氨基酸在亚微米级液/液界面上的转移反应

应用循环伏安法和微、纳米管系统地研究了二苯并18冠6(DB18C6)加速20种氨基酸在水/1, 2-二氯乙烷(W/DCE)界面上的转移反应. 实验结果表明电位窗内只有10种氨基酸, 即苯丙氨酸(Phe)、亮氨酸(Leu)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、缬氨酸(Val)、色氨酸(Trp)、甲硫氨酸(Met)、丙氨酸(Ala)、甘氨酸(Gly)、半胱氨酸(Cys)和谷氨酰胺(Gln), 其质子化后的一价阳离子能给出很好的加速离子转移伏安图, 并且转移反应机理符合界面配合/界面离解反应. 由稳态伏安图可求出DB18C6与不同氨基酸在1,2-二氯乙烷中的配合常数和界面配合反应的动力学常数. 实验结果表明, 与碱金属离子和DB18C6配合相比, 这10种氨基酸与DB18C6的配合选择性较低, 主要原因是由于氨基酸支链所引起的位阻效应以及本体有机溶剂的亲脂化稳定效应的协同作用. 除了甘氨酸和甲硫氨酸以外, 不同氨基酸与DB18C6配合反应的配合常数以及反应速率常数与其亲脂性量度(π)有良好的对应关系, 这表明质子化的氨基酸与DB18C6的异相配合反应不仅决定于离子与冠醚环的键合强度, 而且与氨基酸在转移过程中的吉布斯转移能有关, 而吉布斯转移能又与氨基酸自身的结构密切相关. 这一研究将对人们理解在生命体中氨基酸在载体蛋白的推动作用下越过生物膜的主动运送过程有较重要意义.     

油/水界面电分析化学技术在研究液膜离子选择性电极中的应用

油(O)/水(W)界面(又称两互不相溶电解质溶液界面,简称ITIES)电化学及电分析化学,是70年代中期发展起来的一门新的电化学分支。利用油/水界面电分析化学技术,可以开拓新的膜化学研究领域;而对于解释液膜离子选择性电极的响应机理及响应时间,发展新型     

基于单颗粒碰撞电化学的液/液界面加速离子转移反应研究

利用乳滴颗粒的碰撞电化学行为研究了二苯并-18-冠-6-醚(DB18C6)加速碱金属离子在水/1,2-二氯乙烷界面上的转移反应。通过高能超声分散技术制备出亚微米级油包水型乳化液滴,采用1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑双(三氟甲基磺酰)酰亚胺作为乳化剂,实现乳滴颗粒的长时间稳定。当在铂微电极上施加0.6 V的电压(相对于银伪参比电极)时,分散于油相的乳滴颗粒可通过与微电极的碰撞产生电导通,进而促发颗粒内部K₄Fe(CN)₆的氧化反应。然而,仅在添加DB18C6的条件下可观察到与颗粒碰撞过程相对应的尖峰型电流响应,表明DB18C6可加速K⁺从水相到油相的转移,从而维持颗粒内外的电荷平衡,保证固/液界面电化学反应的持续进行。当DB18C6浓度增至0.05 mol/L时,乳滴颗粒内0.05 mol/L K₄Fe(CN)₆由不完全电解转变为完全电解,提示加速K⁺转移反应伴随着离子:载体(1∶1,n/n)的界面络合反应过程。在不同偏置电压下,测定了含K₄F...     

双通道微米管支撑的微-液/液界面上电荷转移反应的研究

将有机相和水相分别灌入双通道玻璃微米管θ管中的一个管中,利用θ管表面的亲水特征,在灌有有机相的微米管口附近形成微-液/液界面.利用循环伏安法研究了电荷在这种微-液/液界面上的转移反应,包括简单离子(四甲基铵离子TMA⁺)转移、加速离子转移(DB18C6加速K⁺离子)和电子转移(二茂铁/铁氰化钾+亚铁氰化钾体系)反应过程.结果表明,这种双通道微米管所得到的微-液/液界面具有不对称扩散场的特性.此装置是目前最简单的可用于研究液/液界面上的电荷转移反应的装置之一,即所谓的可进行"无溶液"液/液界面电化学及电分析化学研究的装置.     

二环己基-18冠-6加速锶离子在微米管支撑的水/1,2-二氯乙烷界面上的转移反应

采用玻璃微米管支撑的液/液界面通过循环伏安法(CV)研究了二环己基-18冠6(DCH18C6)加速Sr2+在水/1,2-二氯乙烷(W/DCE)界面上的转移反应,考察了DCH18C6加速Sr2+在W/DCE界面转移的影响因素,如DCH18C6和Sr2+浓度等,并求算其络合物的稳定常数。实验结果表明,Sr2+与DCH18C6发生的是一个1:1的扩散控制的界面络合转移过程,其络合常数β为5.31×1023。本研究可为理解溶剂萃取Sr2+行为提供基础理论数据。     

应用扫描电化学显微镜研究极化液/液界面上的电子转移反应

将含有氧化还原电对的水溶液滴涂在铂盘电极表面, 然后将该电极插入到1,2-二氯乙烷溶液中, 形成稳定的油/水界面. 液滴中的K3Fe(CN)6和K4Fe(CN)6氧化还原电对既可以作为水相中的参比电对参与控制液/液界面上的电势差, 同时又可以作为水相的电子授受体参与界面上的电子转移反应. 结合扫描电化学显微镜电化学系统的特点, 利用其双恒电位仪分别控制界面电势差和现场扫描的优点, 通过扫描电化学显微镜的渐进曲线得到了不同界面电势差控制的电子转移反应速率常数. 实验结果表明, 应用此方法获得的液/液界面可以被外加电位极化, 在一定的电势差范围内, 反应速率常数与界面电势差的关系遵守Butler-Volmer公式.     

