用复合调节剂合成异戊二烯-苯乙烯共聚物的反应动力学

以正丁基锂为引发剂,环己烷为溶剂,十二烷基苯磺酸钠/四氢呋喃(SDBS/THF)为复合调节剂,采用负离子溶液聚合法制备了异戊二烯-苯乙烯共聚物,考察了反应温度,复合调节剂用量对聚合反应的影响,研究了聚合反应动力学,求取了聚合反应的表观反应速率常数kp",通过Arrehenius方程求得了不同反应条件下的聚合反应活化能,并对聚合物的微观结构进行了研究,结果表明,十二烷基苯磺酸钠/四氢呋喃(SDBS/THF)复合调节剂对合成异戊二烯-苯乙烯共聚物是有效的微观结构调节剂。     

淀粉-丙烯酸反相乳液接枝共聚反应的动力学研究

以过硫酸铵(NH4)2S2O8为引发剂,失水山犁醇单月桂酸酯(Span-20)为乳化剂,采用反相乳液聚合技术,制得了淀粉-丙烯酸接枝共聚物,研究了反应温度、引发剂浓度、单体浓度、乳化剂浓度、淀粉用量五种因素对反应速率的影响。根据单体的转化率,用线性回归法计算聚合反应速率;然后用作图法确定反应的动力学关系式,并求出反应起始阶段的表观活化能。结果表明,其动力学关系式为:Rp∝[(NH4)2S2O8]0.51[AA]1.18[St]0.81[Span-20]0.62;聚合反应恒速阶段的活化能,在53~68℃范围内为26.00 kJ.mol-1。     

超声辐照引发MMA微乳液聚合动力学研究

用自由基捕捉剂N,N-二苯基-2,4,6-三硝基苯肼基(DPPH)进行超声辐照引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)微乳液聚合引发过程的动力学研究,结果表明,所得速率常数比超声辐照引发纯单体聚合的速率常数大一个数量级,说明超声辐照在微乳液聚合体系中的引发作用远远强于本体聚合;得到的表观活化能为正值,说明升温有利于超声辐照引发微乳液聚合.对聚合过程动力学的研究表明,引发剂用量决定聚合反应速率曲线恒速期的长短.     

VAC与甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵无皂乳液共聚合动力学研究

研究了醋酸乙烯酯 (VAC)与甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵 (DMC)无皂乳液共聚合动力学 ,考察了引发剂偶氮二异丁基脒盐酸盐 (AIBI)浓度、单体浓度、温度等因素对聚合反应速率的影响 ,得到单体总浓度和引发剂浓度影响反应速率的动力学方程为 :Rp=k1 [M]0 6 3[AIBA]1 0 ;各单体浓度影响反应速率的动力学方程为 :Rp=k2 [VAC]0 1 6 [DMC]0 89.聚合表观活化能为 4 4 0 1kJ·mol- 1 ,初步探讨了聚合反应机理 .     

复合引发剂体系引发下氯乙烯悬浮聚合动力学模型及应用

在建立复合引发剂分解动力学模型的基础上,推导了复合引发剂体系引发下的氯乙烯(VC)悬浮聚合动力学模型.用模型预测不同温度、引发剂复合体系引发的氯乙烯聚合动力学与实验数据能较好地吻合.其中TxEHP,Tx99,Tx23和Tx36在51和57℃下的引发效率由单一引发剂引发的VC动力学数据计算     

4,4′-偶氮二[4-氰基戊酰(对-二甲基氨基)苯胺]引发丙烯酰胺聚合及其动力学研究

以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂,研究了4,4′-偶氮二[4-氰基戊酰(对-二甲基氨基)苯胺](ACPDA)为引发剂引发丙烯酰胺(AAM)的聚合行为.考察了聚合反应温度、单体浓度和引发剂浓度对聚合物分子量和聚合反应速率的影响,测定了反应级数和聚合反应的活化能.实验结果表明,ACPDA引发AAM的聚合速率方程为Rp=K[AAM]1.03[ACPDA ]0.48,聚合反应的表观活化能(Ea)为126.44kJ·mol-1.     

反应性乳化剂存在下半连续苯丙乳液共聚合表观动力学

研究了在反应性乳化剂SE-10N存在下,采用半连续滴加工艺进行苯丙乳液共聚合的表观动力学.首先利用间歇法研究了引发剂、乳化剂用量、单体总量和温度对聚合反应速率的影响,得到了相应的聚合反应速率方程为Rp =k[M]0.30[I]0.18[E]0.97,并计算得到聚合反应的表观活化能为90.8 kJ·mol-1.然后采用半连续滴加法,讨论了不同滴加速率对聚合表观速率Rp的影响,结果表明,随滴加速率Ra 的增加,反应速率Rp也增加,但增加的幅度逐渐减少,且聚合过程的状态不断远离饥饿态.要使该聚合过程的状态保持在稳定的饥饿态,单体滴加时间应控制在140 min 以上.     

