肾上腺素在二苯并18冠6修饰玻碳电极上的伏安特性

化学修饰电极自20世纪70年代中期问世以来，很快成为电化学和电分析化学十分活跃的研究领域。1967年Pedersen等报道了冠醚化合物后，冠醚化学及其应用引起了广大化学工作者的重视。冠醚在毛细管电泳和高效液相色谱中的应用已有不少报道，但冠醚在修饰电极方面研究报道并不多，冠醚修饰电极有的是采用组合法将冠醚与电极材料混合制成糊状电极；有的是用电沉积法将冠醚修饰在玻碳电极或铂电极上。     

二苯并-18-冠-6在交联聚乙烯醇微球表面的固载化

通过氯甲基化反应,将冠醚二苯并-18-冠-6(DBC)转变为氯甲基化的冠醚(CMDBC),使交联聚乙烯醇(CPVA)微球表面的羟基与CMDBC之间发生亲核取代反应,从而实现冠醚的固栽化,制得了固载有冠醚的功能微球DBC-CPVA.在建立了冠醚DBC固载量测定方法(溴百里香酚蓝-固相萃取法)的基础上,重点研究了主要因素对DBC固栽化过程的影响规律.结果表明:反应温度与溶剂性质对DBC在CPVA微球上的固载化反应有较大的影响,在70℃极性较强的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)溶剂中,可制得冠醚DBC固载量为1.72 mmol/g的DBC-CPVA功能微球.     

二苯并18－冠－6辅助钡离子在1，2－二氯乙烷／水微界面转移的伏安研究

应用液／液界面微电极对二苯并１８－冠－６（ＤＢ１８－Ｃ－６）辅助推动Ｂａ~（２＋）在１，２－二氯乙烷／水（ＤＣＥ／Ｗ）界面转移的电化学过程进行了详细探讨，证明该过程遵循ＴＩＣ机理，是受扩散控制的可逆过程。通过转移电流和反应物浓度之间的线性关系，测定了Ｂａ~（２＋）以及用其它方法难以测定的ＤＢ１８－Ｃ－６。     

双通道微米管支撑的微-液/液界面上电荷转移反应的研究

将有机相和水相分别灌入双通道玻璃微米管θ管中的一个管中,利用θ管表面的亲水特征,在灌有有机相的微米管口附近形成微-液/液界面.利用循环伏安法研究了电荷在这种微-液/液界面上的转移反应,包括简单离子(四甲基铵离子TMA⁺)转移、加速离子转移(DB18C6加速K⁺离子)和电子转移(二茂铁/铁氰化钾+亚铁氰化钾体系)反应过程.结果表明,这种双通道微米管所得到的微-液/液界面具有不对称扩散场的特性.此装置是目前最简单的可用于研究液/液界面上的电荷转移反应的装置之一,即所谓的可进行"无溶液"液/液界面电化学及电分析化学研究的装置.     

微波辅助二苯并-18-冠-6的合成

以邻苯二酚与二甘醇二取代物为原料,氢氧化钾为碱和模板剂,在微波辅助下,采用“一锅煮”法合成二苯并-18-冠-6。 经单因素及正交实验考察了原料、溶剂、时间、温度和功率对反应收率的影响,获得了最佳的工艺条件：以邻苯二酚与二氯乙醚为原料,二甲亚砜为溶剂,反应温度70 ℃,时间60 min,功率500 W,收率可达46.3%。     

叔丁基取代二苯并-18-冠-6的合成

以二甘醇和邻苯二酚为原料制得二苯并-18-冠-6;以多聚磷酸为催化剂和溶剂,将二苯并-18-冠-6与叔丁醇反应实现叔丁基化;利用正庚烷重结晶对叔丁基化反应产物进行纯化,得到4,4′-二叔丁基二苯并-18-冠-6和4,5′-二叔丁基二苯并-18-冠-6两种对称的二叔丁基二取代苯并冠醚产品.利用红外光谱和核磁共振谱表征了二叔丁基二取代苯并冠醚产物的结构。     

固载化冠醚二苯并-18-冠-6在苯甲酸丁酯合成反应中的相转移催化作用

在交联聚乙烯醇(CPVA)微球表面固载冠醚二苯并-18-冠-6 (DBC), 从而制得三相相转移催化剂DBC-CPVA; 在此基础上, 以苯甲酸钾与溴代正丁烷的酯化反应为模型反应体系, 重点研究固体催化剂DBC-CPVA的相转移催化性能, 考察主要因素对液-固-液三相相转移催化反应的影响. 结果表明, 在本研究体系中, 水相中的苯甲酸钾与有机相中的溴代正丁烷可顺利地发生酯化反应, 这一结果显示出固载于DBC-CPVA表面的DBC与K+离子形成的络合物阳离子, 能有效地将苯甲酸根负离子转移至有机相, 使酯化反应顺利地进行. 有机相的极性越强, 酯化反应的速率越快, 溴代正丁烷的转化率越高; 有机相与水相体积比为1:4时, 酯化反应具有最大的速率, 溴代正丁烷的转化率可达70%. 固体催化剂DBC-CPVA循环使用8次, 催化活性保持稳定.     