N_(235)二甲苯-醋酸铵-液膜体系萃取Cd(Ⅱ)的研究

本文研究了反萃剂、料液 HCl浓度、温度、 N_(235)浓度对 N_(235)二甲苯醋酸铵大块液膜体系迁移 Cd~(2＋)的影响。当膜相添加不同浓度的表面活性剂 Span 80时，测定了膜料液界面的萃取反应表观速率常数 k_1和膜反萃相界面的反萃取表观速率常数 k_2，并进行了相应的动力学分析。实验证明， Cd~(2＋)的迁移可用两个连续单向不可逆的一级反应来描述。在本文的液膜体系中， Cd2＋的跨膜迁移和 H＋的同向迁移耦合。     

仿生生物膜上多巴胺的电子转移过程研究

利用薄层法(TLCV)研究了硝基苯(NB)/水(W)界面上二茂铁(Fc)-多巴胺(DA)体系的电子迁移(ET)过程,得到该体系界面电子转移速率常数为1.012cm.s^-1.mol^-1.L,界面电子转移反应为单电子过程(n=0.89).采用扫描电化学显微镜(SECM)对同一体系进行研究,得到电子迁移速率常数为(1.10±0.2)cm.s^-1.mol^-1.L,两种方法所得结果吻合,证明了薄层法的可行性.同时,低的反应物浓度比又一次验证了Barker理论.     

三相电极法及其在液/液界面铬(Ⅵ)离子转移研究中的应用

将含有氧化还原探针的硝基苯溶液滴到边平面热解石墨(EPPG)电极上,然后将该电极插入到电解质水溶液中,从而使硝基苯、石墨表面以及水溶液形成一个三相接界线,即形成了EPPG三相电极。利用循环伏安法对EPPG三相电极法的原理进行了研究,得到了比文献报道更理想的液/液界面离子转移热力学数据。本研究还观察到铬(Ⅵ)离子在水相/硝基苯相界面上的转移反应,并测定了铬(Ⅵ)的离子转移热力学数据;同时还分别利用方波伏安法和傅里叶变换-方波伏安法结合"准可逆最大"现象对铬(Ⅵ)在水相/硝基苯相界面上的离子转移动力学进行了比较研究。     

细胞色素C的薄层光谱电化学研究

细胞色素C(Cyt. C)在电极界面上的电子传递十分缓慢,只有在适当的电子迁移中介体(Mediator)或促进剂(Promoter)参与下才能以较快的速度进行反应,本文报道了以4,4′-二硫基联吡啶(PySSPy)作电极反应促进剂,用薄层光谱电化学技术研究细胞色素C在金微网栅薄层透光电极界面上的电化学过程,测定了电极反应的热力学参数E~(o′)及n,并与循环伏     

Structure and reactivity of the polarised liquid–liquid interface: what we know and what we do not

Charge transfer phenomena at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) are electrochemical reactions taking place in soft media. Owing to their liquid nature, the ITIES shows a large panel of electrochemical reactions including electron transfer reactions, ion transfer reactions, coupled electron–ion transfer reactions or biomimetic redox reactions. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which these reactions proceed are yet to be fully understood. The goal of this short review is to summarise the work accomplished over the past decades towards the elucidation of the structure and reactivity at the ITIES, highlighting the main questions still to be answered.     

A Novel Micro—hole Electrode Used to Investigate Electron Transfer Reactions at ITIES

A novel micro-hole electrode was fabricated to investigate the electron transfer reaction at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). The electron transfer reaction between feero/ferricyanide in aqueous phase(W) and ferrocene in 1,2-dichloroethane (O) phase was studied as a test experiment. The results showed that the diffusion coefficient obtained from the micro-hole electrode was consistent with that obtained at macro-interface. Due to its simplicity and the very small IR drop it will be a useful tool for the study of ITIES systems.     

Electrolysis at the Interface between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions: Determination of Acetylcholine by Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry

Abstract

A three-electrode system with the hanging electrolyte drop electrode (HEDE) was developed for the analytical exploitation of electrolysis at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). The use of the differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV) for the quantitative determination of the species which participates in a charge transfer reaction at ITIES was demonstrated with acetylcholine cation transfer across the water/nitrobenzene interface. Trace concentration of acetylcholine in water in the part per million level (ppm) can be determined. It was concluded that the electrolysis at ITIES represents the perspective method of chemical analysis.     