脂族酰基过氧化物分解动力学的研究 Ⅶ.过氧化丁酰、己酰和辛酰在苯中的分解动力学及机理

本文报道过氧化丁酰(2)、过氧化己酰(3)和过氧化辛酰(4)在苯中于30～70℃的分解动力学以及4在苯中于50℃分解产物的鉴定.2～4与过氧化月桂酰(1)一样,起始浓度较低时分解动力学为一级,当过氧化物浓度高于发生诱导分解所需的最低浓度[P_0]_(cr)时为一级加二分之三级.测定了2～4的[P_0]_(cr)值,该值随分解温度升高而下降.估算了诱导分解的速率和活化焓,速率常数为10~4～10~5mol~(-1)·h~(-1)活化焓为40.9～47.7 kJ·mol~(-1),后者约为相应的酰基过氧化物自发分解的活化焓的三分之一.     

含2,2′,4-三(2-氯苯基)-5-(3,4-二甲氧基苯基)-4′,5′-二苯基-1,1′-双咪唑光引发体系的光聚合动力学研究

2,2′,4-三(2-氯苯基)-5-(3,4-二甲氧基苯基)-4′,5′-二苯基-1,1′-二咪唑(CZ-HABI)是一种高效的光引发剂,其结构通过傅里叶红外光谱仪、核磁共振仪、紫外吸收光谱进行表征.复合引发体系(PI)由光引发剂CZ-HABI、增感剂4,4′-双(二乙氨基)苯甲酮(EMK)、供氢体N-苯基甘氨酸(NPG)组成,利用实时红外(RT-IR)对该复合光引发体系进行了光聚合反应动力学研究,结果表明:在没有供氢体条件下,基本上没有引发效果,增加供氢体后,引发效率大幅增加;增加复合光引发体系用量能提高光聚合反应的双键转化率,且最大聚合速率与[PI]1/2成正比;随着光强的增强,单体的双键转化率与最大反应速率均增大;复合光引发体系引发双丙烯酸酯类单体的最终双键转化率比三丙烯酸酯类单体要高.复合光引发体系的引发效率比ITX/EDAB光引发体系的引发效率高,与1-羟基环己基苯基甲酮(184)、2-羟基-2-甲基-1-苯基-1-丙酮(1173)的引发效果相近.     

脂族酰基过氧化物分解动力学的研究VII. 过氧化丁酰、己酰和辛酰在苯中的分解动力学及机理

本文报道氧化丁酰(2)、,过氧化己酰(3)和过氧化辛酰(4)在苯中于30～70℃的分解动力学以及4在苯中于50℃分解产物的鉴定.2～4与过氧化月桂酰(1)一样,起始浓度较低时分解动力学为一级,当过氧化物浓度高于发生诱导分解所需的最低浓度[Po]cr时为一级加二分之三级,测定了2～4的[Po]cr值,该值随分解温度升高而下降,估算了诱导分解的速率和活化焓,速率常数为10^4～10^5mol^-^1.h^-^1,活化焓为40.9～47.7kJ.mol^-1,后者约为相应的酰基过氧化自发分解的活化焓的三分之一.     

Mechanism of vinyl chloride polymerization

An overall mechanistic scheme for the suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride is presented. The process can be resolved into five discrete stages, each of which presents a unique environment for the interaction of the systems parameters. It is shown that the surface area of the polymer formed during the reaction is not a major factor in autoacceleration and that the increase of kinetic chain length with conversion is due to a radical dilution effect. The latter is a direct result of the difference in rates between polymerization and radical formation, the former being greater. The increase of the initial polymerization rate and the reduction of autoacceleration brought about by chain transfer agents can be explained by the lower diffusion rate and greater bulkiness of the chain transfer agent radical relative to that of the monomer radical. The chaintransfer agent CBr₄ is preferentially absorbed by PVC from solution in vinyl chloride. With lauryl peroxide as initiator it is shown that the “hot spot” is the result of a build-up of initiator in the monomer caused by its exclusion from the polymer phase. Vinyl chloride was found to dissolve 0.03% PVC at ambient temperature and to have no effect on the decomposition rate of lauryl peroxide.     

A new kinetic model for bulk polymerization of vinyl chloride based on two-phase hypothesis

A kinetic model has been developed for the bulk polymerization of vinyl chloride using Talamini's hypothesis of two-phase polymerization and a new concept of kinetic solubility which assumes that rapidly growing polymer chains have considerably greater solubility than the thermodynamic solubility of preformed polymer molecules of the same size and so can remain in solution even under thermodynamically unfavourable conditions. It is further assumed that this kinetic solubility is a function of chain length. The model yields a rate expression consistent with the experimental data for vinyl chloride bulk polymerization and moreover is able to explain several characteristic kinetic features of this system. Application of the model rate expression to the available rate data has yielded 2.36 × 10⁸l mol^?1 sec^?1 for the termination rate constant in the polymer-rich phase; as expected, this value is smaller than that reported for homogenous polymerization by a factor of 10–30.     

