混合导体透氧膜反应器

综述了混合导体透氧膜反应器中的催化反应.介绍了混合导体透氧膜的氧渗透原理、膜材料的结构、组成以及无机膜反应器的种类和优势.详细讨论了混合导体透氧膜反应器中的甲烷部分氧化反应以及用于该反应的膜材料的发展历程,总结了甲烷氧化偶联和乙烷氧化脱氢等膜反应器中的催化反应,以及混合导体透氧膜用于水分解和二氧化碳分解等受热力学平衡限制的反应.     

混合导体透氧膜反应器中水分解反应研究进展

混合导体透氧膜反应器可以将供氧反应、氧分离和耗氧反应耦合在一个单元,实现反应和分离一体化,简化化工过程.水分解反应参与的混合导体透氧膜反应器能够实现氢气的制备和分离,近年来受到越来越多的关注.这篇文章综述了混合导体透氧膜反应器中水分解反应领域的研究进展,总结了包括膜材料、催化剂、操作条件等对透氧膜反应器中水分解反应的影...     

铁掺杂浓度对Ba0.5Sr0.5CoxFe1-xO3-δ混合导体膜性质的影响

用湿化学法合成了Ba0.5Sr0.5CoxFe1-xO3-δ系列混合导体透氧膜材料,并用XRD,O2-TPD,H2-TPR和透氧测定等手段考察了铁离子掺杂浓度对导体膜相结构及其稳定性、氧脱附性能和透氧能力等的影响.在氧浓度为2.13×104～0.1 Pa的范围内,x=0.2～0.8时材料保持为立方钙钛矿结构.铁含量的增加有利于材料钙钛矿结构在低温的稳定化,并提高了材料的热化学稳定性.然而,导体膜的透氧量却随着铁含量的增加而减小.这可能是由于导体膜表面的氧交换动力学过程在透氧速率控制步骤中的分量随铁含量的增加而变大之故.     

铁掺杂浓度对Bao.5Sr0.5CoxFe1-xO3-δ混合导体膜性质的影响

用湿化学法合成了Ba0.5Sr0.5CoxFe1-xO3-δ系列混合导体透氧膜材料,并用XRD,O2-TPD,H2-TPR和透氧测定等手段考察了铁离子掺杂浓度对导体膜相结构及其稳定性、氧脱附性能和透氧能力等的影响.在氧浓度为2.13×104～0.1 Pa的范围内,x=0.2～0.8时材料保持为立方钙钛矿结构.铁含量的增加有利于材料钙钛矿结构在低温的稳定化,并提高了材料的热化学稳定性.然而,导体膜的透氧量却随着铁含量的增加而减小.这可能是由于导体膜表面的氧交换动力学过程在透氧速率控制步骤中的分量随铁含量的增加而变大之故.     

Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ透氧膜反应器在丙烷氧化脱氢反应中的应用

工业上一般采用丙烷热裂解脱氢反应生产丙烯. 该反应通常在高温(＞700 ℃)下进行,催化剂容易积碳. 而且,由于反应受到热力学平衡的限制,丙烯的选择性也不很高. 近年来,以廉价空气和丙烷为原料的丙烷氧化脱氢(PODH)反应为丙烯的生产提供了另外一条途径,且已引起广泛的关注. 在PODH反应中,一般认为晶格氧(O2-)参与丙烷的选择氧化,而其它氧物种(O-,O-2等)导致丙烷的完全氧化[1]. 钙钛矿结构的混合导体透氧膜是同时具有氧离子导电性和电子导电性的一类材料. 在高温下,当膜两侧存在氧浓度梯度时,氧以氧离子的形式通过氧缺陷进行传导,同时以电子的反向传输来完成传输回路[2]. 这种透氧机理使得混合导体透氧膜在理论上对烷烃氧化反应具有一定的催化活性. 作为膜反应器材料,这类混合导体透氧膜已成功地应用于甲烷部分氧化(POM)反应[3]. 但迄今为止,还没有文献报道这种膜反应器在PODH反应中的应用. 组成为Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ的钙钛矿膜材料是本研究组开发的一类具有高透氧量、高稳定性的新型透氧膜材料. 本文尝试将该材料制备的膜反应器用于PODH反应,同时研究了PODH反应对膜透氧量的影响.     

