等浓度的氯化铵和硫酸铵溶液哪个pH高

有中学化学参考资料题:0.10 mol/L的NH4Cl和(NH4)2SO4溶液哪个pH值高?这似乎是个中学生可做的简单题目,仔细考虑不是如此.如果简单地认为盐酸和硫酸都是强酸,而硫酸是二元酸,硫酸铵溶液中铵盐浓度为0.20 mol/L,那么NH4Cl溶液pH高,那是不妥的.硫酸是二元酸,第一个氢离子能完全电离,第二个氢离子部分电离,如此考虑情况怎么样呢?是不是答案发生变化?这要通过计算来说明.     

Enhanced efficiency and stability in Sn-based perovskite solar cells with secondary crystallization growth

The conversion efficiencies reported for Tin(Sn)halide-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)fall a large gap behind those of lead halide-based PSCs,mainly because of poor film quality of the former.Here we report an efficient strategy based on a simple secondary crystallization growth(SCG)technique to improve film quality for tin halide-based PSCs by applying a series of functional amine chlorides on the perovskite surface.They were discovered to enhance the film crystallinity and suppress the oxidation of Sn²⁺remarkably,hence reduce trap state density and non-irradiative recombination in the absorber films.Furthermore,the SCG film holds the band levels matching better with carrier transport layers and herein favoring charge extraction at the device interfaces.Consequently,a champion device efficiency of 8.07% was achieved alo ng with significant enhancements in VOC and JSC,in contrast to 5.35% of the control device value.Moreover,the SCG film-based devices also exhibit superior stability comparing with the control one.This work explicitly paves a novel and general strategy for developing high performance lead-free PSCs.     

Energy level engineering of charge selective contact and halide perovskite by modulating band offset:Mechanistic insights

Mixed cation and anion based perovskites solar cells exhibited enhanced stability under outdoor conditions,however,it yielded limited power conversion efficiency when TiO₂ and Spiro-OMeTAD were employed as electron and hole transport layer(ETL/HTL)respectively.The inevitable interfacial recombination of charge carriers at ETL/perovskite and perovskite/HTL interface diminished the efficiency in planar(n-i-p)perovskite solar cells.By employing computational approach for uni-dimensional device simulator,the effect of band offset on charge recombination at both interfaces was investigated.We noted that it acquired cliff structure when the conduction band minimum of the ETL was lower than that of the perovskite,and thus maximized interfacial recombination.However,if the conduction band minimum of ETL is higher than perovskite,a spike structure is formed,which improve the performance of solar cell.An optimum value of conduction band offset allows to reach performance of 25.21%,with an open circuit voltage(VOC)of 1231 mV,a current density JSC of 24.57 mA/cm² and a fill factor of 83.28%.Additionally,we found that beyond the optimum offset value,large spike structure could decrease the performance.With an optimized energy level of Spiro-OMeTAD and the thickness of mixed-perovskite layer performance of 26.56% can be attained.Our results demonstrate a detailed understanding about the energy level tuning between the charge selective layers and perovskite and how the improvement in PV performance can be achieved by adjusting the energy level offset.     

Recent Advances of Pure Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence Materials for Bioimaging Applications

Bioimaging,as a powerful and helpful tool,which allows people to investigate deeply within living organisms,has contributed a lot for both clinical theranostics and scientific research.Pure organic room temperature phosphorescence(RTP)materials with the unique features of ultralong luminescence lifetime and large Stokes shift,can efficiently avoid biological autofluorescence and scattered light through a time-resolved imaging modality,and thus are attracting increasing attention.This review classifies pure organic RTP materials into three categories,including small molecule RTP materials,polymer RTP materials and supramolecular RTP materials,and summarizes the recent advances of pure organic RTP materials for bioimaging applications.     

A new strategy to access Co/N co-doped carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs),as one-dimensional nanomaterials,show great potential in energy conversion and storage due to their efficient electrical conductivity and mass transfer.However,the security risks,time-consuming and high cost of the preparation process hinder its further application.Here,we develop that a negative pressure rather than a following gas environment can promote the generation of cobalt and nitrogen co-doped CNTs(Co/N-CNTs) by using cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF-67) as a precursor,in which the negative pressure plays a key role in adjusting the size of cobalt nanoparticles and stimulating the rearragement of carbon atoms for forming CNTs.Importantly,the obtained Co/N-CNTs,with high content of pyridinic nitrogen and abundant graphitized structure,exhibit superior catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) with half-wave potential(E_1/2) of 0.85 V and durability in terms of the minimum current loss(2%) after the 30,000 s test.Our development provides a new pathway for large-scale and cost-effective preparation of metal-doped CNTs for various applications.     

