石英增强光声光谱技术研究进展

石英增强光声光谱(QEPAS)技术是一种新颖的气体探测技术,具有体积小、灵敏度高等优点,是痕量气体检测技术的研究热点.本文对QEPAS技术的基本原理、发展历史及发展现状进行了综述,并对多种不同结构的QEPAS系统发展情况进行了介绍,最后对该技术的发展前景进行了展望.     

石英增强光声光谱技术研究进展

石英增强光声光谱（QEPAS）技术是一种新颖的气体探测技术,具有体积小、灵敏度高等优点,是痕量气体检测技术的研究热点。本文对QEPAS技术的基本原理、发展历史及发展现状进行了综述,并对多种不同结构的QEPAS系统发展情况进行了介绍,最后对该技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

干涉型全光学光声光谱气体传感技术研究进展

光声光谱技术作为一种超高灵敏度的气体检测技术,声波传感器作为核心部件直接影响着系统的体积和检测极限。传统光声光谱技术使用电容式麦克风作为声波探测单元,但该器件的电学特性易受到高温环境和电磁干扰影响。在全光学光声光谱系统中,利用光学声波传感器对光声信号进行探测,避免了电子探测元件的使用,具有环境适应性强、灵敏度高等优点,且系统中全光学的设计可以极大地减小光声传感单元的体积。综述了基于干涉型光学声波传感器的全光学光声光谱气体传感技术的研究进展,并展望了其未来的发展方向。     

光致热弹光谱气体检测技术研究进展

光致热弹光谱是一种基于石英音叉热弹效应的新型气体检测技术,具有成本低、体积小、灵敏度高及光谱响应范围宽等优点,是目前一种重要的痕量气体检测方法。本文首先分析了基于光致热弹光谱的气体浓度测量原理,其次,从提高检测系统灵敏度的各种技术方法角度出发,介绍了近年来开发的提高石英音叉热弹光谱系统检测灵敏度的技术方法,从信号幅值、信噪比、最小检出限和归一化噪声等效吸收系数等方面,对系统的性能改进提升效果进行评估。最后,简要评述了光致热弹光谱在现场气体检测中的应用研究进展,对进一步提高检测系统灵敏度的方法进行了总结与展望。     

光声光谱多组分气体检测技术研究进展

光声光谱气体检测技术是利用光声效应实现痕量气体检测的一项重要技术,具有高灵敏度、高选择性、零背景信号、可实时在线监测等优点,在环境监测、采矿冶金、能源电力、医疗卫生等领域发挥着至关重要的作用。考虑到气体检测应用环境的复杂性,实际的检测环境往往是多种组分气体同时存在且需要监测每种组分气体的含量,此时对多组分气体进行同时检测的技术就显得尤为重要。首先介绍了光声光谱气体检测技术的基本原理和特点,主要从光源和光声池的角度阐述了以光学复用方法为核心的光声光谱技术在多组分气体检测中的应用,并分析了石英增强光声光谱技术的特点及其在多组分气体检测中的应用,最后对光声光谱多组分气体检测技术的发展趋势进行了总结与展望。     

基于光纤光声传感的多组分痕量气体检测技术

为进一步提升多组分痕量气体检测灵敏度,设计了一套光纤光声传感系统。系统主要集成了2个近红外DFB激光器、近红外宽带光源、高速光谱模块、现场可编程逻辑门阵列信号采集与处理电路,具有激光调制控制、光声信号解调和数字锁相放大等功能。利用声学共振腔和干涉型光纤声波传感器对光声信号进行激发增强和探测增强,实现了乙炔和甲烷气体的高灵敏度检测。光纤声波传感器中以微机电系统悬臂梁作为声学敏感元件,设计了光纤法布里-珀罗干涉结构,将悬臂梁偏转位移转换为F-P腔长的变化。采用高分辨率光谱解调技术,实现了基于光纤F-P传感器的超高灵敏度光声信号检测。系统对乙炔和甲烷的检测极限分别达到2×10^-9和3×10^-9,归一化噪声等效吸收系数为8×10^-10cm^-1W Hz^-1/2。     

高浓度气体共振光声光谱信号饱和特性研究

采用恒流驱动耦合机械斩波技术在激光光声光谱装置上系统测量了5%—100%宽浓度范围甲烷气体的共振光声信号,发现在高浓度区共振光声信号呈现异常的饱和特征.基于气体吸收和光声光谱原理定量分析了光声信号饱和的主要原因及影响因素,研究表明,气体样本对入射光强吸收而导致的声源与本征共振模式的耦合系数改变是异常饱和的主要原因,并导出判定光声信号饱和深度的准则以用于判定高浓度气体饱和深度。     

基于石英增强光声光谱的气体传感技术研究进展

基于石英增强光声光谱(quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy,QEPAS)的气体传感技术具有系统体积小、成本低、环境适应性强等优点,是目前一种重要的光谱式痕量气体检测方法.探测灵敏度是传感器系统的重要指标,关系到能否满足实际应用,因此,本文从提高QEPAS传感系统灵敏度的角...     

