Si–AB5 composites as anode materials for lithium ion batteries

The Si–AB₅ (MmNi_3.6Co_0.7Al_0.3Mn_0.4 alloy) composites with a high tap density as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries were synthesized by ball-milling. Si nanoparticles are distributed homogeneously on the surface of the AB₅ matrix. The electrochemical performance of the Si–AB₅ composites as a function of Si content was investigated. It is demonstrated that the Si–AB₅ composite delivers a larger reversible capacity and better cycle ability because the inactive AB₅ alloy can accommodate the large volume changes of Si nanoparticles distributed on the surface of the Si–AB₅ composite during cycling. In particular, the Si–AB₅ composite containing 20 wt% Si with the high tap density of 2.8 g/cm³ obtained after ball-milling for 11 h exhibits an initial and maximum reversible (charge) capacity of 370 and 385 mAh/g. The high capacity retention can be achieved after 50 cycles in the potential range from 0.02 to 1.5 V.     

One-pot synthesis of ZnFe2O4/C hollow spheres as superior anode materials for lithium ion batteries

ZnFe(2)O(4)/C hollow spheres have been synthesized via a facile solvothermal route using low cost raw materials. The resulting composite showed a very high specific capacity of 841 mAh g(-1) after 30 cycles and good rate capability.     

N-doped porous carbon nanofibers sheathed pumpkin-like Si/C composites as free-standing anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Dramatic capacity fading and poor rate performance are two main obstacles that severely hamper the widespread application of the Si anode owing to its large volume variation during cycling and low intrinsic electrical conductivity.To mitigate these issues,free-standing N-doped porous carbon nanofibers sheathed pumpkin-like Si/C composites(Si/C-ZIF-8/CNFs)are designed and synthesized by electrospinning and carbonization methods,which present greatly enhanced electrochemical properties for lithium-ion battery anodes.This particular structure alleviates the volume variation,promotes the formation of stable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)film,and improves the electrical conductivity.As a result,the as-obtained free-standing Si/C-ZIF-8/CNFs electrode delivers a high reversible capacity of 945.5 mAh g^-1 at 0.2 A g^-1 with a capacity retention of 64% for 150 cycles,and exhibits a reversible capacity of 538.6 mA h g^-1 at 0.5 A g^-1 over 500 cycles.Moreover,the full cell composed of a freestanding Si/C-ZIF-8/CNFs anode and commercial LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂(NCM)cathode shows a capacity of 63.4 mA h g^-1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 C,which corresponds to a capacity retention of 60%.This rational design could provide a new path for the development of high-performance Si-based anodes.     

Polyimide-derived carbon nanofiber membranes as anodes for high-performance flexible lithium ion batteries

Heteroatoms-doped carbon nanofiber membranes with flexible features were prepared by electrospinning with heterocyclic polyimide (PI) structures containing biphenyl and pyrimidine rings. The products with optimized treatment could achieve 695 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g and retain 245 mAh/g at 1.5 A/g after 300 cycles when used as anode for Li-ion batteries.     

High capacity SnxSbyCuz composite anodes for lithium ion batteries

To increase the volumetric discharge capacity of negative electrode for rechargeable lithium batteries, a composite anode Sn_xSb_yCu_z has been synthesized by using high energy mechanical ball milling method. The synthesized composite anode materials have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis. The charge/discharge characteristics of the fabricated coin cells have been evaluated galvanostatically in the potential range 0.01–2 V using 1 M LiPF₆ in 1:1 EC/DEC as electrolyte. Results indicate that the composition with 90 wt% Sn, 8 wt% Sb and 2 wt% Cu delivers an average discharge capacity of 740 mAh g⁻¹ over the investigated 50 cycles which is a potential candidate for use as an anode material for lithium rechargeable cells.     

