Theory of Electrorotation of Clustered Colloidal Particles

When a colloidal suspension is exposed to a strong rotating electric field, an aggregation of the suspended particles is induced to appear. In such clusters, the separation between the suspended particles is so close that one could not neglect the multiple image effect on the electrorotation (ER) spectrum. Since so far the exact multiple image method exists in two dimensions only, rather than in three dimensions, we investigate the ER spectrum of the clustered colloidal particles in two dimensions, in which many cylindrical particles are randomly distributed in a sheet cluster. We report the dependence of the ER spectrum on the material parameters. It is shown that the multiple image method predicts two characteristic frequencies, at which the rotation speed reaches maximum. To this end, the multiple image method is numerically demonstrated to be in good agreement with the known Maxwell-Garnett approximation.     

Size and Shape Prediction of Colloidal Metal Oxide MgBaFeO Particles from Light Scattering Measurements

The size and structure of colloidal metal oxide (MgBaFeO) particles are determined using an Elliptically Polarized Light Scattering (EPLS) technique. The approach is based on a hybrid experimental/theoretical study where the experimental data are compared against predictions obtained using a T-Matrix model that accounts for particle shape irregularities. A power-law distribution function with two parameters is employed to account for the particle size distribution. The refractive index of the particles in ethyl alcohol is calculated based on the Maxwell-Garnet formula. The experiments are conducted using a second-generation nephelometer. It is shown that the current EPLS measurements can effectively be used for identification of both the shape and the size of the colloids.     

Facile Fabrication of Anisotropic Colloidal Particles with Controlled Shapes and Shape Dependence of Their Elastic Properties

A facile technique with only one step for fabrication of anisotropic colloidal particles at the air/water interface is demonstrated. Anisotropic colloidal particles with controlled shapes can be easily obtained by tuning the incubation time in solvent vapor at room temperature. The formation of separate anisotropic particles is attributed to the lateral stretch on the particles by the interfacial forces and repulsion among the neighboring particles by the generation of the polymer solution flows. To further explain the proposed formation mechanism of the colloidal particles with shape anisotropy, an in situ experiment is designed for direct observation of the arrangement change of the colloidal particles. This fabrication technique is general and applicable to polymer colloidal particles with various initial sizes ranging from microscale to nanoscale. Moreover, the elastic properties of the anisotropic colloidal particles are measured which exhibit a prominent change with different shapes and the change trend of the elastic moduli is similar for particles with different original sizes. This work provides a versatile approach for fabrication of anisotropic colloidal particles with tunable shapes and sizes and establishes the interplay between particle shape and elastic property, which is much valuable for further research on the effect of particle parameters on drug delivery process.     

Autoradiography of Light Elements in Austenite Steels tested in Liquid Metals

The multielement autoradiography has been used to investigate the redistribution of boron, carbon, oxygen, sodium and phosphorus in an austenitic chromium-nickel steel exposed to a flow of sodium. Under all experimental conditions, the steel samples became impoverished with respect to boron, carbon and phosphorus and this phenomenon became more pronounced with the increases in both the temperature from 923 to 1073 K and the time of the experiment from 500 to 8000 h. The sodium and oxygen penetration of the steel was intercrystalline by character, oxygen being approximately 10 μm ahead of sodium. The redistribution of boron and carbon in the steel samples with and without boron has been investigated after the exposure to lithium and data of the steel penetration by lithium have been obtained. Lithium penetration followed the grain boundaries of steel.     

Properties of Graphene/Waterborne Polyurethane Nanocomposites Cast from Colloidal Dispersion Mixtures

Nanocomposites of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) reinforced with functionalized graphene sheets (FGSs) were effectively prepared by casting from a colloidal dispersion of FGS and WPU, and the morphology and physical properties were examined. The finer aqueous FGS dispersions or WPU with smaller particles yielded nanocomposites with enhanced electrical conductivity and thermal resistance due to finely dispersed FGS. The FGS nucleated the crystallization of the polycaprolactone (PCL) segments in WPU and improved its modulus. However, FGS inhibited crystal growth and deteriorated the tensile properties at high deformation, i.e., tensile strength and elongation at break, because the interaction between FGS and WPU hindered the chain rearrangement of WPU in the nanocomposite.     