全光型石英增强光声光谱

设计并演示了一种全光型石英增强光声光谱技术, 该技术在传统的石英增强光声光谱系统中增加了另一束探测光束, 把与气体浓度成正比的石英晶振振臂的振动幅值转化为探测光束的强度变化, 实现了探测气体处无电子元件的全光学系统. 如此的设计使该系统具有较强的抗电磁干扰能力和非常小的传感头体积, 能够用于探测空间受限或探测环境恶劣的情况下, 并实现远距离探测. 在这种配置下, 探测大气压下的水汽, 获得的噪声等效吸收系数为1.13×10^-6 cm^-1W/√Hz. 进一步讨论了优化系统和提升其探测灵敏度的途径. 关键词： 石英增强光声光谱 音叉式石英晶振 气体传感     

珐珀解调的石英增强光声光谱气体探测系统

提出一种珐珀解调,适用于开放环境的全光式石英增强光声光谱气体探测系统。基于石英增强光声光谱系统,采用法珀干涉解调代替传统的电解调方式,通过拾取石英音叉的叉指侧面与光纤端面之间形成的法珀腔的腔长变化解调得到被测气体的光声光谱信号。构建了实验系统,在开放环境中完成了对空气中水蒸气的探测实验,得到其归一化噪声等效吸收系数为2.80×10-7 cm-1.W.Hz-1/2。结果表明,该探测系统的探测灵敏度是传统石英增强光声光谱探测系统的2.6倍。该系统具有极强的抗电磁干扰能力、能够用于易燃易爆气体检测、适用于高温、高湿度等恶劣环境并实现远距离多点、组网探测。     

Recent advances on amphiphilic polymer-based fluorescence spectroscopic techniques for sensing and imaging

Abstract

Amphiphilic polymers (APs) characterized with excellent water solubility, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity have become popular materials for biological sensing and imaging in the recent years. Among the several sensing and imaging techniques, fluorescence-based methods show distinct advantages and present unique opportunities to address challenges afforded by other techniques. This review covers five different types of APs (amphiphilic-conjugated polymers, amphiphilic polysaccharides, amphiphilic molecularly imprinted polymers, amphiphilic block copolymers, and amphiphilic polymeric nanoparticles) and their application for fluorescence spectroscopic sensing and imaging, in particular how techniques have been progressed over recent years. Afterwards, the applications of APs in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, water safety and environmental monitoring has been discussed.     

Co-laser photoacoustic spectroscopy of gases and vapours for trace gas analysis

This comprehensive study reviews the sensitive and selective detection of trace gases by laser photoacoustic spectroscopy. A computer controlled CO-laser photoacoustic system is presented. The wavelength range between 5.0 and 6.5 μm is of great interest because it coincides with specific absorption bands of various gases and vapours of environmental concern. However, since water-vapour, which is present in most samples, absorbs rather strongly in this wavelength region, its contribution to the total absorption has to be determined with high accuracy. For this purpose, we developed a dual-beam setup with sample- and reference cell. The novel design of these resonant photoacoustic cells is based on a new matrix formalism with distributed acoustic impedances and sources.Our photoacoustic system is calibrated with certified gas mixtures and vapours. In total, the absorption cross sections of 18 gases and vapours have been derived for all CO-laser lines. In addition to the absorption, the relaxation time of vibrationally excited nitric oxide (NO) could be deduced by measuring the phase shift of the photoacoustic signal for a sample of nitrogen containing traces of NO and water-vapour.The main application concerns the detection of multiple components in gas mixtures, particularly in exhaust gases. The high sensitivity achieved permits the detection of trace gases at ppbv concentrations. The problem of interfering absorptions occurring for multicomponent mixtures is studied in detail. We discuss measurements and results on exhausts of various vehicles. The photoacoustic spectra of the exhaust samples are analyzed on the basis of the calibration spectra with the aid of an iterative mathematical procedure.The individual concentrations of 12 of the most important components including nitric oxide, olefines, aromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes could be derived. In particular, the selective detection of the different isomers of xylene is emphasized.     

