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1.
Fabiana Carina Pavezzi Andréia A. Jacomassi Carneiro Daniela Alonso Bocchini-Martins Heloiza Ferreira Alves-Prado Henrique Ferreira Paula M. Martins Eleni Gomes Roberto da Silva 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2011,163(1):14-24
Three mutations, Ser54→Pro, Thr314→Ala, and His415→Tyr, were identified in Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase gene expressed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mutant glucoamylase (GA) was substantially more thermostable than a wild-type GA at 70 °C, with a 3.0 KJ mol−1 increase in the free energy of thermo-inactivation. The effect of starch from different botanical sources on the production
of this GA was measured in liquid fermentation using commercial soluble starch, cassava, potato, and corn as the carbon source.
The best substrate for GA production was the potato starch showing an enzymatic activity of 6.6 U/mL. The commercial soluble
starch was also a good substrate for the enzyme production with 6.3 U/mL, followed by cassava starch and corn starch with
5.9 and 3.0 U/mL, respectively. These results showed a significant difference on GA production related to the carbon source
employed. The mutant GA was purified by acarbose–Sepharose affinity chromatography; the estimated molecular mass was 100 kDa.
The mutant GA exhibited optimum activity at pH 4.5 and an optimum temperature of 65 °C. 相似文献
2.
Horticultural waste in wood chips form collected from a landscape company in Singapore was utilized as the substrate for the
production of cellulase and hemicellulase under solid-state fermentation by Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30. The effects of substrate pretreatment methods, substrate particle size, incubation temperature and time, initial
medium pH value, and moisture content on cellulase and hemicellulase production were investigated. Enzyme complex was obtained
at the optimal conditions. This enzyme mixture contained FPase (15.0 U/g substrate dry matter, SDM), CMCase (90.5 U/g SDM),
β-glucosidase (61.6 U/g SDM), xylanase (52.1 U/g SDM), and β-xylosidase (10.4 U/g SDM). The soluble protein concentration
in the enzyme complex was 26.1 mg/g SDM. The potential of the crude enzyme complex produced was demonstrated by the hydrolysis
of wood chips, wood dust, palm oil fiber, and waste newspaper. The performance of the crude enzyme complex was better than
the commercial enzyme blend. 相似文献
3.
Vandenberghe LP Soccol CR Prado FC Pandey A 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2004,118(1-3):293-303
Studies were conducted to evaluate citric acid production by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using cassava bagasse as substrate
employing a fungal culture of Aspergillus niger LPB 21 at laboratory and semipilot scale. Optimization of the process parameters temperature, pH, initial humidity, aeration,
and nutritive composition was conducted in flasks and column fermentors. The results showed that thermal treatment of cassava
bagasse enhanced fungal fermentation efficacy, resulting in 220 g of citric acid/kg of dry cassava bagasse with only treated
cassava bagasse as substrate. The results obtained from the factorial experimental design in a column bioreactor showed that
an aeration rate of 60 mL/min (3 mL/[g·min]) and 60% initial humidity were optimum, resulting in 265.7 g/kg of dry cassava
bagasse citric acid production. This was almost 1.6 times higher than the quantities produced under unoptimized conditions
(167.4 g of citric acid/kg of dry cassava bagasse). The defined parameters were transferred to semipilot scale, which showed
high promise for large-scale citric acid production by SSF with cassava bagasse. Respirometry assays were carried out in order
to follow indirectly the biomass evolution of the process. Citric acid production reached 220, 309, 263, and 269 g/kg of dry
cassava bagasse in Erlenmeyer flasks, column fermentors, a tray bioreactor, and a horizontal drum bioreactor, respectively. 相似文献
4.