二氧化钛胶体及其自组装薄膜的光谱分析

水解钛酸四丁酯制备了二氧化钛胶体;采用静电自组装技术制备了聚电解质与二氧化钛胶体的复合薄膜;采用吸收光谱和荧光光谱对二氧化钛胶体及其复合薄膜进行了表征。吸收光谱显示,胶体的吸收带边蓝移,显示出量子尺寸效应,胶体的荧光光谱出现了多个发光带,最短发光波长位于371nm,发光主要集中在蓝光区域内;在252nm光源激发下。复合薄膜的发射谱带具有二氧化钛水溶胶的发射谱带的特征,荧光发射主要来源于二氧化钛,聚电解质的引入对复合薄膜的光致发光特性有一定影响。     

不同方法提制的茶叶粗多糖的光谱分析

以低档绿茶为原料采用煎煮法提制得茶叶粗多糖CTPS-Ⅰ,用复合酶法提制得CTPS-Ⅱ,采用复合酶法从茶树鲜叶中提制得茶叶粗多糖CTPS-Ⅲ。测定了各茶叶粗多糖的糖含量和蛋白质含量。用HPGPC-ELSD法分析了各茶叶粗多糖中均一性组分分布及其质量比例,CTPS-Ⅰ,CTPS-Ⅱ和CTPS-Ⅲ各含有5,4和7种均一性组分;GC-MS法测得三种茶叶粗多糖均由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖六种单糖组成, 并分析了其摩尔比例;紫外-可见吸收光谱显示CTPS-Ⅰ在257 nm处有吸收峰, CTPS-Ⅱ在240～270 nm区段有一吸收肩峰, CTPS-Ⅲ在250～360 nm区段有微弱的“双波浪状”特征吸收, 并分析了其游离蛋白质和核酸的含量关系,红外光谱研究了茶叶粗多糖的糖类复合物的特征;圆二色谱分析表明三种茶叶粗多糖在水溶液中呈现不同的构象。     

纤维素菌体残留物提取类腐殖质的红外光谱研究

微生物驱动下,纤维素分解及转化在腐殖质形成中具有重要作用。采用红外光谱辅以元素分析的技术手段对单一真菌(木霉、青霉和黑曲霉)及复合菌液体摇瓶培养70 d后菌体残留物的类腐殖质(类胡敏酸HLA和类胡敏素)结构进行了分析对比。结果表明：(1)两技术手段的结合有助于菌体残留物HLA分子结构的阐明,然而在表征残留物类Hu结构方面,尚需进一步探讨;(2)木霉有利于其所形成菌体残留物HLA分子的缩聚作用,而青霉则更有利于该组分的降解;(3)青霉和复合菌对残留物HLA分子表现为氧化降解作用;(4)复合菌和黑曲霉均有助于培养液无机氮化合物向残留物HLA和类Hu组分中有机氮成分的转移,促使其氨基C含量增加,为腐殖化进程提供氮源。     

整体毛细管X光透镜在大气颗粒物单颗粒分析中的应用

对大气颗粒物进行单颗粒X射线荧光(XRF)分析,是一种识别大气颗粒物来源的有力手段.为了利用实验室X射线光源对大气颗粒物进行单颗粒XRF分析,建立了基于整体毛细管X光透镜和实验室X射线光源的微束X射线谱仪.透镜焦斑处的功率密度增益在103数量级,焦斑直径为30 μm左右.该微束X射线谱仪对Fe-Kα线的最小探测极限为0.7 Pg.在Mo靶光源电压和电流分别为30 kV和50 mA的条件下,利用该谱仪对直径为9 μm的大气颗粒物单颗粒进行XRF分析时,测谱时间在180 s左右.实验表明,基于毛细管X光透镜和实验室X射线光源的微束X射线分析技术在大气颗粒物单颗粒分析中有着潜在的应用价值.     