铁掺杂浓度对Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)Co_xFe(1-x)O(3-δ)混合导体膜性质的影响

用湿化学法合成了Ba0 .5Sr0 .5CoxFe1 xO3 δ系列混合导体透氧膜材料 ,并用XRD ,O2 TPD ,H2 TPR和透氧测定等手段考察了铁离子掺杂浓度对导体膜相结构及其稳定性、氧脱附性能和透氧能力等的影响 .在氧浓度为 2 .13× 10 4 ～ 0 .1Pa的范围内 ,x =0 .2～ 0 .8时材料保持为立方钙钛矿结构 .铁含量的增加有利于材料钙钛矿结构在低温的稳定化 ,并提高了材料的热化学稳定性 .然而 ,导体膜的透氧量却随着铁含量的增加而减小 .这可能是由于导体膜表面的氧交换动力学过程在透氧速率控制步骤中的分量随铁含量的增加而变大之故     

Ba,Fe掺杂La-Co-O系列混合导电型透氧膜研究

采用改进的Ｐｅｃｈｉｎｉ法合成了Ｌａ（Ｂａ）Ｃｏ（Ｆｅ）Ｏ３－δ系列透氧膜材料,考察了Ｂａ和Ｆｅ掺和量对材料的结构、氧脱附性能及透氧性能等的影响的提高;Ｆｅ的引入使材料在较高Ｂａ掺杂量时也能保持稳定的钙钛矿结构,同时使材料的密封性能较好,稳定操作时间加长,氧在低温区的脱附量增大。     

两步热化学分解水制氢用氧交换材料

氧交换材料是一种能够在惰性或还原气氛中快速释氧,而在弱氧化气氛下(如水蒸气)恢复氧的储氧材料。基于氧交换材料的太阳能热化学分解水制氢技术可实现太阳能向氢能的高效转化。该技术利用太阳能提供热量使氧交换材料高温释氧或被还原性气体还原,而后与水发生氧化反应生成纯氢。将氧交换材料制成透氧膜,在膜的两侧发生材料的释氧和氧恢复,同时实现纯氢的连续制备。本文详细论述了铁基氧化物、钙钛矿氧化物、镍基氧化物、铈基氧化物、无机透氧膜等氧交换材料的研究成果,重点介绍了基于不同反应体系氧交换材料的应用情况,并就提高铁基氧化物、钙钛矿氧化物等典型氧交换材料反应活性与循环稳定性的可能路径,构建高效透氧膜反应器的难点与发展方向等主要问题进行了探讨与展望。     

混合导电型陶瓷透氧膜材料的化学稳定性

考察了Sr-Co -Fe -O系列和Bi-Sr-Fe -O系列混合导电型无机透氧膜材料在氧分压小于 1.0 13Pa的气氛中 ,在 850℃和 950℃高温下加热 2 4～ 10 0h前后结构的变化。发现Bi -Sr -Fe-O系列透氧膜材料具有良好的化学稳定型 ,可以用于还原气氛下的催化反应。     

新型混合导体透氧膜的制备及其在甲烷转化反应中的应用

用EDTA 柠檬酸联合络合法合成了新型混合导体透氧膜材料 ,成功地制备了致密膜片并对其透氧性能进行了考察 .结果发现 ,此新材料具有非常大的透氧能力 ,850℃时在膜一端为干燥的流动空气而另一端为流动的氦气下 ,透氧量高达 0 744μmol/(cm2 ·s) .考察了膜片本身对甲烷的活化性能 ,发现导体膜对甲烷氧化偶联具有催化活性 ,随着甲烷流速的增加 ,甲烷转化率降低 ,而C2 选择性升高 .研究了膜反应器中甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应 ,甲烷转化率约为 90 % ,CO选择性约为 98% ,CO/H2 比约为 2 ;同时 ,膜的透氧量急剧增加到约 6 0 1 μmol/(cm2 ·s) ,这归结于膜反应侧氧分压的急剧降低 .     

