基于支持向量机的机载吊舱故障诊断优化算法

提升机载吊舱的后勤保障能力,适应吊舱测试中多型号、多故障类型和测试环境动态变化的测试要求,是打赢现代化战争的重要保障。支持向量机（SVM）算法适用于小样本、高维度、非线性分类问题,SVM相关参数是影响算法性能的重要因素。基于K-CV算法和粒子群算法两种改进的SVM模型可以实现SVM参数优化,K-CV算法可以交叉验证优化模型参数,粒子群算法可以对SVM参数进行动态寻优,建立多核SVM吊舱故障诊断模型。两种算法都可以提高吊舱故障诊断模型的准确率,提高模型的学习能力和泛化能力,有效对吊舱的故障进行定量和定位诊断。     

叶绿素荧光PCA-SVM分析的黄瓜病虫害诊断研究

为了对植物病虫害进行快速准确检测,采用荧光光谱技术并结合支持向量机分析方法建立了黄瓜病虫害诊断模型。通过Savitzky-Golay平滑法(SG),SG平滑法+快速傅里叶变换(FFT)和SG平滑法+一阶导数变换(FDT)三种方法对原始光谱进行降噪处理,并利用主成分分析法(PCA)对降噪后的光谱进行降维,根据累积贡献率选取7个主成分进行分析。将样本数据随机分为训练集和预测集,利用四种核函数条件下的支持向量机算法建立了预测模型,并进行预测。以训练集交叉验证的分类准确率最大值为指标,对四种核函数模型进行参数优化,并对比其分类性能,结果表明,经SG+FDT+PCA预处理后,具有多项式核函数的支持向量机对黄瓜病虫害的鉴别准确率达到98.3%,具有很好的分类和鉴别效果。     

小波包和GA-SVM在轴承故障诊断中的应用

为了解决傅里叶变换难以兼顾信号在时域和频域中的全貌和局部化特征以及支持向量机惩罚参数 和核函数参数 选取的问题,提出了基于小波包和GA-SVM的轴承故障诊断方法。首先通过实验采集多种工况下故障轴承和正常轴承的振动信号,从振动信号中提取能够表征轴承运行状态的时频域特征以及基于小波包分析的特征向量来作为GA-SVM的输入,然后在SVM的基础上,针对SVM的惩罚参数和核函数参数在不同应用场景下的取值难以确定的特性,采用了遗传算法对支持向量机进行参数优化的GA-SVM算法进行模式识别。实验结果显示,基于小波包和GA-SVM的轴承故障诊断方法比SVM和BP都具有更高的识别精度。     

多分类SVDD混叠域识别的模拟电路故障诊断

针对多分类支持向量域数据描述(SVDD)方法中混叠样本诊断精度差的问题,提出了一种带异类样本的多分类SVDD算法。该方法在普通SVDD超球模型基础上,对于存在混叠区域的类别,以该类所有样本为目标类,其他类与之混叠的样本为异类,利用带异类样本的SVDD算法重新训练,直至所有超球优化完毕。仿真实验验证了本文算法消除混叠和提高精度的能力,并将该算法应用于模拟电路故障诊断中。相较与SVDD多分类算法、一对一和一对多SVM算法,本文方法在模拟电路故障诊断中具有更高的诊断精度。     

Low-Pass Filtering Empirical Wavelet Transform Machine Learning Based Fault Diagnosis for Combined Fault of Wind Turbines

Fault diagnosis of wind turbines is of great importance to reduce operating and maintenance costs of wind farms. At present, most wind turbine fault diagnosis methods are focused on single faults, and the methods for combined faults usually depend on inefficient manual analysis. Filling the gap, this paper proposes a low-pass filtering empirical wavelet transform (LPFEWT) machine learning based fault diagnosis method for combined fault of wind turbines, which can identify the fault type of wind turbines simply and efficiently without human experience and with low computation costs. In this method, low-pass filtering empirical wavelet transform is proposed to extract fault features from vibration signals, LPFEWT energies are selected to be the inputs of the fault diagnosis model, a grey wolf optimizer hyperparameter tuned support vector machine (SVM) is employed for fault diagnosis. The method is verified on a wind turbine test rig that can simulate shaft misalignment and broken gear tooth faulty conditions. Compared with other models, the proposed model has superiority for this classification problem.     