癸二酸-二苯并-18-冠-6共聚物的合成

脂肪族二元羧酸与二苯并 １８ 冠 ６在多聚磷酸中进行酰基化反应，可以制得酮型冠醚聚合物，二元酸的分子链长度会影响聚合反应的难易程度．对聚合反应条件进行优化控制，可以制得分子量高、成膜性能良好的癸二酸 二苯并 １８ 冠 ６共聚物．     

吖啶基功能化二苯并-18-冠-6的合成

通过改变离去基团的活性、亲核试剂、溶剂的极性、离子性及反应温度等,对传统的U llm ann合成法进行了优化,将二苯并-18-冠-6进一步功能化,合成了未见文献报道的N,N′-二-(9-吖啶基)-4,4′-二氨基二苯并-18-冠-6,收率在87%以上。其结构经1H NMR,IR及元素分析表征。     

二环己基-18冠-6加速锶离子在微米管支撑的水/1,2-二氯乙烷界面上的转移反应

采用玻璃微米管支撑的液/液界面通过循环伏安法(CV)研究了二环己基-18冠6(DCH18C6)加速Sr2+在水/1,2-二氯乙烷(W/DCE)界面上的转移反应,考察了DCH18C6加速Sr2+在W/DCE界面转移的影响因素,如DCH18C6和Sr2+浓度等,并求算其络合物的稳定常数。实验结果表明,Sr2+与DCH18C6发生的是一个1:1的扩散控制的界面络合转移过程,其络合常数β为5.31×1023。本研究可为理解溶剂萃取Sr2+行为提供基础理论数据。     

Facilitated ion transfer reactions across oilwater interfaces based on different competitive ligands

In this paper, we present the general equations for facilitated ion transfer reactions across oilwater interfaces based on different competitive ligands, i.e., the transfer of a cation that, under given conditions, is assisted by a mechanism that involves ligands exchange. The obtained results agree with the general voltammetric criteria reported by Girault and co-workers [F. Reymond, P.-A. Carrupt, H.H. Girault, J. Electroanal. Chem. 449 (1998) 49; F. Reymond, G. Lagger, P.-A. Carrupt, H.H. Girault, J. Electroanal. Chem. 451 (1998) 59] for the facilitated transfer of a unique cation assisted by a neutral ligand. The equations reported in this paper grant to simulate the system under all possible conditions. The results are interpreted for different zones determined by the ratio of cation and ligand concentrations.     

Facilitated ion transfer of protonated primary organic amines studied by square wave voltammetry and chronoamperometry

The transfer of the protonated forms of heptylamine, octylamine, decylamine, procaine and procainamide facilitated by dibenzo-18-crown-6 from water to a solvent polymeric membrane has been investigated by using cyclic square wave voltammetry. The experimental voltammograms obtained are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The values of the standard ion transfer potential, complexation constant and diffusion coefficient in water have been obtained from these experiments, and have been used to draw some conclusions about the lipophilicity of these species and the relative stability of the organic ammonium complexes with dibenzo-18-crown-6. The results have been compared with those provided by linear sweep voltammetry. Calibration graphs were obtained with both techniques. An interesting chronoamperometric method for the determination of the diffusion coefficient of the target ion in the membrane has been developed and applied to all these protonated amines.     

端烯基液晶冠醚推动钠离子在微液/液界面的转移

用循环伏安法研究新型载体端烯基液晶冠醚推动钠离子的转移,结果表明,钠离子的转移由扩散控制.探讨了影响钠离子转移的因素,如端烯基液晶冠醚和钠离子的浓度等.求算出端烯基液晶冠醚在1,2-二氯乙烷中的扩散系数为(2.61±0.12)×10^-6cm²/s,端烯基液晶冠醚和钠离子在1,2-二氯乙烷中所形成的配合物稳定常数lgβ_o=5.7.     

三相电极法研究液/液界面离子转移的进展

三相电极法作为研究液/液界面离子转移的一种新方法,具有简单、快速、经济的特点。文章回顾了液/液界面离子转移的发展历史,介绍了三相电极法的实验原理,并对其在电化学中的研究进展和应用进行了评述,引用文献48篇。     

Electrochemical Sensing of Catecholamines at the Water/ 1,6‐Dichlorohexane Interface

In this work, the analytical use of facilitated ion transfer of catecholamines by dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6 was investigated at the water/1,6‐dichlorohexane interface using electrochemical methods (cyclic and square wave voltammetry). The experimental conditions for the analytical determination of noradrenaline and dopamine were established and detection limits of 1.7 and 0.35 µM were obtained, respectively. The effect of excess ascorbic acid on the transfer and detection of the two catecholamines was investigated. The selectivity coefficients obtained for dopamine and noradrenaline in the presence of ascorbic acid were 3.5×10^?4 and 2.5×10^?3, respectively.     