钢铁中钒、钛元素的激光诱导击穿光谱定量检测

采用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术测量钢铁中钒、钛元素的含量。选取V Ⅰ 440.85 nm和Ti Ⅰ 334.19 nm作为定量分析谱线、基体元素谱线Fe Ⅰ 438.35 nm作为内标谱线,分别建立了基本定标法和内定标法的钢铁样品中V和Ti含量的光谱分析定标曲线,并将它们用于检验样品的定量分析。研究表明,V和Ti基本定标曲线的拟合相关系数R2分别为0.987 5和0.990 9,对检验样品中V和Ti元素的测定相对误差最大分别为11.1%和4.0%;而采用内定标法时,V和Ti的拟合相关系数R2分别达到0.995 2和0.992 1,对检测样品中V和Ti元素的测定相对误差均可降低到4.0%以下。结果证明,采用内定标的激光诱导击穿光谱分析方法更适于钢铁样品中钒、钛含量的测定。     

离子束微探针及其扫描断层分析应用研究

以欧共体离子束物理及材料科学研究所的装置为例介绍了离子束微探针实验装置,给出了利用这一装置开展重离子弹性反冲核分析、研究氢在钛合金中的微观分布及其动力学行为的实验结果.该离子束微探针装置可以用来开展带电离子荧光分析、核反应分析、弹性反冲核分析、卢瑟福背散射分析及沟道效应和高离子束密度、大剂量离子注入等分析和研究工作.同时利用微束扫描分析可获得样品中元素的点、线、面分布信息.利用能量为16MeV、直径为3μm的Si5+离子束对钛合金中氢进行断层面扫描分析,观测到了氢在钛合金中的非均匀分布,揭示了氢在钛合金中的不同物理、化学状态与空间分布的相关性,为进一步研究钛的氢化和金属钛的表面腐蚀行为提供了科学依据. As an expmple, the nuclear micro-probe facility in the Forschungszentrum Rossendorf is introduced, which has a minimum beam size of 2 micrometers and can be used to perform particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA), Rutherford back scattering (RBS) and channeling etc. micro-beam analyses. By using single point, linear and lateral scanning, the elements composition and distribution in samples can be studied in micrometer scale...     

东升庙硫多金属矿床氧化微粒的XRD,FTIR和XPS分析

利用XRD,FTIR和XPS现代分析测试技术对东升庙硫多金属矿床氧化微粒的物质组成、相结构和表面元素状态进行了表征以及转化机理研究。结果表明,样品主要由石膏、方解石、石英、白云母、针铁矿、有机质等组成,深部氧化带原生矿石主要发生了氧化、水解、脱水和碳酸化作用,且氧化过程、氧化条件不及地表氧化带复杂,未发现新的矿物,少见西北干旱和极端干旱气候条件下地表氧化带极其发育的硫酸盐类矿物。研究结果不仅可以用于该类型矿床氧化微粒矿物鉴定方面,而且对于这部分矿体的找矿勘探、采矿、选矿等方面具有重要意义。     

鸢尾根致香成分分析及在造纸法再造烟叶中的应用

采用同时蒸馏萃取法,从鸢尾根中提取致香成分,对其主要化学成分进行GC/MS分析,用鸢尾根致香成分进行了造纸法再造烟叶加香试验,并将加香后的造纸法再造烟叶样品添加在卷烟配方中进行评吸。结果表明,鸢尾根致香成分中共鉴定出17个化合物,主要含有癸酸和棕榈酸;鸢尾根致香成分能改善造纸法再造烟叶的烟气品质,并具有降低刺激的作用,加香后的造纸法再造烟叶在卷烟中应用也具有相同的效果。     