Yujie Cai Xiaohui Liang Xiangru Liao Yanrui Ding Jun Sun Xiaohui Li 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2010,160(8):2275-2286
Hypocrellin A production by Shiraia sp. SUPER-H168 was studied under solid-state fermentation. Corn was found to be the best substrate after evaluating eight
kinds of agro-industrial crops and residues. The optimized solid-state fermentation conditions were as follows: inoculum size
3 × 106 spores, substrate particle size 0.8–1 mm, initial moisture content 50%, and temperature 30 °C. Six kinds of external carbon
source and seven kinds of external nitrogen source were evaluated, respectively, for HA production. Glucose and NaNO3 were the best. The combination of them was optimized by the response surface method. The optimum compositions of the supplementary
glucose and NaNO3 were 1.65 g/100 g and 0.43 g/L, respectively. Hypocrellin A production reached 4.7 mg/g. 相似文献
5.
Laccase production by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using an indigenously isolated white rot basidiomycete Ganoderma sp. was studied. Among the various agricultural wastes tested, wheat bran was found to be the best substrate for laccase
production. Solid-state fermentation parameters such as optimum substrate, initial moisture content, and inoculum size were
optimized using the one-factor-at-a-time method. A maximum laccase yield of 2,400 U/g dry substrate (U/gds) was obtained using
wheat bran as substrate with 70% initial moisture content at 25°C and the seven agar plugs as the inoculum. Further enhancement
in laccase production was achieved by supplementing the solid-state medium with additional carbon and nitrogen source such
as starch and yeast extract. This medium was optimized by response surface methodology, and a fourfold increase in laccase
activity (10,050 U/g dry substrate) was achieved. Thus, the indigenous isolate seems to be a potential laccase producer using
SSF. The process also promises economic utilization and value addition of agro-residues. 相似文献
6.
Continuous Production of Ethanol from Starch Using Glucoamylase and Yeast Co-Immobilized in Pectin Gel 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This work presents a continuous simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process to produce ethanol from starch
using glucoamylase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae co-immobilized in pectin gel. The enzyme was immobilized on macroporous silica, after silanization and activation of the
support with glutaraldehyde. The silica–enzyme derivative was co-immobilized with yeast in pectin gel. This biocatalyst was
used to produce ethanol from liquefied manioc root flour syrup, in three fixed bed reactors. The initial reactor yeast load
was 0.05 g wet yeast/ml of reactor (0.1 g wet yeast/g gel), used in all SSF experiments. The enzyme concentration in the reactor
was defined by running SSF batch assays, using different amount of silica–enzyme derivative, co-immobilized with yeast in
pectin gel. The chosen reactor enzyme concentration, 3.77 U/ml, allowed fermentation to be the rate-limiting step in the batch
experiment. In this condition, using initial substrate concentration of 166.0 g/l of total reducing sugars (TRS), 1 ml gel/1 ml
of medium, ethanol productivity of 8.3 g/l/h was achieved, for total conversion of starch to ethanol and 91% of the theoretical
yield. In the continuous runs, feeding 163.0 g/l of TRS and using the same enzyme and yeast concentrations used in the batch
run, ethanol productivity was 5.9 g ethanol/l/h, with 97% of substrate conversion and 81% of the ethanol theoretical yield.
Diffusion effects in the extra-biocatalyst film seemed to be reduced when operating at superficial velocities above 3.7 × 10−4 cm/s. 相似文献
7.
A bacterial strain isolated from spoiled coconut and identified as Bacillus cereus was found capable of producing alkaline thermostable extracellular lipase. Optimum temperature, time, and pH for enzyme substrate
reaction were found to be 60 °C, 10 min, and 8.0 respectively. Common surfactants except Triton X 100 and cetyltrimethylammonium
bromide have no or very little inhibitory effects on enzyme activity. The enzyme was found to be stable in presence of oxidizing
agents and protease enzyme. The maximum lipase production was achieved at 30–33 °C, pH 8.0 on 24 h of fermentation using 50 ml
medium in a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask. The superior carbon and nitrogen sources for lipase production were starch (2%) and ammonium
sulfate (nitrogen level 21.2 mg/100 ml), peptone (nitrogen level 297 mg/100 ml), and urea (nitrogen level 46.62 mg/100 ml)
in combination, respectively. The maximum enzyme activity obtained was 33 ± 0.567 IU/ml. 相似文献
8.
