Effect of the Orientation of Amide Linkage Groups on the Enantioselectivity of Two Related Synthetic Polymeric Chiral Stationary Phases

Two new synthetic polymeric chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on trans-(1S,2S)-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid bis-4-vinylphenylamide (I) and trans-N,N′-(1R,2R)-cyclohexanediyl-bis-4-ethenylbenzamide (II) monomers were prepared and evaluated by normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). A variety of chiral compounds were separated on these two new CSPs. The different orientation of the amide groups in the two CSPs resulted in a striking difference in the enantioselectivity properties of these two CSPs. Their differences in enantioselectivity with HPLC and SFC were compared.     

Synthesis and Evaluation of a Synthetic Polymeric Chiral Stationary Phase for LC Based on the N, N′-[(1R,2R)-1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-Ethanediyl]bis-2-Propenamide Monomer

A synthetic polymeric chiral stationary phase for liquid chromatography based on N, N′-[(1R,2R)-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediyl]bis-2-propenamide monomer was prepared via a simple solution initiated radical polymerization. This stable chiral stationary phase showed enantioselectivities for a large number of racemates in polar organic and normal phase modes and high sample loading ability. However, none of the generated data has been optimized in terms of column performance. Different enantioselectivities were observed on this new chiral stationary phase compared with the commercial polymeric chiral stationary phase based on N-(2-acryloylamino-(1R,2R)-cyclohexyl)-acrylamine monomer. Consequently, these two chiral stationary phases are considered complementary to one another. Furthermore they utilize the same mobile phase and optimization procedures. This polymeric chiral stationary phase appears to be useful for preparative separations since high amounts of analyte can be injected without loosing enantioselectivity.     

Synthesis and chromatographic evaluation of new polymeric chiral stationary phases based on three (1<Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>,2<Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>)-(−)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine derivatives in HPLC and SFC

Three new polymeric chiral stationary phases were synthesized based on (1S,2S)-1,2-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)ethylenediamine, (1S,2S)-1,2-bis(2-chlorophenyl)ethylenediamine, and (1S,2S)-1,2-di-1-naphthylethylenediamine via a simple free-radical-initiated polymerization in solution. These monomers are structurally related to (1S,2S)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine which is the chiral monomer used for the commercial P-CAP-DP polymeric chiral stationary phase (CSP). The performance of these three new chiral stationary phases were evaluated in normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography and the results were compared with those of the P-CAP-DP column. All three new phases showed enantioselectivity for a large number of racemates with a variety of functional groups, including amines, amides, alcohols, amino acids, esters, imines, thiols, and sulfoxides. In normal phase, 68 compounds were separated with 28 baseline separations (Rs ≥ 1.5) and in SFC, 65 compounds were separated with 24 baseline separations. In total 72 out of 100 racemates were separated by these CSPs with 37 baseline separations. Complimentary separation capabilities were observed for many analytes. The new polymeric CSPs showed similar or better enantioselectivities compared with the commercial column in both HPLC and SFC. However, faster separations were achieved on the new stationary phases. Also, it was shown that these polymeric stationary phases have good sample loading capacities while maintaining enantioselectivity.     

Chromatographic evaluation of poly (trans-1,2-cyclohexanediyl-bis acrylamide) as a chiral stationary phase for HPLC

Chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on polymeric (R,R)- or (S,S)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) derivatives are synthesized. When bonded to 5 microm porous spherical silica gel, the poly (trans-1,2-cyclohexanediyl-bis acrylamide) based poly-cyclic amine polymer (P-CAP) stationary phases is proved to be effective chiral stationary phases that could be used in the normal-phase mode, polar organic mode and with halogenated solvents mobile phases, if desired. Since these are entirely synthetic CSPs, the elution order of all enantiomers can be reversed between the (R,R) P-CAP and (S,S) P-CAP columns. Because of the high loading of chiral selectors, the columns exhibit very high sample capacities. Thus, P-CAP columns are useful for preparative and semi-preparative enantiomeric separations. The application of these CSPs and optimization of their separations are discussed.     

