A tool for real-time acoustic species identification of delphinid whistles

The ability to identify delphinid vocalizations to species in real-time would be an asset during shipboard surveys. An automated system, Real-time Odontocete Call Classification Algorithm (ROCCA), is being developed to allow real-time acoustic species identification in the field. This Matlab-based tool automatically extracts ten variables (beginning, end, minimum and maximum frequencies, duration, slope of the beginning and end sweep, number of inflection points, number of steps, and presence/absence of harmonics) from whistles selected from a real-time scrolling spectrograph (ISHMAEL). It uses classification and regression tree analysis (CART) and discriminant function analysis (DFA) to identify whistles to species. Schools are classified based on running tallies of individual whistle classifications. Overall, 46% of schools were correctly classified for seven species and one genus (Tursiops truncatus, Stenella attenuata, S. longirostris, S. coeruleoalba, Steno bredanensis, Delphinus species, Pseudorca crassidens, and Globicephala macrorhynchus), with correct classification as high as 80% for some species. If classification success can be increased, this tool will provide a method for identifying schools that are difficult to approach and observe, will allow species distribution data to be collected when visual efforts are compromised, and will reduce the time necessary for post-cruise data analysis.     

强电磁脉冲的有效带宽、测量带宽及来自上升时间的影响

 从能量分布和测量有效性的观点出发,提出了强电磁脉冲的能量有效带宽和动态范围有效带宽的概念。针对IEC61000－4－4,MIL－STD－464,IEC61000－4－2,IEC61312－1等标准规定的核电磁脉冲(NEMP)、雷电电磁脉冲(LEMP)、静电放电电磁脉冲(ESDEMP)等强电磁脉冲,分别计算了它们的能量有效带宽和动态范围有效带宽。通过分析,得知在一定的范围内,上述强电磁脉冲上升时间的变化对两种有效带宽的影响并不明显,在此基础上,确定了它们的测量带宽。计算结果为NEMP,ESD EMP及LEMP的60 dB有效带宽分别是371,786,1 233 MHz与96 kHz;99%能量有效带宽分别是46,95,183 MHz与15 kHz;不失真测量所需的带宽分别是152,307,916 MHz和95 kHz。     

反射式全息滤光片的带宽和考虑记录介质吸收后的衍射效率

用重铬酸盐明胶底片可制成反射式全息滤光片,本文导出了这种滤光片的带宽理论公式,在修改的耦合波理论的基础上,导出了与记录全息过程中吸收系数有关的峰值衍射效率公式,由此,提出了对这种滤光片的制造和使用的建议.     

The effect of conductor loss on half-wave voltage and modulation bandwidth of electro-optic modulators

In this paper, we theoretically deduce the expressions of half-wave voltage and 3-dB modulation bandwidth in which conductor loss is taken into account. The results suggest that it will affect the theoretical values of half-wave voltage and bandwidth as well as the optimized electrode's dimension whether considering the conductor loss or not. As an example, we present a Mach-Zehnder (MZ) type polymer waveguide amplitude modulator. The half-wave voltage increases by 1 V and the 3-dB bandwidth decreases by 30% when the conductor loss is taken into account. Besides, the effects of impedance mismatching and velocity mismatching between microwave and light wave on the half-wave voltage, and 3-dB bandwidth are discussed.     

声悬浮对超声减摩的影响

考虑了大气中的声悬浮效应,建立起摩擦付的动力学模型。用该模型计算了声悬浮对超声振动减摩的影响。并用已有的实验装置,分别在真空和大气条件下检测了声悬浮对摩擦付间相对接触时间的影响。理论和实验均证明当摩擦付间的预压力较小时,声悬浮的影响是不可忽视的。     

HDP-HSMM的磨削声发射砂轮钝化状态识别*

在高精度金属材料磨削加工中,刀具即砂轮的状态对加工效率和加工质量具有重要的影响。钝化程度较高的砂轮不适于加工精密工件,需提前预警并修整更换砂轮。该文提出一种通过磨削声发射信号来检测砂轮钝化状态的方法。首先,对于采集到的信号进行小波软阈值降噪。然后,将其分割成多个有重叠的帧,并提取每帧信号的8个特征组成声发射数据集。最后,通过分层Dirichlet过程-隐半马尔可夫模型来建立声发射数据集和不同的砂轮钝化状态之间的非线性关系,旨在识别砂轮钝化状态。结果表明,上述检测方法能有效识别砂轮的不同钝化状态并能对整个加工过程中的砂轮钝化程度进行自动划分,其在测试数据集上的准确率达到93.7%,可以为实际工业应用提供理论指导。     

The acoustic bases for gender identification from children's voices.