Phytases produced by numerous microorganisms and plants degrade phytic acid that has chelated with metal ions in food and
feed. It is important to study phytase for the role of metal ions in nutrition of animals and humans as wellas in the reduction
of organic phosphate content of a queous environment. This article reports on solid-state fermentation of phytase from a new
substrate of cassava dregs. Large quantities of cassava dregs are produced in tropical areas as a by product of cassava starch
processing. Protein and inorganic salts were found to be low in cassava dregs. Cassava dregs could be employed for phytase
synthesis after the addition of a nitrogen source and mineral salts. Ammonium nitrate was the best nitrogen source among the
nitrogen sources investigated, including beef extract, yeast extract, urea, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and ammonium
sulfate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate promoted phytase production from cassava dregs. A maximum phytase yield of 6.73 U/g of dry
mass was obtained. The obtained phytase was stable at feed-processing temperature, since 70% of initial enzyme activity was
maintained after 30 min of treatment at 75°C. 相似文献
9.
Assamoi Allah Antoine Destain Jacqueline Philippe Thonart 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2010,160(1):50-62
There is an increasing interest for the organic residues from various sectors of agriculture and industries over the past
few decades. Their application in the field of fermentation technology has resulted in the production of bulk chemicals and
value-added products such as amino acid, enzymes, mushroom, organic acids, single-cell protein, biologically active secondary
metabolites, etc. (Ramachandran et al., Bioresource Technology 98:2000–2009, 2007). In this work, the production of extracellular xylanase by the fungus Penicillium canescens was investigated in solid-state fermentation using five agro-industrial substrates (soya oil cake, soya meal, wheat bran,
whole wheat bran, and pulp beet). The best substrate was the soya oil cake. In order to optimize the production, the most
effective cultivation conditions were investigated in Erlenmeyer flasks and in plastic bags with 5 and 100 g of soya oil cake,
respectively. The initial moisture content, initial pH, and temperature of the culture affected the xylanase synthesis. The
optimal fermentation medium was composed by soya oil cake crushed to 5 mm supplemented with 3% and 4% (w/w) of casein peptone and Na2HPO4.2H2O. After 7 days of incubation at 30 °C and under 80% of initial moisture, a xylanase production level of 18,895 ± 778 U/g
(Erlenmeyer flasks) and 9,300 ± 589 U/g (plastic bags) was reached. The partially purified enzyme recovered by ammonium sulfate
fractionation was completely stable at freezing and refrigeration temperatures up to 6 months and reasonably stable at room
temperature for more than 3 months. 相似文献
10.
Mervat Morsy A. El-Gendy 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2010,162(3):780-794
Among all endophytic keratinolytic fungal isolates recovered from marine soft coral Dendronephthya hemprichii, Penicillium spp. Morsy1 was selected as the hyperactive keratinolytic strain under solid substrate fermentation of different agriculture
and poultry wastes. The optimization of extraction process, physicochemical parameters affecting the keratinase production
in solid-state fermentation, and the purified keratinase parameters were studied. Maximum keratinase activity (1,600 U g−1, initial dry substrate) was recovered from moldy bran with 0.1% Tween 80. The optimized production conditions were rice straw
as carbon source, pH of medium 6, growth temperature 26 °C, initial moisture content of 80% (v/w), inoculum size of 105 spores ml−1, and an average particle size of the substrate 0.6 mm (3,560 U g−1, initial dry substrate after 5 days of fermentation). Two types of keratinase (Ahm1 and Ahm2) were purified from the culture
supernatant through ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose, and gel filtration chromatography. Enzyme molecular weights
were 19 kDa (Ahm1) and 40 kDa (Ahm2). The kinetic parameters of purified keratinases were optimized for the hydrolysis of
azokeratin by Ahm1 (pH 7.0–8.0, stable in pH range of 6.0 to 8.0 at 50 °C) and Ahm2 enzymes (pH 10.0–11.0, stable in pH range
of 6.0 to 11.0 at 60–65 °C). Whereas inhibitors of serine (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) and cysteine (iodoacetamide) proteases
had minor effects on both Ahm1 and Ahm2 activity, both keratinases were strongly inhibited by chelating agents EDTA and EGTA.