Preparation and evaluation of a new synthetic polymeric chiral stationary phase for HPLC based on the trans-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-(11S,12S)-11,12-dicarboxylic acid bis-4-vinylphenylamide monomer

A new synthetic polymeric chiral stationary phase for liquid chromatography was prepared via free-radical-initiated polymerization of trans-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-(11S,12S)-11,12-dicarboxylic acid bis-4-vinylphenylamide. The new polymeric chiral stationary phase (CSP) showed enantioselectivity for many chiral compounds in multiple mobile phases. High stability and sample capacities were observed on this polymeric chiral stationary phase. Mobile phase components and additives affected chiral separation greatly. This new synthetic chiral stationary phase is complementary to two other related commercially available CSPs: the P-CAP and P-CAP-DP columns. Interactions between the chiral stationary phase and analytes that lead to retention and chiral recognition include hydrogen bonding, dipolar, and π–π interactions. Repulsive (steric) interactions also contribute to chiral recognition. Figure LC chromatograms showing the analytical (blue) and preparative (red) separations of N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoylleucine) enantiomers on a new synthetic polymeric chiral stationary phase     

Transition from enantioselective high performance to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography: A case study of a brush-type chiral stationary phase based on sub-5-micron to sub-2-micron silica particles

Three brush-type chiral stationary phases (CSPs) differing in the particle size of the starting silica particles have been prepared by covalent grafting of the π-acidic bis-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-derivative of trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH-DNB). Starting silica particles of 4.3, 2.6 and 1.9 micron were used to generate the final CSPs using an improved, highly reproducible synthetic methodology, that allowed to assemble and surface-graft the whole chiral selector in only two steps. The different CSPs have been packed in columns of various length and diameters, and fully characterized in terms of flow permeability, kinetic performances and enantioselectivity using a set of test solutes. Very high speed and high resolution applications together with stereodynamic HPLC examples are demonstrated on the columns with reduced particle diameters, on which separations of several enantiomeric pairs are routinely obtained with analysis times in the 15–40 s range.     

Enantiomeric separations of chiral polychlorinated biphenyls on three polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phases by supercritical fluid chromatography

Enantiomeric separations of 18 chiral polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated on three polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phases (CSPs; Sino-Chiral OJ, Chiralpak IB, and Chiralcel OD) by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). With these commonly used polysaccharide CSPs, 17 PCBs except PCB 135 (R(S) = 0.81) were well resolved (R(S) > 1.5) under appropriate mobile phases and temperatures. Using Sino-Chiral OJ, 14 PCBs could be baseline-separated, while only one and nine PCBs could be completely separated using Chiralpak IB and Chiralcel OD, respectively. The influence of column temperature was studied for the optimization of resolution, as well as for the type and percentage of organic modifier in the mobile phase. The resolution decreased as the temperature increased in the range of 26-40 °C in which the enantiomeric separations were an enthalpy-driven process. The addition of modifiers in the mobile phase decreased the resolution of the PCB enantiomers, but it clearly shortened their retention time. These separation results indicate that SFC is a promising chromatographic technique for chiral separation and enantiopure standard preparation.     

Comparison of HPLC enantioseparation of substituted binaphthyls on CD‐, polysaccharide‐ and synthetic polymer‐based chiral stationary phases

Retention and enantioseparation behavior of ten 2,2′‐disubstituted or 2,3,2′‐trisubstituted 1,1′‐binaphthyls and 8,3′‐disubstituted 1,2′‐binaphthyls, which are used as catalysts in asymmetric synthesis, was investigated on eight chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on β‐CD, polysaccharides (tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) cellulose or amylose CSPs) and new synthetic polymers (trans‐1,2‐diamino‐cyclohexane, trans‐1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine and trans‐9,10‐dihydro‐9,10‐ethanoanthracene‐(11S,12S)‐11,12‐dicarboxylic acid CSPs). Normal‐, reversed‐phase and polar‐organic separation modes were employed. The effect of the mobile phase composition was examined. The enantiomeric separation of binaphthyl derivatives, which possess quite similar structures, was possible in different enantioselective environments. The substituents and their positions on the binaphthyl skeleton affect their properties and, as a consequence, the separation system suitable for their enantioseparation. In general, the presence of ionizable groups on the binaphthyl skeleton, substitution with non‐identical groups and a chiral axis in the 1,2′ position had the greatest impact on the enantiomeric discrimination. The 8,3′‐disubstituted 1,2′‐binaphthyl derivatives were the most easily separated compounds in several separation systems. From all the chiral stationary phases tested, cellulose‐based columns were shown to be the most convenient for enantioseparation of the studied analytes. However, the polymeric CSPs with their complementary behavior provided good enantioselective environments for some derivatives that could be hardly separated in any other chromatographic system.     