生物炭中溶解性有机质的光谱分析

稻壳和木屑是农林业废物处理与利用的重点,将稻壳和木屑制备成生物炭并用于环境污染与防治成为研究热点,但对稻壳和木屑生物炭中溶解性有机质（DOM）的研究还较少。以稻壳和木屑为生物质原料,在不同温度（200~700 ℃）下制备稻壳和木屑生物炭,利用紫外-可见光谱、三维荧光光谱和红外光谱技术对生物炭DOM的光谱特征进行分析,研究不同热解温度对生物炭DOM光谱特征的影响。结果表明,随着热解温度升高,稻壳和木屑生物炭DOM中溶解性有机碳（DOC）浓度逐渐降低,且木屑生物炭的DOC浓度远高于相同温度下的稻壳生物炭。稻壳和木屑生物炭DOM的紫外吸收均随着波长的增大而逐渐降低,且随着热解温度升高,稻壳生物炭DOM的吸光度先增加后降低,而木屑生物炭DOM则持续降低。紫外光谱的特征参数值（SUVA₂₅₄和SUVA₂₆₀）随着热解温度升高变化趋势相同,且在相同温度下,稻壳生物炭DOM的特征参数值均高于木屑。三维荧光光谱表明稻壳和木屑生物炭DOM的荧光峰主要出现在λ_ex/em=300~315/400~425 nm和λ_ex/em=210~245/380~435 nm波段,分别代表类腐殖质荧光峰和富里酸荧光峰,可用来表示生物炭DOM的腐殖化程度和疏水组分含量。随温度升高,稻壳生物炭DOM的腐殖化程度和疏水组分含量先升高后降低,而木屑生物炭DOM则逐渐降低。三维荧光参数表明稻壳和木屑生物炭DOM的自生源指标（autochthonous index,BIX）不强,生物可利用性和类蛋白比例较低;随着温度升高稻壳生物炭DOM腐殖化指数（humification index,HIX）先增加后降低,而木屑生物炭DOM的HIX则逐渐降低。此外,红外光谱结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,稻壳和木屑生物炭DOM中-OH逐渐降低,-CH₂、-CH₃变化不明显,芳环C═C, C-H增强,芳香化程度增强。     

乌头碱对大鼠尿样代谢产物影响的

将NMR谱和主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)相结合用于研究不同剂量下乌头碱（aconitine, AC）急性毒性作用后大鼠尿样的代谢特征. 结果表明灌胃给药后代表能量代谢的柠檬酸（citrate）,2-酮戊二酸（2-oxoglutarate）和顺乌火酸（cis-aconitate）,反应肠道菌群代谢状况的马尿酸盐（hippurate）和苯乙尿酸（phenylacetylglycine）出现异常,并且这些变化在给药后0~8 h达到最大,16 h后基本恢复正常. 且给药剂量越大代谢物异常越明显,需要的恢复时间也越长. 实验中发现2-oxoglutarate的异常增加可能与AC的神经毒性有关,或与2-oxoglutarate的代谢异常有关. 这些信息为进一步阐明AC的毒理学机制和临床毒性监测都会有一定的帮助.     

双活动星系核寄主星系的光谱合成分析

星系并合会产生不同尺度距离的星系对甚至双活动星系核,同时在过程中会触发星暴以及超大质量黑洞的活动。在光谱上,当两个星系并合到kpc尺度时,其两个核的相互绕转在总光谱上会表现出窄线双峰谱线轮廓。以这个观测特性为起点,从郭守敬望远镜巡天的第四次释放数据(LAMOST DR4)中系统的搜寻带有窄发射线双峰特征的双AGN候选体。AGN的发射线光谱轮廓由发射线的若干种不同的动力学成分构成,主要可以分为三类,窄线成分(Hβ,[OⅢ], Hαand [NⅡ]),[OⅢ]的线翼、以及宽的Balmer发射线。基于LAMOST DR4河外光谱数据,应用了一套搜寻流程,在初始筛选(涉及到发射线的信噪比、等值宽度和红移)及目视检查挑选之后,通过建立的多高斯拟合模型挑选出在发射线的流量、半高全宽、窄线双峰之间速度分离程度等一系列参数上符合我们限制要求的样本,并借助于Baldwin-Phillips-Terlevich (BPT)图来鉴别每个成分的来源,确定出了28个双AGN候选体。为了获取更准确的星族成分并发现这类双AGN候选体样本的共有特性,对28个双AGN候选体的光谱流量用一个低阶多项式重新进行了修正并采用传统的统一插值和中值方法对其进行合并得到一条高信噪比光谱,并以目前已有的来源于LAMOST星系光谱数据的Ⅱ型AGN(单AGN)的复合光谱作为对照样本,采用STARLIGHT软件分别拟合了合并的双AGN和对照的单AGN的光学光谱中的吸收线和连续谱。通过研究它们的星族特性及两者间的异同,发现与单AGN复合谱相比,双AGN候选体样本的合并谱具有更多中等年龄及老年星族的贡献,反映出更剧烈的中心黑洞。在金属丰度方面,单AGN的主导星族为太阳金属丰度的星族Z_⊙,而双AGN候选体合并谱中贡献较多的星族为亚太阳金属丰度星族0.2 Z_⊙和富金属丰度星族2.5 Z_⊙,表现出了差异性特征,也预示着这类样本中恒星形成历史更加复杂,呈现出了多样化。在幂律谱成分贡献方面在单、双AGN中老年星族都贡献了其大部分质量,但单AGN复合谱中幂律成分占比为8.2%,明显高于双AGN候选体合并谱中幂律成分的贡献。     