Carbon matrix/SiNWs heterogeneous block as improved reversible anodes material for lithium ion batteries

A novel carbon matrix/silicon nanowires (SiNWs) heterogeneous block was successfully produced by dispersing SiNWs into templated carbon matrix via a modified evaporation induced self-assembly method. The heterogeneous block was determined by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra and scanning electron microscopy. As an anode material for lithium batteries, the block was investigated by cyclic voltammograms (CV), charge/discharge tests, galvanostatic cycling performance and A. C. impedance spectroscopy. We show that the SiNWs disperse into the framework, and are nicely wrapped by the carbon matrix. The heterogeneous block exhibits superior electrochemical reversibility with a high specific capacity of 529.3 mAh/g in comparison with bare SiNWs anode with merely about 52.6 mAh/g capacity retention. The block presents excellent cycle stability and capacity retention which can be attributed to the improvement of conductivity by the existence of carbon matrix and the enhancement of ability to relieve the large volume expansion of SiNWs during the lithium insertion/extraction cycle. The results indicate that the as-prepared carbon matrix/SiNWs heterogeneous block can be an attractive and potential anode material for lithium-ion battery applications.     

Core-shell structured electrode materials for lithium ion batteries

Recent progress in studies of several types of core-shell structured electrode materials, including TiO₂/C, Si/C, Si/SiO _x , LiCoO₂/C, and LiFePO₄/C nanocomposites, including details of their preparation and their electrochemical performance is briefly reviewed. Results clearly show that the coating shell can effectively prevent the aggregation of the nanosized cores, which are the electrochemically active materials. In addition, the diffusion coefficients of lithium ions can be increased, and the reversibility of lithium intercalation and deintercalation is improved. As a result, the cycling behavior is greatly improved. The reviewed results suggest that core-shell nanocomposites are a good starting point for further development of new promising electrode materials.

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The application of nanostructured transition metal sulfides as anodes for lithium ion batteries

With wide application of electric vehicles and large-scale in energy storage systems, the requirement of secondary batteries with higher power density and better safety gets urgent. Owing to the merits of high theoretical capacity, relatively low cost and suitable discharge voltage, much attention has been paid to the transition metal sulfides. Recently, a large amount of research papers have reported about the application of transition metal sulfides in lithium ion batteries. However, the practical application of transition metal sulfides is still impeded by their fast capacity fading and poor rate performance. More well-focused researches should be operated towards the commercialization of transition metal sulfides in lithium ion batteries. In this review, recent development of using transition metal sulfides such as copper sulfides,molybdenum sulfides, cobalt sulfides, and iron sulfides as electrode materials for lithium ion batteries is presented. In addition, the electrochemical reaction mechanisms and synthetic strategy of transition metal sulfides are briefly summarized. The critical issues, challenges, and perspectives providing a further understanding of the associated electrochemical processes are also discussed.     

Fe/Si multi-layer thin film anodes for lithium rechargeable thin film batteries

Fe/Si multi-layer thin films were prepared by alternate deposition using an electron-beam evaporation method. Electrochemical results through galvanostatic charge–discharge experiments are presented. It appears that the volumetric expansion of silicon during cycling can be effectively suppressed by forming a Fe layer between Si layers. The electrochemical characteristics of Fe/Si multi-layer film electrode can be controlled by the thickness, and number of stacked Si layers, and post-annealing.     

SnSe2 nanoplate-graphene composites as anode materials for lithium ion batteries

Through a solution approach, SnSe(2) nanoplate-graphene composites were prepared and applied as anode materials in lithium ion batteries, showing promising storage performance superior to SnSe(2) nanoplates or graphene alone.     

Facile synthesis of porous MnO/C nanotubes as a high capacity anode material for lithium ion batteries

Porous MnO/C nanotubes are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method followed by thermal annealing, and possess excellent cyclability and high rate capability as an anode for lithium ion batteries.     

Surface modified TiO2/reduced graphite oxide nanocomposite anodes for lithium ion batteries

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - Anatase TiO2 nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of ~ 20 nm are synthesized through a sol-gel method. A composite anode for...     

Zinc tetrathiomolybdate as novel anodes for rechargeable lithium batteries

An ever first attempt has been made to investigate the anode performance characteristics of zinc tetrathiomolybdate. The poor crystallined zinc tetrathiomolybdate was prepared by precipitation method from Na₂MoO₄, ZnSO₄·7H₂O, and CH₃CSNH₂ as starting materials. Galvanostatic data in the voltage range of 0.01–2.0 V up to 20 cycles at a rate of 100 mA g⁻¹ revealed that the material gave high reversible capacities and good performance.     