Effect of oxygen on the polymerization of vinyl chloride. I. Kinetic features

The effect of oxygen on the liquid-phase polymerization of vinyl chloride at 55°C in the presence of an added initiator, bis(4-tert-butylcyclohexyl) peroxydicarbonate (Perkadox 16), has been studied by the technique of tumbled dilatometry. With this method, at constant initiator concentration, the induction period showed a half-order dependence on the initial oxygen concentration. At a constant initial oxygen concentration, the induction period varied inversely as the square root of the initiator concentration. Under the experimental conditions empolyed, the polyperoxy radicals with chloroalkyl (～CH₂?HCl) endgroups were not wholly scavenged by molecular oxygen but could undergo various decomposition reactions. The degree of conversion of the initial oxygen to peroxidic compounds did not exceed 30% by weight and was dependent on the shape of the reaction vessel empolyed. The existence of other oxidation products has been demonstrated. At 55°C, the average velocity constant for decomposition of the peroxide products from vinyl chloride, measured in dichloromethane solution, was found to be 8 × 10^?5 sec^?1. A kinetic scheme involving a predominant cross-termination reaction is proposed to explain the experimental results.     

Primary Radical Termination in Vinyl Chloride Polymerization

The rate of vinyl chloride polymerization initiated by doubly labeled benzoyl peroxide ('H in the phenyl ring and ¹⁴C in the carboxyl group) in dichloroethane solution was measured by a dilatometric method. The relative significance of primary radical termination in polymerization is examined by kinetic analysis of the polymerization rate data and analysis of the polymer samples recovered at 10% conversion for combined initiator fragments.     

Studies in vinyl chloride polymerization. Determination of primary radical termination by initiator fragment method

The rate of vinyl chloride polymerization initiated by doubly labelled benzoyl peroxide in dichloroethane at 60° was measured dilatometrically. The extent of primary radical termination, evaluated from the assay of the polymer samples recovered at 10% conversion, is compared with values deduced from analysis of the kinetic data.     

偏氯乙烯悬浮聚合反应速率模型

通过实验研究了偏氯乙烯悬浮聚合反应动力学,比较了偏氯乙烯与氯乙烯聚合动力学行为的异同.在假定偏氯乙烯聚合反应发生在单体相和液固界面两个区域的基础上,提出了偏氯乙烯沉淀聚合反应速率模型.模型预测的转化率值几乎在全转化率范围内都与本文的偏氯乙烯悬浮聚合实验结果一致.     

Non-ideal kinetics in vinyl polymerization: Note on primary radical termination in benzoyl peroxide initiated polymerization of vinyl chloride in dichloroethane

The kinetics of vinyl chloride polymerization initiated by benzoyl peroxide doubly labelled with ¹⁴C and 'H were studied in 1,2-dichloroethane solution at 60°. The importance of primary radical termination in the polymerization is examined by kinetic analysis and by analysis of polymers for combined initiator fragments.     

Kinetics of polymerization initiated by peroxides containing heterocyclic groups. I. Kinetics of bulk polymerization of styrene and vinyl acetate initiated by difuroyl peroxide

The rate and degree of bulk polymerization of styrene and vinyl acetate initiated by difuroyl peroxide and, for comparison, by dilauroyl and dibenzoyl peroxides were measured at several temperatures as a function of the initiator concentration. Also the rates of initiation were determined by the inhibition method with Banfield's radicals. The rate of polymerization initiated by difuroyl peroxide appears to be lower than could be expected from the rate of initiation determined by the inhibition method and from the decomposition of difuroyl peroxide. In the case of polymerization of vinyl acetate there are significant deviations from the proportionality between R_p and the square root of the initiator concentration, which follows from the conventional kinetic scheme. The degrees of polymerization are also low, and the plots of P _n^?1 versus R_p are not linear. These deviations can be accounted for by postulating a retardation effect of the furan cycle and chain transfer to difuroyl peroxide.     

Suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride initiated by in situ generated diisobutyryl peroxide

It was found that diacyl peroxides can be formed in situ in a polymerization medium by the reaction of an acid anhydride with hydrogen peroxide. For the specific application to aqueous vinyl chloride polymerization, an initiator system based on the base-catalyzed reaction of isobutyric anhydride with hydrogen peroxide to produce diisobutyryl peroxide gave very good results. In contrast, the acid chloride was completely ineffective as a peroxide precursor in this reaction. Studies pointing to diisobutyryl peroxide as the initiating species; investigations of reactant stoichiometry; and comparison of the in situ system with preformed diisobutyryl peroxide were conducted. It was shown that this system makes possible the polymerization of vinyl chloride at 30°C at rates comparable to those obtained with dialkyl peroxydicarbonates at 50°C, thus demonstrating the ability of this system to initiate vinyl chloride polymerization at low temperature. The rates of vinyl chloride polymerization with the use of different concentrations of in situ diisobutyryl peroxide at 30, 40, and 50°C were determined. Similarly, polymerization rates with the use of combinations of in situ diisobutyryl peroxide and n-propyl peroxydicarbonate were determined. The data obtained demonstrate rapid initiation of the polymerization reaction and a reduction in polymerization time made possible by this dual initiator system. These results were verified in pilot-plant and commercial-scale PVC polymerizations.