These findings suggest that serine and cysteine residues are not involved in the catalytic mechanisms, and they are metalloproteases. 相似文献
11.
A feeding technology that was suitable for improving the nisin production by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis W28 was established. The effects of initial sucrose concentration (ISC) in the fermentation broth, feeding time, and feeding
rate on the fermentation were studied. It was observed that a fed-batch culture (ISC = 10 g l−1) with 100 ml sucrose solution (190 g l−1) being evenly fed (9–10 ml h−1) into the fermenter after 3-h fermentation gave the best performance in terms of biomass and nisin yield. Under these conditions,
the total biomass and the total nisin yield were approximately 23% and 51% higher than those in batch fermentation, respectively.
When the sucrose concentration was controlled at 5–10 g l−1 in variable volume intermittent fed-batch fermentation (VVIF) with ISC = 10 g l−1, the total biomass and the total nisin yield were 29% and 60% above those in batch fermentation, respectively. The VVIF proved
to be effective to eliminate the substrate inhibition by maintaining sucrose at appropriate levels. It is also easy to be
scaled up, since various parameters involved in industrial production were taken into account. 相似文献
12.
Horticultural waste collected from a landscape company in Singapore was utilized as the substrate for the production of laccase
under solid-state fermentation by Trametes versicolor. The effects of substrate particle size, types of inducers, incubation temperature and time, initial medium pH value, and
moisture content on laccase production were investigated. The optimum productivity of laccase (8.6 U/g substrate) was achieved
by employing horticultural waste of particle size greater than 500 μm and using veratryl alcohol as the inducer. The culture
was at 30 °C for 7 days at moisture content of solid substrate of 85% and initial pH 7.0. The decolorization was also investigated
in order to assess the degrading capability of the ligninolytic laccase obtained in the above-mentioned cultures. The decolorization
degree of a model dye, phenol red, was around 41.79% in 72 h of incubation. By far, this is the first report on the optimization
of laccase production by T. versicolor under solid-state fermentation using horticultural waste as the substrate. 相似文献
13.
New Thermostable Amylase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus cohnii</Emphasis> US147 with a Broad pH Applicability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ghorbel RE Maktouf S Massoud EB Bejar S Chaabouni SE 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2009,157(1):50-60
A new thermophilic bacterial strain identified as Bacillus cohnii US147 was isolated from the southern Tunisian soil. The identification was based on physiological tests and molecular techniques
related to the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid. The isolated strain produced amylase, which was purified. This amylase had
an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amylase
US147 showed K
m and V
max values of 0.7 mg/ml and 2.2 U/ml, respectively, with starch as the substrate. The enzyme was active in acid and basic pH
and had a maximal activity on starch at pH 9 and 70 °C. The enzyme was stable at pH 9 for 72 h and retained half of its activity
after incubation at 70 °C for 150 min. A partially inhibition (15%, 25%, 23%, 20%, and 22%) was obtained with 1 mM SDS, 1 mM
NaBO3, 1 mM H2O2, 1 mM Zn+2, and 5 mM ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), respectively. The amylase recovered its original activity by the addition
of 10 mM Ca 2+ to the 5 mM EDTA. These properties indicated a possible use of this amylase in starch saccharification, in detergent, and
in other industrial applications. 相似文献
14.