Theory of irreversible electrode reactions coupled to ion transfer across the liquid/liquid interface

Kinetically controlled electro-oxidation of a redox probe dissolved in the organic solvent, which is interposed between an electrode surface and an aqueous solution as a thin layer, is analyzed theoretically. It is demonstrated that the electrode reaction rate constant can be measured by the variation of scan rate in linear scan voltammetry both in the absence and in the superfluity of the supporting electrolyte dissolved in the film.Dedicated to Professor Dr. Alan M. Bond on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Transfer of actinide ion at the interface between aqueous and nitrobenzene solutions studied by controlled-potential electrolysis at the interface

A novel electrochemical method based on controlled-potential electrolysis has been developed for the elucidation of the ion transfer at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). A relationship between the applied interfacial potential (E_app) and the amount of the ion transferred (A_tr) was investigated after an electrolytic equilibrium was attained by controlled-potential electrolysis. The A_tr was determined chemically or radiometrically instead of by current measurement. It was found that (i) controlled-potential electrolysis was applicable to the study of the transfer of such hydrophilic ions as transition metal ions which gave no appreciable current within the potential window in voltammetry or polarography at ITIES, (ii) controlled-potential electrolysis in combination with a sensitive analytical method enabled a study of the transfer reaction of an ion of very dilute concentration, and (iii) even when the transfer reaction of an ion was irreversible or quasi-reversible, a standard ion transfer potential could be determined by controlled-potential electrolysis without using a kinetic parameter. The controlled-potential electrolysis method developed was applied to the transfer reactions of actinide ions such as UO₂ ²⁺ and Am³⁺ from aqueous solution to nitrobenzene solution in the absence or presence of an ionophore facilitating the transfer. The Gibbs energy for the transfer of actinide ion and a stability constant of the complex between an actinide ion and the ionophore in nitrobenzene solution were determined from log D versus E_app plots (D the ratio of the concentration of the ion in nitrobenzene solution to that in aqueous solution). The feasibility of controlled-potential electrolysis as a method for electrolytic separation of actinide ions is discussed.     

Systematic study of the transfer of amino acids across the water/1,2-dichloroethane interface facilitated by dibenzo-18-crown-6

Facilitated ion transfer reactions of 20 amino acids with dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) at the water/1,2-dichloroethane (W/DCE) interfaces supported at the tips of micro- and nano-pipets were investigated systematically using cyclic voltammetry. It was found that there were only 10 amino acids, that is, Leu, Val, lie, Phe, Trp, Met, Ala, Gly, Cys, Gin (in brief), whose protonated forms as cations can give well-defined facilitated ion transfer voltammograms within the potential window, and the reaction pathway was proven to be consistent with the transfer by interfacial complexation/dissociation (TIC/TID) mechanisms. The association constants of DB 18C6 with different amino acids in the DCE (β0), and the kinetic parameters of reaction were evaluated based on the steady-state voltammetry of micro- or nano-pipets, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that the selectivity of complexation of protonated amino acid by DB18C6 compared with that of alkali metal cations was low, which can be attribu     

Systematic study of the transfer of amino acids across the water/l,2-dichloroethane interface facilitated by dibenzo-18-crown-6

Failitated ion transfer reactions of 20 amino acids with dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) at the water/1,2-dichloroethane (W/DCE) interfaces supported at the tips of micro- and nano-pipets were investigated systematically using cyclic voltammetry. It was found that there were only 10 amino acids, that is, Leu, Val, lle, Phe, Trp, Met, Ala, Gly, Cys, Gln (in brief), whose protonated forms as cations can give well-defined facilitated ion transfer voltammograms within the potential window, and the reaction pathway was proven to be consistent with the transfer by interfacial complexation/dissociation (TIC/TID) mechanisms. The association constants of DB 18C6 with different amino acids in the DCE (β°), and the kinetic parameters of reaction were evaluated based on the steady-state voltammetry of micro- or nano-pipets, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that the selectivity of complexation of protonated amino acid by DB18C6 compared with that of alkali metal cations was low, which can be attributed to the vicinal effect arising from steric hindrance introduced by their side group and the steric bulk effect by lipophilic stabilization. Moreover, the association constants and the standard rate constants for different amino acids showed good correlations with their hydrophobicity (π), except Gly and Met, which inferred that the selectivity of such heterogeneous complex reaction for different amino acids with DB18C6, was not only affected by discrimination in binding these ions to the crown ether macro-cycle, but also significantly modified by the ion transfer Gibbs energy which was closely related to the structure of the transferred ions, protonated amino acids.