An intelligent approach for engine fault diagnosis based on Hilbert–Huang transform and support vector machine

Based on the techniques of Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) and support vector machine (SVM), a noise-based intelligent method for engine fault diagnosis (EFD), so-called HHT–SVM model, is developed in this paper. The noises of a sample engine under normal and several fault states are first measured and denoised by using the wavelet packet threshold method to initially lower the noise level with negligible signal distortion. To extract fault features of the engine, then, the HHT is selected and applied to the measured noise signals. A nine-dimensional vector, which consists of seven intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) from the empirical mode decomposition (EMD), maximum value of HHT marginal spectrum and its corresponding frequency component, is specified to represent each engine fault feature. Finally, an optimal SVM model is established and trained for engine failure classification by using the fault feature vectors of the noise signals. Cross-validation results show that the proposed noise-based HHT–SVM method is accurate and effective for engine fault diagnosis. Due to outstanding time–frequency characteristics and pattern recognition capacity of the HHT and SVM, the newly proposed HHT–SVM can be used to deal with both the stationary and nonstationary signals, and even the transient ones. In the view of applications, the HHT–SVM technique may be suggested not only to detect the abnormal states of vehicle engines, but also to be extended to other fields for failure diagnosis in engineering.     

Fault Diagnosis of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Stacked Denoising Autoencoder

As a complex field-circuit coupling system comprised of electric, magnetic and thermal machines, the permanent magnet synchronous motor of the electric vehicle has various operating conditions and complicated condition environment. There are various forms of failure, and the signs of failure are crossed or overlapped. Randomness, secondary, concurrency and communication characteristics make it difficult to diagnose faults. Meanwhile, the common intelligent diagnosis methods have low accuracy, poor generalization ability and difficulty in processing high-dimensional data. This paper proposes a method of fault feature extraction for motor based on the principle of stacked denoising autoencoder (SDAE) combined with the support vector machine (SVM) classifier. First, the motor signals collected from the experiment were processed, and the input data were randomly damaged by adding noise. Furthermore, according to the experimental results, the network structure of stacked denoising autoencoder was constructed, the optimal learning rate, noise reduction coefficient and the other network parameters were set. Finally, the trained network was used to verify the test samples. Compared with the traditional fault extraction method and single autoencoder method, this method has the advantages of better accuracy, strong generalization ability and easy-to-deal-with high-dimensional data features.     

改进粒子群算法优化支持向量机在故障诊断中的应用研究

支持向量机(SVM)作为当前新型的机器学习方式,凭借解决小样本问题、高维问题和局部极值问题等方面的优越性,在当前故障诊断方面有突出的表现;文章根据对支持向量机的研究,发现其在分类模型参数选择上存在困难,为此,提出利用改进粒子群算法优化的办法,解决粒子群前期收敛速度过快导致后期容易优化不均的现象;通过粒子群算法优化与支持向量机分类模型结合,以轴承故障检测和诊断为例,分析次方法的优越性和提高支持向量机在故障诊断过程中的精准度;通过实际检测得出,这种算法优化的方法改进的支持向量机对于聚类性较差的故障分类具有很好的诊断功能。     