The purpose of this study was to examine the acoustic characteristics of children's speech and voices that account for listeners' ability to identify gender. In Experiment I, vocal recordings and gross physical measurements of 4-, 8-, 12-, and 16-year olds were taken (10 girls and 10 boys per age group). The speech sample consisted of seven nondiphthongal vowels of American English (/ae/ "had," /E/ "head," /i/ "heed," /I/ "hid," /a/ "hod," /inverted v/ "hud," and /u/ "who'd") produced in the carrier phrase, "Say /hVd/ again." Fundamental frequency (f0) and formant frequencies (F1, F2, F3) were measured from these syllables. In Experiment II, 20 adults rated the syllables produced by the children in Experiment I based on a six-point gender rating scale. The results from these experiments indicate (1) vowel formant frequencies differentiate gender for children as young as four years of age, while formant frequencies and f0 differentiate gender after 12 years of age, (2) the relationship between gross measures of physical size and vocal characteristics is apparent for at least 12- and 16-year olds, and (3) listeners can identify gender from the speech and voice of children as young as four years of age, and with respect to young children, listeners appear to base their gender ratings on vowel formant frequencies. The findings are discussed in relation to the development of gender identity and its perceptual representation in speech and voice.     

The effect of turbulence damping on acoustic wave propagation in tubes

The attenuation of sound due to the interaction between a low Mach number turbulent boundary layer and acoustic waves can be significant at low frequencies or in narrow tubes. In a recent publication by the present authors the acoustics of charge air coolers for passenger cars has been identified as an interesting application where turbulence attenuation can be of importance. Favourable low-frequency damping has been observed that could be used for control of the in-duct sound that is created by the engine gas exchange process. Analytical frequency-dependent models for the eddy viscosity that controls the momentum and thermal boundary layers are available but are restricted to thin acoustic boundary layers. For cases with cross-sections of a few millimetres a model based on thin acoustic boundary layers will not be applicable in the frequency range of interest.In the present paper a frequency-dependent axis-symmetric numerical model for interaction between turbulence and acoustic waves is proposed. A finite element scheme is used to formulate the time harmonic linearized convective equations for conservation of mass, momentum and energy into one coupled system of equations. The turbulence is introduced with a linear model for the eddy viscosity that is added to the shear viscosity. The proposed model is validated by comparison with experimental data from the literature.     

The effect of intertalker speech rate variation on acoustic vowel space

The present study aimed to examine the size of the acoustic vowel space in talkers who had previously been identified as having slow and fast habitual speaking rates [Tsao, Y.-C. and Weismer, G. (1997) J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 40, 858-866]. Within talkers, it is fairly well known that faster speaking rates result in a compression of the vowel space relative to that measured for slower rates, so the current study was completed to determine if the same differences in the size of the vowel space occur across talkers who differ significantly in their habitual speaking rates. Results indicated that there was no difference in the average size of the vowel space for slow vs fast talkers, and no relationship across talkers between vowel duration and formant frequencies. One difference between the slow and fast talkers was in intertalker variability of the vowel spaces, which was clearly greater for the slow talkers, for both speaker sexes. Results are discussed relative to theories of speech production and vowel normalization in speech perception.     