The alterations of organic acids citrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate production together with isocitrate
lyase activity as a glyoxalate shunt enzyme, and antibiotic production of Streptomyces sp M4018 were investigated in relation to changes in the glucose, glycerol and starch concentrations (5–20 g/L) after identification
as a strain of Streptomyces hiroshimensis based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The highest intracellular citrate and α-ketoglutarate levels in 20 g/l
of glucose, glycerol, and starch mediums were 399.47 ± 4.78, 426.93 ± 6.40, 355.84 ± 5.38 ppm and 444.81 ± 5.12, 192.96 ± 2.26,
115.20 ± 2.87 ppm, respectively. The highest succinate, malate, and fumarate levels were also determined in 20 g/l of glucose
medium as 548.9 ± 11.21, 596.15 ± 8.26, and 406.42 ± 6.59 ppm and the levels were significantly higher than the levels in
glycerol and starch. Extracellular organic acid levels measured also showed significant correlation with carbon source concentrations
by showing negative correlation with pH levels of the growth medium. The antibiotic production of Streptomyces sp. M4018 was also higher in glucose medium as was the case also for organic acids when compared with glycerol. On the other
hand, there is no production in starch. 相似文献
15.
Pradnya Deshpande Sajitha Nair Shubhangi Khedkar 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2009,158(3):552-560
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), an aquatic weed common to the subtropic/tropical regions, was utilized as an inexpensive lignocellulosic substrate for
production of cellulase by Trichoderma reesei. The effects of process parameters like substrate pretreatment, substrate concentration, initial medium pH, mode of inoculation,
and incubation temperature on cellulase production were investigated. Under optimal conditions, a maximal cellulase activity
of 0.22 ± 0.04 IU/ml (approximately 73.3 IU/g cellulose) was recorded at the end of 15-day incubation period. Specific activity
of the enzyme was 6.25 IU/mg protein. Hydrolysis of 1% substrate (water hyacinth) using crude enzyme dosage of 1.2 IU/g water
hyacinth showed 28.7% saccharification in 1 h. The observations in present study indicate that saccharification of cellulose
from water hyacinth was significantly higher by laboratory-produced cellulase than the commercial blend. 相似文献
16.
Li S Zuo Z Niu D Singh S Permaul K Prior BA Shi G Wang Z 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2011,164(5):581-592
A putative α-amylase gene, designated as RoAmy, was cloned from Rhizopus oryzae. The deduced amino acid sequence showed the highest (42.8%) similarity to the α-amylase from Trichoderma viride. The RoAmy gene was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 under the induction of methanol. The molecular weight of the purified RoAmy determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis was approximately 48 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature were 4–6 and 60 °C, respectively. The enzyme
was stable at pH ranges of 4.5–6.5 and temperatures below 50 °C. Purified RoAmy had a K
m and V
max of 0.27 mg/ml and 0.068 mg/min, respectively, with a specific activity of 1,123 U/mg on soluble starch. Amylase activity
was strongly inhibited by 5 mM Cu2+ and 5 mM Fe2+, whereas 5 mM Ca2+ showed no significant effect. The RoAmy hydrolytic activity was the highest on wheat starch but showed only 55% activity
on amylopectin relative to soluble corn starch, while the pullulanase activity was negligible. The main end products of the
polysaccharides tested were glucose and maltose. Maltose reached a concentration of 74% (w/w) with potato starch as the substrate. The enzyme had an extremely high affinity (K
m = 0.22 mM) to maltotriose. A high ratio of glucose/maltose of 1:4 was obtained when maltotriose was used at an initial concentration
of 40 mM. 相似文献
17.
Biochemical Characterization of Raw-starch-digesting Alpha Amylase Purified from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</Emphasis> 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gangadharan D Nampoothiri KM Sivaramakrishnan S Pandey A 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2009,158(3):653-662
Alpha amylase (E.C. 3.2.1.1) of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens produced by submerged fermentation was purified to near homogeneity by ion exchange chromatography. Through the process 38.6-fold
increase in purity with a specific activity of 72 U/mg proteins was obtained. The apparent molecular weight of the purified
enzyme was found to be 58 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The enzyme was relatively stable between pH 5.0–8.0 and temperature between 50
and 60°C. The enzyme did not show any obligate requirement of metal ions but Ca2+ and Cu2+ enhanced the enzyme activity marginally and the thermostability was enhanced in the presence of Ca2+ ions. The purified enzyme exhibited maximal substrate specificity for amylose and efficiency in digesting various raw starches.