基于贝叶斯优化的SVM玉米品种鉴别研究

为了快速检测玉米品种类型,基于支持向量机(SVM)和近红外光谱联合建立玉米品种的分类模型。以郑单958、先玉335、京科968、登海605和德美亚等五个品种共计293个样本为研究对象,对采集的近红外光谱进行标准正态变量变换(SNV)处理后使用主成分分析法(PCA)对光谱数据进行降维处理。按照6∶1比例,随机选取251个样本为训练集,42个样本作为测试集,探讨贝叶斯优化算法(BO)对SVM模型性能的影响。分别使用网格搜索(GS)、遗传算法(GA)和BO算法等三种方法对SVM模型的两个重要参数惩罚因子C和径向基核函数参数γ进行寻优。选择各模型十折交叉验证识别准确率最高时对应的惩罚因子和核参数作为建模参数,建立SVM分类模型。将使用BO算法建立的SVM分类模型与使用GS和GA进行参数寻优后建立的模型性能进行比对。实验发现,使用BO优化的SVM分类模型相比于其他两种优化算法得到的SVM模型性能具有显著优势,测试集的识别准确率可达到100%。说明使用BO算法寻优的SVM模型参数是全局最优参数,其他两种优化算法寻优的参数可能陷入了局部最优,从而导致模型性能表现不佳。在进行PCA降维前后的光谱数据上分别建立BO-SVM模型,结果表明,BO算法对于高维数据优化效果不佳,更适用于低维数据。对于不同样本类别间数量不均衡导致模型性能表现不佳的问题,通过剔除郑丹958和先玉335两类数量较少的样本,使用剩余三个类别,共计248个样本重新建立SVM模型,实验发现,剔除两类小样本之后,各个模型在测试集上的性能均有提升,说明对于类间样本数量不均衡问题,某类样本数量越多,对于模型参数的修正就越细腻,模型对该类的拟合效果就越好。研究结果可用于玉米品种的快速鉴别,也可为基于近红外光谱的其他农产品分类和产地鉴别提供参考。     

拉曼光谱结合模式识别方法用于大豆原油掺伪的快速判别

大豆原油是我国的战略储备物资,然而目前储油市场上频繁出现大豆原油掺混的现象严重影响了食用油储备安全。基于此,通过大豆原油与部分植物精炼油拉曼谱图的特征差异,并结合主成分分析-支持向量机(PCA-SVM)模式识别建立了大豆原油是否掺伪的快速判别方法。以28个大豆原油、46个精炼油、110个掺伪油的拉曼谱图为模型样本;选择位于780～1 800 cm-1波段的谱图,预处理方法同时采用Y轴强度校正、基线校正和谱图归一化法;在此基础上应用PCA法提取特征变量,即以贡献率最高前7个主成分为变量进行SVM分析。SVM校正模型的建立是以随机选取的20个大豆原油和75个掺伪油样组成校正集,以8个大豆原油和35个掺伪油样组成验证集,分别运用并比较四种核函数算法建立的大豆原油SVM分类模型,并采用网格搜索法(grid-search)优化模型的参数,以四种模型的分类性能作为评判标准。结果表明：应用线性核函数算法构建的SVM分类模型可以很好地完成掺伪大豆原油的判别,校正集识别准确率达到100%,预测结果的误判率为0,判别下限为2.5%。结果表明应用拉曼光谱结合化学计量学能够用于大豆原油掺伪的快速鉴别。拉曼光谱简便、快速、无损、几乎没有试剂消耗,适合现场检测,从而为大豆原油的掺伪分析提供了一种新的备选方法。     