trans-chloro(N,N-dimethyl-d-phenylglycine)-(3-methyl-1-phenylpent-1-ene)platinum(II) complexes. HPLC separation and identification of all the diastereomers

The diastereomeric trans-chloro(N,N-dimethyl-d-phenylglycine)(3-methyl-1-phenylpent-1-ene)platinum(II) complexes, derived by coordination of the enantiomeric and geometric isomers of 3-methyl-1-phenylpent-1-ene (2), were separated by HPLC. Four trans- and two cis-olefin complexes were recognized in the chromatogram. The configuration of all chiral centers of the olefin in the six complexes were assigned. Under the conditions of preparation, the pairs of diastereomers 1R,2R,3S/1S,2S,3S and 1S,2S,3R/1R,2R,3R were formed in a ratio > 1 for the trans-isomer, whereas the cis-isomer gave the 1R,2S,3S and 1S,2R,3R epimers only. The complexes do not epimerize on standing at room temperature in solution; similar behaviour of the corresponding complexes of trans-stilbene (4C) indicates that the conjugated aromatic double bond is coordinated more strongly than those aliphatic and cycloaliphatic olefins.The efficient HPLC separation of the diasteromeric complexes 2C, permits the enantiomeric analysis of 2, as well as the preparative resolution of the olefin.     

Liquid Chromatographic Resolution of Enantiomeric Dipeptides on the Chiral Stationary Phase Derived from (S)-1-(6,7-Dimethyl-1-naphthyl)isobutylamine

Abstract

Liquid chromatographic resolution of fifteen enantiomeric dipeptide methyl esters as their N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl derivatives was investigated on the chiral stationary phase (CSP) derived from (S)-1-(6,7-dimethyl-1-naphthyl)isobutylamine. The four stereoisomers present in each dipeptide derivative were observed to be separated quite well with the (R,R) isomer being eluted first. The separation factors for two enantiomeric pairs such as (R,R)/(S,S) and (R,S)/(S,R) and the elution orders are explained by two competing “opposite-sense” chiral recognition mechanisms.     

Direct Chromatographic Resolution of P-Chiral Organophosphorus Compounds at Analytical and Preparative Levels

Abstract

High-performance liquid chromatography utilizing chiral stationary phases (CSPs) is well established as a very simple and efficient method for obtaining discrete amounts of optically active compounds with high e.e., as well as for determining their enantiomeric composition We wish to demonstrate in the present work that a totally synthetic brush-type π-acidic CSP based on a bis(N,N′-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl) derivative of (R,R)- or (S,S)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane as selector can be used successfully to resolve variety of chiral organophosphorus compounds containing stereogenic centers at phosphorus     

Development of an enantioselective membrane from cellulose acetate propionate/cellulose acetate,for the separation of trans-stilbene oxide

This paper reports the characterization of new synthesized chiral polymeric membranes, based on a cellulose acetate propionate polymer. The flux and permselective properties of the membrane were studied using 50 % ethanol solution of (R,S)-trans-stilbene oxide as feed solution. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the asymmetric structure of these membranes. The roughness of the surface was measured by atomic force microscopy. The resolution of over 97 % enantiomeric excess was achieved when the enantioselective membrane was prepared with 18 wt% cellulose acetate and 8 wt% cellulose acetate propionate in the casting solution of dimethyl formamide/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone/acetone, at 20 °C and 55 % humidity, and a water bath at 10 °C for the gelation of the membrane. The operating pressure and the feed concentration of the trans-stilbene oxide were 275.57, 345.19, and 413.84 kPa and 2.6 mM, respectively.     