The K
m and V
max of the enzyme was determined using both amylose and soluble starch as substrate. The analysis of the hydrolyzed products
of soluble starch by thin layer chromatography showed the yield of maltosaccharides after 6 h of hydrolysis. 相似文献
18.
Clostridium acetobutylicum strains used in most Chinese ABE (acetone–butanol–ethanol) plants favorably ferment starchy materials like corn, cassava,
etc., rather than sugar materials. This is one major problem of ABE industry in China and significantly limits the exploitation
of cheap waste sugar materials. In this work, cane molasses were utilized as substrate in ABE production by Clostridium saccharobutylicum DSM 13864. Under optimum conditions, total solvent of 19.80 g/L (13.40 g/L butanol) was reached after 72 h of fermentation
in an Erlenmeyer flask. In a 5-L bioreactor, total solvent of 17.88 g/L was attained after 36 h of fermentation, and the productivity
and yield were 0.50 g/L/h and 0.33 g ABE/g sugar consumption, respectively. To further enhance the productivity, a two-stage
semicontinuous fermentation process was steadily operated for over 8 days (205 h, 26 cycles) with average productivity (stage
II) of 1.05 g/L/h and cell concentration (stage I) of 7.43 OD660, respectively. The average batch fermentation time (stage I and II) was reduced to 21−25 h with average solvent of 15.27 g/L.
This study provides valuable process data for the development of industrial ABE fermentation process using cane molasses as
substrate. 相似文献
19.
Three strains ofBacillus licheniformis were isolated and screened for α-amylase production by solid-state fermentation. Of these, IS-2 gave relatively higher enzyme
production (32±2.3 U/[g·min]) and was selected for improvement after treatment withN-methylN-nitroN-nitroso guanidine (NG) or nitrous acid (NA) to enhance its hydrolytic potential. Among the mutant variants, NA-14 gave higher
enzyme production (98±1.6 U/[g·min]), and hence, was selected for kinetic and thermal characterization. M1 as a moistening
agent (pH 7.0, optimized) supported 2.65-fold improved amylolytic activity by the derepressed mutant 72 h after inoculation.
The values of product yield coefficient (Y
p/x=1833.3 U/g) and specific rate constant (q
p=25.46 U/[g·h]) with starch were severalfold improved over those from other carbon sources and the other cultures. The purified
enzyme from NA-14 was most active at 40°C; however, the activity remained almost constant up to 44°C. The NA-induced random
mutagenesis substantially improved the enthalpy (ΔH
D=94.5±11 kJ/mol) and entropy of activation (ΔS=−284±22 J/[mol·K]) for α-amylase activity and substrate binding for starch hydrolysis. The results of this study (117.8±5.5
U/[g·min]) revealed a concomitant improvement in the endogenous metabolism of the mutant culture for α-amylase production. 相似文献
20.
Bradley A. Saville Mikhail Khavkine Gayathri Seetharam Behzad Marandi Yong-Li Zuo 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2004,113(1-3):251-259
The performance of cellulase and amylase immobilized on siliceous supports was investigated. Enzyme uptake onto the support
depended on the enzyme source and immobilization conditions. For amylase, the uptake ranged between 20 and 60%, and for cellulase,
7–10%. Immobilized amylase performance was assessed by batch kinetics in 100–300 g/L of corn flour at 65°C. Depending on the
substrate and enzyme loading, between 40 and 60% starch conversion was obtained. Immobilized amylase was more stable than
soluble amylase. Enzyme samples were preincubated in a water bath at various temperatures, then tested for activity. At 105°C,
soluble amylase lost ∼55% of its activity, compared with ∼30% loss for immobilized amylase. The performance of immobilized
cellulase was evaluated from batch kinetics in 10 g/L of substrate (shredded wastepaper) at 55°C. Significant hydrolysis of
the wastepaper was also observed, indicating that immobilization does not preclude access to and hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose. 相似文献