Open-path measurement of ozone and methane gases using quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy

We demonstrate a standoff system based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy technique for the concentration measurements of atmospheric ozone and methane. The technique is a modified version of Photoacoustic spectroscopy. Two primary features of this technique are the employment of a tunable quantum cascade laser and a resonant quartz-crystal tuning fork detector. Both of these features facilitate simultaneous sensing of multiple molecular species. External-cavity quantum cascade laser having a spectral range from 7 to 10 micron is used. Diurnal concentration variations of methane and ozone are estimated for open-path up to 25 m. The ambient methane and ozone concentration maxima were observed to have values of 3.5 parts per million by volume and 140 parts per billion by volume, respectively. Finite-element mesh-based software is used to simulate the Eigen frequency of the tuning fork sensor. High-resolution transmission molecular spectroscopic database of atmospheric gases and the real-time gas concentration data from the Delhi Pollution Control Committee have been used as references.     

Recent advances in wavefront shaping techniques for biomedical applications

Due to the highly inhomogeneous distributions of refractive indexes, light propagation in complex media such as biological tissue experiences multiple light scattering events. The suppression and control of multiple light scattering events are investigated because they offer the possibility of optical focusing and imaging through biological tissues, and they may open new avenues for diagnosis and treatment of several human diseases. In order to provide insight into how new optical techniques can address the issues of multiple light scattering in biomedical applications, the recent progress in optical wavefront-shaping techniques is summarized.     

Infrared-laser photoacoustic spectroscopy

This paper reviews the applications of IR-laser photoacoustics to trace-gas monitoring as well as to spectroscopic studies on absorbing liquids.In the first part we present a stationary, dual-beam CO-laser and a mobile CO₂-laser photoacoustic system which have both been applied to the monitoring of various gaseous pollutants. Emphasis is put on selectivity, sensitivity and on temporal resolution. Novel cell designs and experimental techniques and an iterative procedure for the analysis of photoacoustic spectra of multicomponent mixtures are introduced. New results are presented for measurements on car and industrial exhausts as well as on ambient air.The second part is devoted to theoretical and experimental photoacoustic studies on strongly absorbing liquids, in particular on the investigation of different boundary conditions. A characteristic enhancement of the photoacoustic signal in the liquid is obtained if a liquid or solid surface layer is present. This new phenomenon permits the analysis of surface films with a thickness of ⩾ 1 μm. Furthermore, the photoacoustic in-situ monitoring of the polymerization process on a liquid surface is presented for the first time.     

Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy

A new approach to detecting a weak photoacoustic signal in a gas medium is described. Instead of a gas-filled resonant acoustic cavity, the sound energy is accumulated in a high- Q crystal element. Feasibility experiments utilizing a quartz-watch tuning fork demonstrate a sensitivity of 1.2x10(-7) cm(-1) W/ radicalHz . Potential further developments and applications of this technique are discussed.     

High-stability reference setup for photoacoustic spectroscopy

2 laser at 9.676 μm. Received: 2 December 1996/Revised version: 2 April 1997     

Effect of buffer gases on the performance of SO2 trace measurement based on photoacoustic spectroscopy

In this experimental work a laser photoacoustic spectrometer designed and fabricated. System sensitivity for detection of SO₂ and NO₂ was measured. Resonance frequency variation versus pressure increase of Nitrogen, Argon, Helium and Air buffer gases was studied. Results show that, sensitivity of system for SO₂ and NO₂ are 353 ppb and 963 ppb respectively. It was shown that resonance frequency for Nitrogen, Argon, and Air buffer gases was not noticeably varied by buffer gas pressure increasing, but for Helium, resonance frequency not only is not in range of three other gases, but also grows by pressure increasing. The system noises were damped preparing two buffer chambers.     

Recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy II

Following the first review on recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy, the present review summarizes papers mainly published in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy during 2007. This serves to give a fast overview of recent advances in this research field as well as to provide readers of this journal a quick introduction to the various subfields of Raman spectroscopy. It also reflects the current research interests of the Raman community. Similar reviews of highly active areas of Raman spectroscopy will appear in future issues of this journal. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.