近红外光谱的北方寒地土壤含水率预测模型研究

我国北方寒地温差大,土壤温差对近红外光谱测量土壤墒情有较大影响。针对这一问题,以北方寒地土壤为研究对象,探究大范围温度胁迫下（-20～40 ℃）土壤的近红外光谱与土壤不同含水率之间的关系预测模型方法。选取黑龙江八一农垦大学农学院试验基地中的黑土,经烘干、过筛等操作处理后配置含水率范围在15%～50%内八种不同湿度的土壤样品,建立北方寒地土壤大范围温度胁迫下土壤的近红外光谱信息与含水率之间的定量预测模型。在全波段光谱数据的基础上,结合五种不同光谱信号预处理方法,采用BP神经网络算法、优化支持向量机算法（SVM）、高斯过程算法（GP）三种智能算法建立北方寒地土壤近红外光谱与含水率的预测模型并验证模型的效果。利用69组数据进行训练建模, BP神经网络相关参数设置为学习速率0.05,最大训练次数设置为5 000,隐层单元数确定为20;SVM采用径向基函数,并利用leave-one-out cross validation确定了最佳惩罚参数为0.87,使模型预测的准确性提高;高斯过程算法内部采用马顿核。模型的定量评估采用决定系数(R2)和均方根误差（RMSE）。结果表明,在建立的全部BP神经网络模型中,效果最佳的为S_G-BP神经网络模型,模型的R2为0.960 9,RMSE为2.379 7;在SVM模型中SNV-SVM模型的效果最好,模型的R2为0.991 1,RMSE为1.081 5;在GP模型中S_G-GP模型的效果最好,模型的R2为0.928,RMSE为3.258 1,综上基于SNV预处理的SVM模型训练效果最优。利用剩余的35组光谱数据作为预测集验证模型性能,经模型对比分析发现基于SVM算法的预测模型效果优于其他两种算法,其中基于S_G的SVM模型效果最优,其预测模型的R2和差RMSE分别为0.992 1和0.736 9。综合建模集与预测集的参数最终确定基于S_G的SVM模型为最佳模型。此模型可以作为大范围温度胁迫条件下（寒地）的土壤含水率有效预测方法,为设计优化适宜寒地便携式近红外土壤含水率快速测量仪提供科学依据。     

Matching pursuit of an adaptive impulse dictionary for bearing fault diagnosis

The sparse decomposition based on matching pursuit is an adaptive sparse expression of the signals. An adaptive matching pursuit algorithm that uses an impulse dictionary is introduced in this article for rolling bearing vibration signal processing and fault diagnosis. First, a new dictionary model is established according to the characteristics and mechanism of rolling bearing faults. The new model incorporates the rotational speed of the bearing, the dimensions of the bearing and the bearing fault status, among other parameters. The model can simulate the impulse experienced by the bearing at different bearing fault levels. A simulation experiment suggests that a new impulse dictionary used in a matching pursuit algorithm combined with a genetic algorithm has a more accurate effect on bearing fault diagnosis than using a traditional impulse dictionary. However, those two methods have some weak points, namely, poor stability, rapidity and controllability. Each key parameter in the dictionary model and its influence on the analysis results are systematically studied, and the impulse location is determined as the primary model parameter. The adaptive impulse dictionary is established by changing characteristic parameters progressively. The dictionary built by this method has a lower redundancy and a higher relevance between each dictionary atom and the analyzed vibration signal. The matching pursuit algorithm of an adaptive impulse dictionary is adopted to analyze the simulated signals. The results indicate that the characteristic fault components could be accurately extracted from the noisy simulation fault signals by this algorithm, and the result exhibited a higher efficiency in addition to an improved stability, rapidity and controllability when compared with a matching pursuit approach that was based on a genetic algorithm. We experimentally analyze the early-stage fault signals and composite fault signals of the bearing. The results further demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the matching pursuit algorithm that uses the adaptive impulse dictionary. Finally, this algorithm is applied to the analysis of engineering data, and good results are achieved.     