Stabilizing High-voltage Cathode Materials for Next-generation Li-ion Batteries

The pressing demand for high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries requires the deployment of cathode materials with higher capacity and output voltage.Despite more than ten years of research,high-voltage cathode mate-rials,such as high-voltage layered oxides,spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4,and high-voltage polyanionic compounds still cannot be commercially viable due to the instabilities of standard electrolytes,cathode materials,and cathode electrolyte interphases under high-voltage operation.This paper summarizes the recent advances in addressing the surface and interface issues haunting the application of high-voltage cathode materials.The understanding of the limitations and advantages of different modification protocols will direct the future endeavours on advancing high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries.     

Suppressing trap states and energy loss by optimizing vertical phase distribution through ternary strategy in organic solar cells

Suppressing the trap-state density and the energy loss via ternary strategy was demonstrated.Favorable vertical phase distribution with donors(acceptors)accumulated(depleted)at the interface of active layer and charge extraction layer can be obtained by introducing appropriate amount of polymer acceptor N2200 into the systems of PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6.In addition,N2200 is gradiently distributed in the vertical direction in the ternary blend film.Various measurements were carried out to study the effects of N2200 on the binary systems.It was found that the optimized morphology especially in vertical direction can significantly decrease the trap state density of the binary blend films,which is beneficial for the charge transport and collection.All these features enable an obvious decrease in charge recombination in both PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6 based organic solar cells(OSCs),and power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 12.5%and 16.42%were obtained for the ternary OSCs,respectively.This work indicates that it is an effective method to suppress the trap state density and thus improve the device performance through ternary strategy.     

Conformational Properties of Comb-shaped Polyelectrolytes with Negatively Charged Backbone and Neutral Side Chains Studied by a Generic Coarse-grained Bead-and-Spring Model

A generic coarse-grained bead-and-spring model,mapped onto comb-shaped polycarboxylate-based(PCE)superplasticizers,is developed and studied by Langevin molecular dynamics simulations with implicit solvent and explicit counterions.The agreement on the radius of gyration of the PCEs with experiments shows that our model can be useful in studying the equilibrium sizes of PCEs in solution.The effects of ionic strength,side-chain number,and side-chain length on the conformational behavior of PCEs in solution are explored.Single-chain equilibrium properties,including the radius of gyration,end-to-end distance and persistenee length of the polymer backbone,shape-asphericity parameter,and the mean span dimension,are determined.It is found that with the increase of ionic strength,the equilibrium sizes of the polymers decrease only slightly,and a linear dependenew of the persistence length of backbone on the Debye screening length is found,in good agreement with the theory developed by Dobrynin.Increasing side-chain numbers and/or side-chain lengths increases not only the equilibrium sizes(radius of gyration and mean span)of the polymer as a whole,but also the persistence length of the backbone due to excluded volume interactions.     

Three-dimensionalization via control of laser-structuring parameters for high energy and high power lithium-ion battery under various operating conditions

Laser-structuring is an effective method to promote ion diffusion and improve the performance of lithium-ion battery(LIB)electrodes.In this work,the effects of laser structuring parameters(groove pitch and depth)on the fundamental characteristics of LIB electrode,such as interfacial area,internal resistances,material loss and electrochemical performance,are investigated,LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ cathodes were structured by a femtosecond laser by varying groove depth and pitch,which resulted in a material loss of 5%-14%and an increase of 140%-260%in the in terfacial area between electrode surface and electrolyte.It is shown that the importance of groove depth and pitch on the electrochemical performance(specific capacity and areal discharge capacity)of laser-structured electrode varies with current rates.Groove pitch is more im porta nt at low current rate but groove depth is at high curre nt rate.From the mapping of lithium concentration within the electrodes of varying groove depth and pitch by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,it is verified that the groove functions as a diffusion path for lithium ions.The ionic,electronic,and charge transfer resistances measured with symmetric and half cells showed that these internal resistances are differently affected by laser structuring parameters and the changes in porosity,ionic diffusion and electronic pathways.It is demonstrated that the laser structuring parameters for maximum electrode performance and minimum capacity loss should be determined in consideration of the main operating conditions of LIBs.     