Oxygen permeation study in a tubular Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ oxygen permeable membrane

Dense tubular Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ (BSCFO) membranes were successfully prepared by the plastic extrusion method. The oxygen permeation flux was determined at different oxygen partial pressures in the shell side and different temperatures between 700 and 900 °C. The oxygen vacancy diffusion coefficients (D_v) at different temperatures were calculated from the dependence of oxygen permeation flux on the oxygen partial pressure term based on the surface current exchange model. No unsteady-state of oxygen permeation flux was observed at the initial stage in our experiments. The reason is the equilibrium time is too short (less than 10 min) to observe the unsteady-state in time. The increase of the helium flow rate can increase the oxygen permeation flux, which is due to the decrease of the oxygen partial pressure in the tube side with increasing of the helium flow rate. The oxygen permeation flux can also be affected by the air flow rate in the shell side when the air flow rate is lower than 150 ml/min. But the oxygen permeation flux is insensitive to the air flow rate when the air flow is higher than 150 ml/min. The membrane tube was operated steadily for 150 h with oxygen permeation flux of 1.12 ml/(cm² min) at 875 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that both the surface exposed to air and the surface exposed to helium of the BSCFO membrane tube after permeation for 150 h are similar to the fresh membrane tube in composition and structure. These results indicated that the membrane tube exhibits high structure stability.     

Activation in the initial stage of oxygen permeation in SrCo0.9Ta0.1O3-δ

Mixed conducting perovskite oxide SrCo_0.9Ta_0.1O_3-δ（SCT） is synthesized by solid-state reaction method.The activation in the initial stage of oxygen permeation through the SCT membrane is investigated.The results show that the activation in the initial stage of oxygen permeation has activate-memory,the first activation can only help to reduce active time of the next cycles,but it is helpless to increase the final oxygen permeation flux.XRD characterization shows that the imperfect perovskite phase structure is gradually improved and the crystal lattice has made some self-adjustment under the permeation conditions,therefore,the oxygen permeation flux of SCT disk membrane increases gradually and till it reaches a steady state.     

CO氧化反应耦合下SrFe1.125Co0.375Oy的氧渗透行为

报道SrFe1.125Co0.375Oy致密陶瓷膜在高氧梯度下的氧渗透行为。将膜的一端置于空气中,另一端引入CO,通过CO的氧化反应降低氧分压,增大膜两端的氧分压梯度。研究发现：900℃时氧渗透率高达16.0×10-7mol/cm2s。在850℃以上,氧渗透率与温度的依赖关系不显著,而氧渗透量与CO分压成线形关系,并且与膜的厚度变化基本无关。这表明在该膜材料的氧渗透过程是受表面反应控制的。     

Facilitated Transport of Molecular Oxygen in Membranes of Macromolecular Cobalt-Porphyrin Complex: Modification of Dual-Mode Transport Model

Transport of molecular oxygen is facilitated in poly(butyl methacrylate) membranes containing the cobalt(II)-α,α′,α″,α′″-meso-tetrakis(o-pivalamidophenyl)porphyrin-1-methylimidazole (CoPIm) complex which forms oxygen adduct rapidly and reversibly. The facilitated transport of oxygen is studied by modifying a dual-mode transport model for gas permeation. The diffusion coefficient of oxygen via the fixed CoPIm complexes (Langmuir mode) is assumed to depend on oxygen concentration, and the modified dual-mode transport equation is described for the permeation steady state. The modified equation represents the effect of upstream oxygen pressure on the permeability. The oxygen permeation behavior through the macromolecular-metal complex membrane is discussed.     

Influence of grain size on the oxygen permeation performance of perovskite-type (Ba0.5Sr0.5)(Fe0.8Zn0.2)O3−δ membranes

The effect of grain size distribution in perovskite-type (Ba_0.5Sr_0.5)(Fe_0.8Zn_0.2)O_3−δ (BSFZ) ceramics on their oxygen permeation behaviour has been investigated by variation of calcination temperature in powder production and sintering time for the ceramics. The membranes were examined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and oxygen permeation experiments. We found that the dwell time during sintering has an important influence on the microstructure of the ceramic. The longer the dwell time, the further proceeds the grain coarsening, which affects the oxygen permeation in a positive way and leads to an enhanced permeation. Supplementary, decreasing calcination temperature in perovskite powder synthesis delivers fine powders with grain sizes less than one micrometer and thus smaller grains in the ceramic. Unfortunately, the grain size distribution in sintered membranes is not constant through membrane cross-sections since grains in the bulk are smaller compared to those at the surface which is not favorable for the oxygen permeation of the ceramics. The activation energy was determined to be in the range of 51–53 kJ/mol and its variation does not exhibit a dependence of grain size changes. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy proved that grain boundaries are atomically thin without any interfacial phases. We come to the conclusion that the transport rate of the oxygen permeation is limited predominantly by bulk diffusion and due to the fact that grain boundaries in BSFZ act as barriers for bulk diffusion, this material is a high mobility material.     