近红外光谱结合化学计量学的常见中国蜂蜜掺杂糖浆鉴别

目前我国蜂蜜市场掺假现象严重,研究一种快速、准确的方法用于市场流通领域掺假蜂蜜的鉴别具有重要的现实意义。采用近红外光谱（NIR）结合化学计量学方法对常见的天然蜂蜜以及掺假（掺杂常见糖浆）蜂蜜进行建模识别,并比较偏最小二乘-判别分析（PLS-DA）及支持向量机（SVM）对糖浆掺假蜂蜜鉴别模型的影响。首先,采集来自中国10个省份、20种常见蜂蜜的112个天然纯蜂蜜样品,以及6种常见糖浆样品按不同糖浆含量（10%,20%,30%,40%,50%,60%）配制的112个掺假蜂蜜样品,共计224个样品;通过近红外光仪器扫描获得所有样品的近红外光谱数据（波长范围400~2 500 nm）;然后,分别采用一阶导数（FD)、二阶导数（SD）、多元散射校正（MSC)、标准正态变化(SNVT)四种方式对原始光谱进行预处理;再结合PLS-DA和SVM建立天然蜂蜜和糖浆掺假蜂蜜的鉴别模型,比较不同预处理方法对两种不同建模算法建立的蜂蜜掺假鉴别模型效果。其中SVM算法的惩罚参数c和核函数参数g通过网格搜索法（GS）、遗传算法（GA）、粒子群算法（PSO）三种寻优算法进行优化。分析结果表明：光谱数据进行预处理后所建立的模型准确率均有明显提升,而对于SVM模型,惩罚参数c和核函数参数g对模型准确率的提升效果要比光谱预处理带来的提升效果更明显。在PLS-DA算法中,经FD光谱预处理后建立的模型效果最好,最佳PLS-DA模型准确率为87.50%;在SVM算法中,经MSC预处理后,再通过GS寻优,获得惩罚参数c为3.0314,核函数参数g为0.3298的条件下所建立的模型效果最好,最佳SVM模型准确率为94.64%。由此可见,非线性的SVM算法结合NIR光谱数据所建立的天然蜂蜜与糖浆掺假蜂蜜鉴别模型要优于线性的PLS-DA模型,同时表明NIR光谱结合化学计量学方法对常见糖浆掺杂的中国蜂蜜鉴别是可行的。     

声纹的变压器放电与机械故障诊断研究

变压器中的一些放电和机械故障会产生异常声,可用于故障检测.据此,该文提出基于可听声的变压器放电和机械故障诊断方法.针对机械故障声与变压器本体噪声特征相似易混淆的问题,提出改进小波包-BP神经网络算法,与传统小波包-BP神经网络算法相比声音识别率提高了5.7％.为提高声音识别系统的泛化性,提出基于梅尔对数频谱和卷积神经网...     

基于可见光光谱分析的黄瓜白粉病识别研究

白粉病是黄瓜常见病害之一,传播速度极快,严重时可造成黄瓜大量减产,对其进行快速准确识别,对黄瓜白粉病诊断和防治具有重要意义,应用可见光谱技术,结合主成分分析和支持向量机算法,实现对黄瓜白粉病的快速识别。配制白粉病菌孢子悬浮液,并人工接种于科研温室内的黄瓜叶片上,以诱发黄瓜白粉病,待白粉病有一定面积暴发后,利用海洋光学USB2000+型便携式光谱仪对黄瓜叶片光谱信息进行采集,利用五点取样法采集样本,在5个检查点,每点选取2株黄瓜进行调查,每株选取4枚感病叶片,每枚叶片随机选取5个感病区域进行光谱采集,共计采集200个感病叶片光谱样本,同样采集200个健康叶片样本作为对照。通过Ocean Optics Spectra-Suite软件采集漫反射标准白板信息和光谱仪暗电流实现光谱仪校正,调节积分时间、扫描次数以及平滑度等参数来实现光谱曲线平滑处理,以有效抑制光谱噪声,对光谱特征进行分类识别,去掉首尾噪声较大的波段,保留光谱的可见光波段进行研究,最终选取450~780 nm波段范围作为研究对象。利用主成分分析对所研究波段范围内的高维光谱数据（947维）进行降维处理,根据主成分的累计贡献率,选取前5个主成分作为分类模型的输入,以白粉病和健康叶片的判别结果作为输出,利用支持向量机算法,通过对样本的分类学习训练构建黄瓜白粉病和健康叶片的分类识别模型,随机选取120个样本作为训练集用于分类模型构建,其余80个样本作为测试集用于模型检验,并通过选取不同的核函数来获得最优模型。利用混淆矩阵对分类识别模型的准确率进行评价,当选取径向基核函数时,分类识别模型对黄瓜健康叶片和白粉病叶片的识别准确率最高,分别为100%和96.25%,总准确率为98.125%,具有较高的准确率。结果表明,利用可见光光谱信息并结合主成分分析和支持向量机算法,可以实现对黄瓜白粉病的快速准确识别,为黄瓜病害诊断提供了方法和参考依据。     