主动噪声控制声学通道的实验辨识

传统的自适应滤波器不能直接用于主动噪声控制，因为扬声器和误差传声器之间的声学通道可能使系统不稳定。本文根据声学通道的相应特性，建立补偿滤波器，提出了用实验方法辨识声学通道传输特性。在房间实验中研究了单通道相位因子的变化特性，并进一步用于飞机人多通道主动噪声控制，给出了相应的实验结果。     

Wood species identification using stress-wave analysis in the audible range

Stress-wave analysis is a powerful and flexible technique to study mechanical properties of many materials. We present a simple technique to obtain information about the species of wood samples using stress-wave sounds in the audible range generated by collision with a small pendulum. Stress-wave analysis has been used for flaw detection and quality control for decades, but its use for material identification and classification is less cited in the literature. Accurate wood species identification is a time consuming task for highly trained human experts. For this reason, the development of cost effective techniques for automatic wood classification is a desirable goal. Our proposed approach is fully non-invasive and non-destructive, reducing significantly the cost and complexity of the identification and classification process.     

基于高阶统计的水声信道盲辨识

本文给出了基于ARMA模型的水下通信系统模型,将一种基于三阶统计的算法应用到水声信道盲辨识领域,在不需要训练序列的条件下估计得到信道传输函数。与基于二阶统计特性方法相比,该算法具有较强的抗噪性,更适合信噪比低于12dB条件下水声信道的辨识。通过对水声信道盲辨识的计算机仿真,验证了该算法具有较高的辨识精度。     

Comparison of sonochemiluminescence images using image analysis techniques and identification of acoustic pressure fields via simulation

One common method to determine the existence of cavitational activity in power ultrasonics systems is by capturing images of sonoluminescence (SL) or sonochemiluminescence (SCL) in a dark environment. Conventionally, the light emitted from SL or SCL was detected based on the number of photons. Though this method is effective, it could not identify the sonochemical zones of an ultrasonic systems. SL/SCL images, on the other hand, enable identification of ‘active’ sonochemical zones. However, these images often provide just qualitative data as the harvesting of light intensity data from the images is tedious and require high resolution images. In this work, we propose a new image analysis technique using pseudo-colouring images to quantify the SCL zones based on the intensities of the SCL images and followed by comparison of the active SCL zones with COMSOL simulated acoustic pressure zones.     

Simulation of quantum-well slipping effect on optical bandwidth in transistor laser

An optical bandwidth analysis of a quantum-well （16 nm） transistor laser with 150-μm cavity length using a charge control model is reported in order to modify the quantum-well location through the base region. At constant bias current, the simulation shows significant enhancement in optical bandwidth due to moving the quantum well in the direction of collector-base junction. No remarkable resonance peak, limiting factor in laser diodes, is observed during this modification in transistor laser structure. The method can be utilized for transistor laser structure design.     

冲击阻尼板的尺寸辨识与声线索提取

针对冲击板的物理属性辨识问题,研究了尺寸辨识的恒定声线索提取及其在听觉感知中所起的作用。设计并完成了三组主观评价实验,实验1分析了录音和合成声作为声刺激对尺寸辨识的影响。实验2和实验3分别针对铝板和木板的冲击声,通过不相似主观评价实验获得尺寸辨识的感知空间和对应力学空间维度,计算了不同声特征的信息精确度。最后,对比实验2和实验3的结果给出了尺寸辨识的恒定声线索,根据声线索与感知结果的相关性分析了听者的尺寸感知策略。结果表明,听者利用录音和合成声均获得了较好的尺寸辨识结果,且听者趋向于利用与尺寸有关的恒定声线索来完成感知任务,而忽略那些容易受其他声源属性影响的声信息。     

储罐底板声源辨识及定位方法研究

储罐底板腐蚀是多声源问题,即在不同位置的腐蚀源可能同时发射应力波。这些声源信号有时会重叠被传感器接收,从而影响定位的可靠性。为此本文基于平面声发射源能量定位方法的基本理论,进行了模拟储罐底板定位实验,提出了能量定位系数的修正方法。同时通过对实验数据分析,发现快速独立分量分析(FastICA)方法可以将同种声源混合信号进行有效分离,并且基本保持原有波形特征,相干系数法可以实现对分离后的同源信号进行聚类,进而应用改进能量定位方法对声发射源进行定位,从而对声源辨识,判断事件集中度提供依据。