Novel dual-phase membranes for CO2 capture via an oxyfuel route

Ceria-based dual-phase membranes showing high oxygen permeation fluxes and stability under a CO(2) environment are promising materials for CO(2) capture via an oxyfuel route. The high oxygen permeation fluxes compared with other dual-phase membranes are derived from the mixed conducting properties of the perovskite oxides used in the dual-phase membranes.     

Estimation of oxygen ionic conductivity in nickel-zirconia composite by oxygen permeation method

The oxygen transport in the nickel-zirconia composite was investigated using the oxygen permeation method. A disk-shaped sample made of nickel (40 vol%) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was used to construct a permeation cell. By exposing one side of the sample to a CO₂ gas stream and the other side to a CO stream at elevated temperatures, oxide ions were extracted from CO₂ and transported to the other side to oxidize CO. The oxygen permeation flux through the composite was determined by analyzing the effluent from the permeation cell, and the oxygen ionic conductivity of the composite was derived from the permeation data and the oxygen partial pressures. It was shown that the oxygen ionic conductivity of the composite YSZ fraction was about one third of that for the single-phase zirconia ceramic, and the activation energy associated with the transport of oxide ions in the composite is somewhat greater than that of the single-phase zirconia.     

Experimental and modeling study of oxygen permeation modes for asymmetric mixed-conducting membranes

An asymmetric mixed-conducting membrane consists of a thin dense layer and a porous support, and its application has drawn considerable attention, because it is expected to have a more promising potential in the practical application compared with the symmetric membrane. However, with the introduction of support in the asymmetric membrane, two possible permeation modes are produced. One mode is that oxygen permeates from the support to the thin dense layer (designated as SD mode). The other is in the direction from the thin dense layer to the support (designated as DS mode). Thus, from the viewpoint of choosing an appropriate oxygen permeation mode to make better use of the membrane, it is necessary to study the oxygen flux in these two modes. In this paper, their effects on the oxygen flux of asymmetric membranes were investigated from the experiment and the model. The modeling results showed a good agreement with the experimental data. Our study demonstrates that when the asymmetric membrane adopts the SD mode, it is beneficial for the membrane to obtain higher oxygen permeation flux.     

Mixed conductivity, nonstoichiometric oxygen, and oxygen permeation properties in Co-Doped Sr3Ti2O(7-δ)

Electrical conductivity and oxygen permeation rates in Co-doped Sr(3)Ti(2)O(7-δ) with Ruddesden-Popper type structures were investigated. The effects of metal dopants (M) in the Ti site of Sr(3)Ti(2)(M)O(7-δ) on the mixed conductivity were also studied. Doping of Sr(3)Ti(2)O(7-δ) with Co was found to be effective for improving the electrical conductivity as well as the oxygen permeation rate, which could be assigned to the increased oxygen vacancy concentration by doping Co(3+) into Ti(4+) sites. The nonstoichiometric oxygen of these oxides was measured by using a thermal gravimetric method. The creation of oxygen vacancies, which is compensated with Co(3+) doping, leads to higher oxide ion conductivity. The oxygen permeation rate monotonously increased with increasing amounts of Co in the Ti site. Sr(3)Ti(0.8)Co(1.2)O(7-δ) exhibited high oxide ion conductivity and a large oxygen permeation rate. The highest oxygen permeation rate achieved a value of 2.02 cc min(-1) cm(-2) at 1273 K for Sr(3)Ti(0.8)Co(1.2)O(7-δ). Neutron diffraction analysis and redox titration suggests that the oxygen diffusion occurs through oxygen vacancies in the perovskite block, but not through excess oxygen in the rock salt block.     

Effect of carrier concentration on the facilitated oxygen transport in a polymer membrane

Facilitated transport of oxygen in a solid Polymer membrane containing cobaltporphyrin (CoP) which carries oxygen specifically and reversibly, leads to permselectivity of oxygen against nitrogen in the membrane. The increase in concentration of the CoP carrier is expected to enhance the oxygen transport. The membranes of poly(octylmethacrylate-co-vinylimidazole) containing 0.8 ～ 10 wt% CoP were prepared, and the effects of the CoP-concentration on the transport and the diffusion constants of oxygen are studied. Although the induction period before the steady state of oxygen permeation was prolonged with the CoP concentration in the polymer membrane, the glass transition temperature (T_g) of the membrane was increased and the diffusion constants of oxygen were decreased with the CoP concentration to yield unexpected reduction of the oxygen permeation in the highly CoP loaded membrane.