Fault Diagnosis of a Wind Turbine Gearbox Based on Improved Variational Mode Algorithm and Information Entropy

The working environment of wind turbine gearboxes is complex, complicating the effective monitoring of their running state. In this paper, a new gearbox fault diagnosis method based on improved variational mode decomposition (IVMD), combined with time-shift multi-scale sample entropy (TSMSE) and a sparrow search algorithm-based support vector machine (SSA-SVM), is proposed. Firstly, a novel algorithm, IVMD, is presented for solving the problem where VMD parameters (K and α) need to be selected in advance, which mainly contains two steps: the maximum kurtosis index is employed to preliminarily determine a series of local optimal decomposition parameters (K and α), then from the local parameters, the global optimum parameters are selected based on the minimum energy loss coefficient (ELC). After decomposition by IVMD, the raw signal is divided into K intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), the optimal IMF(s) with abundant fault information is (are) chosen based on the minimum envelopment entropy criterion. Secondly, the time-shift technique is introduced to information entropy, the time-shift multi-scale sample entropy algorithm is applied for the analysis of the complexity of the chosen optimal IMF and extract fault feature vectors. Finally, the sparrow search algorithm, which takes the classification error rate of SVM as the fitness function, is used to adaptively optimize the SVM parameters. Next, the extracted TSMSEs are input into the SSA-SVM model as the feature vector to identify the gear signal types under different conditions. The simulation and experimental results confirm that the proposed method is feasible and superior in gearbox fault diagnosis when compared with other methods.     

基于变量优选和ELM算法的土壤含水量预测研究

土壤水分含量(SMC)的快速估测对干旱半干旱地区的精准农业发展具有重要的意义。以渭干河-库车河绿洲为靶区,采用小波变换(WT)对反射光谱进行1~8层小波分解,通过相关性分析确定最大分解层数,再通过竞争性自适应重加权(CRAS)、连续投影算法(SPA)和CARS-SPA耦合算法进行特征波长筛选。基于全波段构建BP神经网络模型和基于特征波长构建BP神经网络、支持向量机、随机森林和极限学习机模型,并进行对比分析。结果显示: (1)随着小波分解的进行,总体上L6在去噪的同时还尽可能的保留了光谱原始特征,为最大分解层;(2)小波变换和CARS-SPA算法的结合使其在建立模型时较为彻底的去除噪声和无信息变量,同时消除变量间的共线性; (3)在所有的SMC预测模型中,相对于BP神经网络、SVM,ELM和RF具有更好的预测能力,其中L6-CARS-SPA-ELM精度最高,其RMSEC=0.015 1,R2_c=0.916 6,RMSEP=0.014 2,R2_p=0.935 4,RPD=2.323 9。这体现出ELM预测模型对非线性问题的强解析能力和模型的稳健性,为该研究区SMC的预测提供新的思路。     

基于SA-WNN模型的水电机组故障诊断研究

针对水电机组振动故障征兆和故障类型的非线性特性及传统小波网络在故障诊断中的缺陷,设计了一种基于模拟退火算法的小波神经网络(SA-WNN)故障诊断模型。将SA-WNN诊断模型应用到水电机组四种典型故障,验证其可行性。实例结果表明,与传统小波网络相比,基于模拟退火算法优化的小波神经网络训练次数少,收敛精度高,为水电机组故障诊断提供了新途径。     

基于一维卷积神经网络和拉曼光谱的肺炎支原体菌株分类

肺炎支原体是造成人类呼吸系统疾病的主要原因.临床中,患者感染不同肺炎支原体症状极为相似,很难根据症状判别肺炎支原体类型并对症给药.因此,准确判别肺炎支原体菌株类型对于发病机理和疾病流行病学研究以及临床精准治疗具有重要意义.拉曼光谱具有快速、高效、无污染等优点,在生物医学领域逐渐得到越来越多研究者们的关注.一维卷积神经网...