Voltammetry of the phase transfer of polypeptide protamines across polarized liquid/liquid interfaces

Using natural polypeptide protamines as the illustrating example, we observed the phase transfer of biological polyions at polarized interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) for the first time by micropipet voltammetry. Analysis of the limiting currents indicates that each protamine carries 20 positive charges as expected from the number of arginine residues in the molecule. Also, it was shown that the shape of the voltammograms is limited by the interfacial transfer of protamines. Coupling of the transfer reactions with interfacial adsorption/desorption of protamines was also observed. ITIES will serve as a basis of amperometric sensors for biological macromolecules and also as a model for understanding potential-driven membrane transport of these molecules.     

Investigation of Electrochemical Properties of Metalloporphyrin Species at the Liquid/Liquid Interface by Switching Substitutes on the Porphyrin Ring

In order to investigate the electrochemical properties of porphyrin complexes species in biological systems, metalloporphyrin with different substitutes was applied to observe the process of heterogeneous electron transfer (ET) at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Experimental results demonstrated that the process of electron transfer was affected dramatically by the presence of different substitutes. Our results also show that the rate constant follows Bulter? Volmer kinetics where the rate increases with increasing force at the low driving force, and Marcus inverted region kinetics at the high driving force where the rate decreases.     

Ion amperometry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions in view of realizing the amperometric ion-selective electrode

This article reviews the development in ion amperometry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) in view of realizing the amperometric ion-selective electrode (ISE). The concept of polarizability of ITIES in a multi-ion system is outlined. Principle aspects of ion amperometry at ITIES are discussed including the use of amperometry as a tool for the clarification of the ion sensing mechanism, and for determining the concentrations of ions in the solution. The reference is made to recent amperometric measurements at the supported liquid membrane (SLM) and polymer composite liquid membranes (PCLM), which, together with the micro-hole supported ITIES, appear to be particularly suitable for realization of the amperometric ISE.     

Thin‐Layer Cyclic Voltammetric and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopic Study of Antioxidant Activity of Ascorbic Acid at Liquid/Liquid Interface

An electron transfer reaction between ascorbic acid (H₂A) in an aqueous solution and oxidizing agent in an organic solution immiscible with water has been studied by thin‐layer cyclic voltammetry (TLCV) for charge transfer at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). As an antioxidant, H₂A provide electrons through the aqueous/organic interface to reduce Fc⁺ and the procedure has been proved to be a one electron process again. In this work, the first combination of TLCV and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was achieved and showed a reasonable agreement between the results from the two different approaches. Otherwise, lower concentration ratios Kr of aqueous to organic reactants was adopted, which is given as evidence to the proposed procedure of Barker.     

Probing TCNQ‐mediated Metal Reduction Reactions at Liquid‐liquid Interface with SECM

Metal reduction at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) has been studied with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Metal cations in the aqueous phase are reduced by 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane anion (TCNQ^?) residing in the oil phase, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). TCNQ^? is formed at the SECM tip by reducing TCNQ, which results in a positive feedback loop between the tip and the ITIES when an electron is donated to a metal cation. The effect of the Galvani potential difference on the rate of the interfacial electron transfer was investigated, establishing the potential difference either by an additional substrate electrode in the aqueous phase or by an a common ion in both phases. It is shown that the Galvani potential difference as a driving force does enable TCNQ^? mediated Cu²⁺ reduction. Finite element method (FEM) simulations were run to provide information on the reaction kinetics and stoichiometry.     

Fundamentals and Applications in Electrochemistry of Liquid-liquid Interfaces

The interface of two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) has generated great interest since it can be used to understand several processes in chemistry and biology. The transfer process of ions and organic molecules of environmental and pharmacological importance have been study across the ITIES. In the present work, a small introduction to the study of ITIES is given, as well as the interpretation of the cyclic voltammetric experiments regarding to the transport of an organic cation (TEA⁺) across the interface. Finally, examples of application of studies of ITIES: a) the transfer of terbutryne herbicide and b) electron transfer reaction between a redox pair (Fe(CN)₆^4-/Fe(CN)₆³⁾ and isoperezone across the water|1,2- dichloroethane interface are discussed.     

Electrochemical Properties of Phospholipid Monolayers at Liquid–Liquid Interfaces

Biomembrane models built at the interface between two immiscible electrolytes (ITIES) are useful systems to study phenomena of biological relevance by means of their electrochemical processes. The unique properties of ITIES allow one either to control or measure the potential difference across the biomimetic membranes. Herein we focus on phospholipid monolayers adsorbed at liquid–liquid interfaces, and besides discussing recent developments on the subject, we describe electrochemical techniques that can be used to get insight on the interfacial processes and electrostatic properties of phospholipid membranes at the ITIES. In particular, we examine the electrochemical and physicochemical properties of (modified) phospholipid monolayers and their interaction with other biologically relevant compounds. The use of liquid–liquid electrochemistry as a powerful tool to characterize drug properties is outlined. Although this review is not a survey of all the work in the field, it provides a comprehensive referencing to current research.