PCA-Based Analysis of X-Ray-Excited Auger Spectra from Non-ordered Ag(110)

Principal-components analysis (PCA) followed by factor analysis enables one to decompose the structure of Auger lines originating from large effects such as energy shifts induced by chemical effects. The aim of the present contribution is to show that PCA can also be effectively used for detection of composed structure in a set of Auger spectra even if the observed changes in line shape are very subtle. The analysed set of X-ray-excited MNN Auger spectra from Ag(110) shows a clear correlation between peak shifts and peak widths. This correlation can be explained as a result of the composed structure of the recorded Auger lines. It is suggested that the resultant Auger lines may consist of a number of constituents, each referred to Ag atoms differing in the value of their co-ordination number.     

甘蔗渣高沸醇木质素光谱分析与结构测定

甘蔗渣高沸醇(HBS)木质素是高沸醇溶剂法制浆过程中得到的高分子材料。从红外谱图显示,在1 700和1 328 cm-1处存在吸收峰值,说明HBS木质素存在非共轭羰基作用。紫外谱图在201 nm处存在n→π*电子跃迁。表明有较大的不饱和性。从1H NMR图谱中看出存在明显的紫丁香基苯和愈疮木基环结构。实验测定了甘蔗渣HBS木质素的元素组成和甲氧基含量,并计算得到经典的C₉结构模型。其结构形式为C₉H_9.79O_2.58(OCH₃)0.75。其重均分子量测定结果为2 674 g·mol-1。     

生态滤池出水悬浮物的元素分析和红外光谱分析

对生态滤池出水悬浮物的碳氢氮三元素和红外光谱进行了分析比较。元素分析结果表明,生态滤池出水悬浮物的无机成分比普通滤池稍高,用中颗粒惰性填料时复合床生态滤床的出水悬浮物无机物含量高。出水悬浮物的红外吸收光谱图主要由蛋白质的吸收带、碳水化合物的吸收带组成。1 655 cm-1处的吸收峰为酰胺Ⅰ带,是CO的伸缩振动,1 542 cm-1的吸收峰是酰胺Ⅱ带,是N—H的弯曲振动和C—N的伸缩振动,1 235 cm-1附近是酰胺Ⅲ带,是C—N的伸缩振动和N—H的弯曲振动引起的。单层普通滤池和单层生态滤池出水SS(suspend substance)红外光谱图差别很小;采用中颗粒填料的生态滤池,出水SS的红外光谱图中,1 042 cm-1处的吸收峰相对强度比粗颗粒填料的高,而2 924和2 852 cm-1的甲基伸缩振动峰和1 720～1 200 cm-1区域的相应吸收峰强度,比用粗颗粒填料的低。     

逐事件分析中高阶矩统计起伏的消除

逐事件分析是目前高能重离子碰撞研究中受到广泛注意的方法.由于单个事件的粒子数有限,在运用这一方法时,首先要解决统计起伏的消除问题.在现有文献中只讨论过低阶矩(最高到三阶)统计起伏的消除.本文研究了高阶矩中统计起伏的消除,给出了普遍公式.