Mesh-like vertical structures enable both high areal capacity and excellent rate capability

In order to balance electrochemical kinetics with loading level for achieving efficient energy storage with high areal capacity and good rate capability simultaneously for wearable electronics,herein,2 D meshlike vertical structures(NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2) with a high mass loading of 2.17 mg cm^-2 and combined merits of both 1 D nanowires and 2 D nanosheets are designed for fabricating flexible hybrid supercapacitors.Particularly,the seamlessly interconnected NiCo_2 S_4 core not only provides high capacity of 287.5 μAh cm^-2 but also functions as conductive skeleton for fast electron transport;Ni(OH)_2 sheath occupying the voids in NiCo_2 S_4 meshes contributes extra capacity of 248.4 μAh cm^-2;the holey features guarantee rapid ion diffusion along and across NiCO_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 meshes.The resultant flexible electrode exhibits a high areal capacity of 535.9 μAh cm^-2(246.9 mAh g^-1) at 3 mA cm^-2 and outstanding rate performance with 84.7% retention at 30 mA cm^-2,suggesting efficient utilization of both NiCo_2 S_4 and Ni(OH)_2 with specific capacities approaching to their theoretical values.The flexible solid-state hybrid device based on NiCo_2 S_4@Ni(OH)_2 cathode and Fe_2 O_3 anode delivers a high energy density of 315 μWh cm^-2 at the power density of 2.14 mW cm^-2 with excellent electrochemical cycling stability.     

微波辐射促进ZnCl_2与Y分子筛固相反应的研究

采用XRD、IR和原子吸收光谱等手段对微波固相法制备的ZnCl2／Y催化剂进行了表征·微波辐射促进了ZnCl2在分子筛表面分散和固态离子交换，分散的ZnCl2可与分子筛表面氧原子发生较强的配住键合作用．当ZnCl2的负载量达到37．5％时，ZnCl2仍可完全分散于NaY分子筛表面，此时的固态离子交换度为84％．随着分子筛表面酸菌和区强度的增加，ZnCl2与分子筛的固态离子交换量减少．     

分子筛表面酸性对微波固相法制备ZnCl2/Y催化剂的影响

 采用XRD和原子吸收光谱法研究了微波作用下分子筛表面酸性对ZnCl2与Y分子筛固态相互作用的影响．结果表明，微波辐射可显著促进ZnCl2在分子筛表面分散，其分散阈值与分子筛表面酸性有关．随着分子筛表面酸量和酸强度增加，ZnCl2在分子筛表面的最大分散量减少，分散的ZnCl2与Y分子筛的固态离子交换量也减少；NaY型分子筛比HY分子筛更容易发生固态离子交换反应．考察了微波固相法制备的ZnCl2／HY催化剂在苯甲醚与乙酰氯酰化反应中的催化性能．结果表明，在分子筛表面分散的ZnCl2具有更高的催化活性及对甲氧基苯乙酮选择性．     

微波固相法制备ZnCl2/NaY催化剂ZnCl2/NaY在月桂烯Diels-Alder反应中的催化性能

比较了微波固相法、普通加热法和简单混合法制备的ZnCl2/NaY及溶液离子交换法制备的ZnNaY在月桂烯与丙烯醛Diels-Alder反应中的催化性能,发现微波固相法制备的催化剂表现出最高的环加成选择性和区域选择性.通过对微波固相法制备的催化剂中ZnCl2负载量的考察,揭示了微波诱导ZnCl2在NaY分子筛表面形成了不同催化活性中心的特点,分散在分子筛表面的ZnCl2具有更高的催化活性和区域选择性.微波辐射可成功地将ZnCl2固载于NaY分子筛中,当ZnCl2负载量为6.3%时,ZnCl2与NaY分子筛主要发生固态离子交换反应;当ZnCl2负载量达25%时,催化活性提高了3倍,区域选择性提高了1倍以上.而且,以微波固相法制备的ZnCl2/NaY催化剂,其环加成选择性和区域选择性随反应温度的升高而下降.     

CuNaY分子筛的有效吸附位与其脱硫性能的关联性研究

以液相离子交换法制备了一系列不同Cu负载量的CuNaY分子筛;采用XRD及N₂吸附-脱附表征分子筛的微观结构和织构性质,采用动态吸附法考察其对噻吩模拟油的吸附脱硫性能,结合NH₃-TPD和Py-FTIR方法对CuNaY分子筛的酸量和有效Cu⁺物种进行定量分析,研究了CuNaY分子筛的表面酸性和铜物种形态结构对其吸附脱硫性能的影响机制。结果表明,通过改变铜负载量可有效调控改性Y分子筛的表面酸性以及铜物种化学形态;适量铜物种的引入可以最大限度的形成有效吸附位,从而获得最优吸附脱硫性能,而过量的Cu物种会在Y分子筛笼内形成多核铜物种结构,导致有效吸附位点的减少,影响其对噻吩的吸附能力。     

红外光谱法研究表面溢出效应

采用红外光谱法, 利用重氢交换反应证明在Pt-NaY/HY体系有氢溢出(spillover)效应发生, 测量了100 ℃和50 ℃时的交换速率。发现在50 ℃时高频羟基的交换速率大于低频羟基。并对溢出机构进行了初步的讨论。     