用于锂离子电池的中空无机非金属纳米材料的研究进展

锂离子电池电极材料在充放电过程中由于锂离子嵌入和脱嵌,电极材料在膨胀和收缩过程中极易粉化而导致电池失效.无机中空纳米材料具有较高的比表面积,可调的空腔体积以及壳层厚度,并且每一个中空颗粒都可以作为一个微反应室,从而增加了反应界面,作为锂电池电极材料,无机中空纳米材料能够适应充放电过程中颗粒的膨胀和收缩,表现出优异的性能.面对传统模板法的局限性,基于Kirkendall效应等新的机理或方法以其操作步骤简单、无模板等优点,有望实现低成本的规模化生产.本文综述了利用Kirkendall效应,Oswald熟化和溶剂热3种机理或方法制备中空无机纳米材料作为锂离子电池电极材料的最新研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望.     

Directly conversion the biomass-waste to Si/C composite anode materials for advanced lithium ion batteries

The necessity to explore high-efficiency and high-value utilization strategy for biomass-waste is desirable.Herein,the strategy for direct conversion biomass-waste(rice husks) to Si/C composite structure anode was built.The Si/C composite materials were successfully obtained via the typical thermal reduction with magnesium,and the Si nanopa rticle was uniformly embedded in carbon frame,as revealed by Raman,X-ray diffraction(XRD) and transmission electron microscope(TEM) measurement.The carbon structure among rice husks was effectively used as a protective layer to accommodate the volume variation of Si anode during the repeated lithiation/delithiation process.Benefitting from the structure design,the batteries show a superior electrochemical stability with the capacity retention rate above 90% after 150 cycles at the charge/discha rge rate of 0.5 C(1 C=600 mAh/g),and hold a high charge capacity of 420.7 mAh/g at the rate of 3 C.Therefore,our finding not only provides a promising design strategy for directly conversion biomass-waste to electrochemical storage materials but broadens the high-efficiency utilization method for other biomass by-products.     

Synthesis of NiS/carbon composites as anodes for high-performance sodium-ion batteries

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - We demonstrate a general solid-state synthesis of nickel sulfide (NiS) and carbon-based composites (NiS/C) via simple thermal decomposition of nickel...     

Porous Si coated with S-doped carbon as anode material for lithium ion batteries

A novel porous Si/S-doped carbon composite was prepared by a magnesiothermic reaction of mesoporous SiO₂, subsequently coating with a sulfur-containing polymer-poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene), and a post-carbonization process. The as-prepared Si composite was homogeneously coated with disordered S-doped carbon with 2.6 wt.%?S in the composite and retained a high surface area of 58.8 m²?g^?1. The Si/S-doped carbon composite exhibited superior electrochemical performance and long cycle life as an anode material in lithium ion cells, showing a stable reversible capacity of 450 mAh g^?1 even at a high current rate of 6,000 mA?g^?1.     

Synthesis of FeS2/CoS heterostructure microspheres as anodes for high-performance Li-ion batteries

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - FeS2/CoS and FeS2/CoS/C composites were synthesized by solvothermal method and following vapor phase vulcanization at mild temperature with binary oxide...     

Macroporous Co3O4 platelets with excellent rate capability as anodes for lithium ion batteries

This paper reports the microwave-assisted synthesis of Co₃O₄ nanomaterials with different morphologies including nanoparticles, rod-like nanoclusters and macroporous platelets. The new macroporous platelet-like Co₃O₄ morphology was found to be the best suitable for reversible lithium storage properties. It displayed superior cycling performances than nanoparticles and rod-like nanoclusters. More interestingly, excellent high rate capabilities (811 mAh g^?1 at 1780 mA g^?1 and 746 mAh g^?1 at 4450 mA g^?1) were observed for macroporous Co₃O₄ platelet. The good electrochemical performance could be attributed to the unique macroporous platelet structure of Co₃O₄ materials.