a neutral one in the membrane suspension transformed the cubic phase into the original L(alpha) phase. Second, we found that a decrease in pH transformed large unilamellar vesicles of DOPS/MO membranes into the cubic phase under similar conditions. We have proposed the mechanism of the low-pH-induced phase transition and also made a quantitative analysis on the critical pH of the phase transition. This finding is the first demonstration that a change in pH can induce a reversible phase transition between the L(alpha) and cubic phases of lipid membranes within 1 h.     

Influence of pH on the micelle-to-vesicle transition in aqueous mixtures of sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate with histidine

Small unilamellar vesicles (approximately 100 nm in diameter) form spontaneously in aqueous mixtures of histidine and sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate. By manipulating pH, a gradual transition from micelles to vesicles to bilayers to precipitate is observed. The self-assembly of vesicles occurs over a wide range of compositions when the solution pH is lower than 6.0, the pKa of the imidazole moiety on the histidine molecule. This phenomenon is likely the result of attractive interactions between the negatively charged benzenesulfonate headgroups and the positively charged imidazole group in the amino acid. Similar results are obtained when imidazole salt itself is used.     

Phase behavior of the palmitic acid/palmitin system. A 2H NMR study

The phase behavior of mixtures of palmitic acid (PA) and 1-monohexadecanoyl-rac-glycerol, palmitin, was studied by phase contrast microscopy and deuterium solid-state NMR. At pH 5, mixtures remained precipitated as lumps in solution. The NMR spectrum of the perdeuterated PA (PAd31) at 300 K exhibited a shape and quadrupolar splittings, deltav, characteristic of lipids embedded in a gel phase. The alkyl chains remained in a trans conformation with their long molecular axis oriented at about 15 degrees with respect to the bilayer normal. However, gauche defects were shown to occur at the end of the alkyl chain. At 330 K, the system underwent a phase transition to a hexagonal phase followed by an isotropic phase at 340 K. Upon cooling to 330 K, the spectrum in the hexagonal phase was oriented at 0 degrees showing that the cylinders were oriented with their long axis parallel to the field. Up to 11 positions (from 15) of PAd31 could be assigned. At pH 7 and 9 at room temperature, the mixtures were fully dispersed in a viscous solution of vesicles. The system underwent a phase transition at 320 K from a gel phase to a fluid phase with the bilayer normal oriented at 90 degrees with respect to the field. Analogous experiments performed with PA selectively labeled on carbon C2 allowed for the assignment of deltav for that position and suggested different conformations of the headgroup in the gel and fluid or hexagonal phases. The implications of these findings for the bio-availability of these fatty acids, in the understanding of the contribution of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in the membrane formation, and for the production of simple self-oriented systems are discussed.     

Sugar-based gemini surfactant with a vesicle-to-micelle transition at acidic pH and a reversible vesicle flocculation near neutral pH

A sugar-based (reduced glucose) gemini surfactant forms vesicles in dilute aqueous solution near neutral pH. At lower pH, there is a vesicle-to-micelle transition within a narrow pH region (pH 6.0-5.6). The vesicles are transformed into large cylindrical micelles that in turn are transformed into small globular micelles at even lower pH. In the vesicular pH region, the vesicles are positively charged at pH < 7 and exhibit a good colloidal stability. However, close to pH 7, the vesicles become unstable and rapidly flocculate and eventually sediment out from the solution. We find that the flocculation correlates with low vesicle zeta-potentials and the behavior is thus well predicted by the classical DLVO theory of colloidal stability. Surprisingly, we find that the vesicles are easily redispersed by increasing the pH to above pH 7.5. We show that this is due to a vesicle surface charge reversal resulting in negatively charged vesicles at pH > 7.1. Adsorption, or binding, of hydroxide ions to the vesicular surface is likely the cause for the charge reversal, and a hydroxide ion binding constant is calculated using a Poisson-Boltzmann model.     

Role of secondary structure changes on the morphology of polypeptide-based block copolymer vesicles

The pH and temperature responsive properties of poly(butadiene)107-poly(L-lysine)27 (PB107-P(Lys)27) block copolymer vesicles in aqueous solution were studied using dynamic and static light scattering, circular dichroism spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In this material, the responsiveness comes partially from secondary structure changes within the polypeptide chain. These studies seek to elucidate the effect of these different polypeptide secondary structure changes on the morphology of self-assembled vesicles. It was found that as pH decreases, protonation of P(Lys) side-chain amine groups causes swelling in the vesicles due to the helix-coil transition and associated charge-charge interactions within the corona chains. At high pH and high temperature, P(Lys) corona chains undergo a secondary structure change from alpha-helix to beta-sheet which causes an increase in vesicle size due to the relief of interfacial curvature. This study represents one of the first instances whereby different secondary structure transitions within the same polypeptide have been incorporated into a block copolymer assembly that can be used to produce dual-responsive materials.