Ce离子对苯在Y分子筛上吸附扩散行为的影响

采用液相离子交换法制备了不同稀土含量的Y型分子筛(HY、USY和NaY),研究了稀土铈(Ce)阳离子在Y型分子筛上吸附-脱附烃类分子(苯)过程中的作用机理与影响。通过X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、智能质量分析仪(IGA)、脱附指数的计算和巨正则蒙特卡罗模拟计算等多种表征计算方法,对引入稀土物种后,Y型分子筛对苯的饱和吸附量、吸附作用力、脱附热力学参数、苯在Y分子筛上的吸附势能分布及扩散行为等方面进行了研究。结果表明,Ce离子对苯在Y分子筛上脱附活化能的降低、吸附作用力的减弱以及吸附态由团聚态向分散态转变等方面具有显著影响,该作用构成了CeY分子筛催化剂在流化催化裂化(FCC)过程中能够优化轻质产品选择性的重要因素。     

Cu(I)Y分子筛表面酸性对其吸附脱硫性能的影响

用固相离子交换(SSIE)和液相离子交换(LPIE)法制备了不同离子交换度的Cu(I)Y分子筛, 采用吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-IR)表征了分子筛的表面酸性, 并用固定床吸附穿透实验评价了分子筛的吸附脱硫性能. 结果表明, 不同的离子交换法改性后, Cu(I)Y分子筛仍然保持了完整的Y型分子筛结构. Cu⁺的交换量和表面酸性的分布显著地影响分子筛的吸附脱硫性能, 固相离子交换后随离子交换度的增加, 分子筛表面Brönsted (B)酸逐渐转化为Lewis (L)酸, 吸附性能增强. 对不同离子交换法制备的Cu(I)Y分子筛吸附脱硫性能与表面酸性关联后, 发现分子筛表面B酸量减少, 提高了分子筛的吸附脱硫活性.     

XRD法研究CrO3与NaY、NaM分子筛的表面相互作用

负载于多孔性、高比表面载体上的三氧化铝是重要的工业催化剂，多年来人们对催化剂中Croa的存在状态以及与载体的相互作用进行了广泛的研究［‘－4］，发现CrO。能在载体表gn散成非晶相的表面化合物，非晶相Cr（VI）具有较高的催化活性．我们曾经对MoO。／NaY，MoO。／NaM体系进行过系统的研究，发现MOO。与分子筛载体间存在强表面相互作用［’］．在此研究基础上，选择了CrO3／NaY、CrO。／NaM体系，采用XRD法对上述体系进行了研究．结果表明170oC下晶相CrO。能在NaY、NaM分子筛上自发分散成非晶相Cr（VI），且分散量大．C…     

Conversion of acids to benzimidazoles with transition metal/zeolites

Transition metal/Y zeolites were prepared using microwave solid state and aqueous solution ion exchange methods. The activity of these zeolites was investigated in a conversion of acids to benzimidazoles reaction between 4-methyl-1, 2-phenylenediamine and 3-nitrobenzoic acid. The yield of these reactions increased in order of CuY < Fe²⁺Y < NiY < CoY < NaY < CrY < MnY < ZnY for both methods. The solid state ion-exchanged zeolites showed higher activity in comparison to the aqueous solution exchange. Yields of products in the presence of the ZnY zeolite were of the order of 69–83%. It seems that the Lewis sites are better sites compared to the Bronsted sites for this reaction.     

Synthesis of NaX and NaY Zeolites from Tunisian Kaolinite as Base Catalysts: An Investigation of Knoevenagel Condensation

The synthesis of Faujasite‐type zeolites with high purity has been successfully performed from Tunisian kaolinite and the effects of different crystallization parameters on the final products were widely investigated. The alkaline fusion of kaolinite followed by hydrothermal treatment lead to zeolite NaX synthesis whereas the classic hydrothermal transformation of metakaolinite produces NaY zeolite. The results show that an increase in the synthesis temperature and time has improved the crystallization process of the zeolite NaX whereas the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ and the Na₂O/SiO₂ molar ratios were the key parameters to obtain a pure zeolite NaY. The highest specific surface areas obtained with the optimal crystallization conditions were 554 m2 g^?1 and 592 m2 g^?1 for respectively NaX and NaY zeolites. The basic properties of NaX and NaY zeolites were explored in the Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate at 140 °C as a test reaction in the absence of solvent. The influence of ion exchange with cesium cation on the catalytic activity of prepared catalysts was also investigated. It was found that the NaX provided higher activity than that of NaY catalyst due to its lower Si/Al ratio whereas a cesium exchange conferred higher basicity to the prepared Na‐faujasite.