Preparation and evaluation of new Pirkle type chiral stationary phases with long alkyl chains for the separation of amino acid enantiomers derivatized with NBD-F.

In order to improve the high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of alpha-amino acids derivatized with the fluorogenic reagent 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) on commercially available chiral stationary phases (CSPs) such as SUMICHIRAL OA-2500(S) (CSP 1) and OA-4700 (CSP 3), the preparation of two new CSPs (CSP 2 and CSP 4) having 11-aminoundecanoic acid between the aminopropyl silica gel support and the chiral moiety in CSP 1 and CSP 3 is described. CSP 2 and CSP 4 improved both the mutual and enantiomeric separation of NBD-amino acids compared with CSP 1 and CSP 3. Thus, 17 pairs of NBD-amino acid enantiomers and NBD-glycine were separated on CSP 2 except for six NBD-amino acids (D-Asn, D-Ser, D-Gln, L-Pro, L-Ser and Gly). CSP 2 and CSP 4 also showed better enantiomeric separation of NBD-amino acid esters and amides than CSP 1 and CSP 3. It was considered that the achiral long alkyl chains in the CSPs might form a hydrophobic space which assisted the stereoselective interaction of analytes with the chiral moiety by changing the environment around the chiral moiety. On CSP 1 and CSP 2, NBD-beta-amino acid was also enantiomerically separated.     

Liquid chromatographic enantiomer separation with special focus on zwitterionic chiral ion-exchangers

This article provides a condensed introduction to principles of chiral separation, gives a historic overview of the genesis of the most important concepts regarding chiral stationary phase (CSPs), and summarizes the state of the art in a concise manner. Some recent developments in the field of polysaccharide CSPs are outlined. Finally, the article focusses on the new concept of zwitterionic chiral stationary phases and their application profile and peculiarities. Some other trends in column technology, including sub-2 μm and core–shell CSP particles and the emerging field of (UP)SFC, are briefly discussed. Figure

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双选择体手性固定相中选择体的构型对分离性能的影响

为研究选择体的构型对双选择体固定相手性识别的影响,以(1S,2S)-(~)-二苯基乙二胺及L-(~)-二苯甲酰酒石酸为手性源,合成了一种新的双选择体固定相,并用不同结构的手性样品测试了其手性分离能力。结果表明,这种固定相与以(1R,2R)-(+)-二苯基乙二胺及L(~)-二苯甲酰酒石酸为手性源制备的双选择体固定相有相当的手性分离能力,但这两种固定相所能分离的化合物不尽相同。对双选择体固定相中两个选择体的构型对固定相手性识别的影响进行了探讨。在手性识别中,以不同手性源制备的两个选择体的立体构型不能同时与一个手性样品的立体构型相匹配,从而导致相应的双选择体固定相手性分离能力的下降。     

Synthesis of chiral N-protected 1,2-dihydro-quinoline-2-carbonitrile and 1,2-dihydro-isoquinoline-1-carbonitrile via an asymmetric Reissert reaction

Addition of cyanide ion to chiral N-acyl-quinolinium and N-acyl-isoquinolinium salts led selectively to 1,2-addition products. Removal of the chiral auxiliary affords the title compounds in pure enantiomeric form.     

Application of phosphorylated reagents derived from N,N′-di-[(S)-α-phenylethyl]-cyclohexane-1,2-diamines in the determination of the enantiomeric purity of chiral alcohols

The synthesis of two new N-[(S)-α-phenylethyl] substituted P-chloro-1,3-diazaphospholidines derived from C₂-symmetric trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexanes, and their application as chiral derivatizing agents in the determination of enantiomeric purities of chiral alcohols by means of ³¹P NMR spectroscopy is described.     

Synthesis of phellanphos,an efficient chiral 1,2-diphosphine for asymmetric catalysis

A chiral 1,2-diphosphine was prepared in two steps from ()-α-phellandrene. This phosphine phellanphos gives a cationic rhodium complex (phellanphos-cyclooctadienerhodium hexafluorophosphate) which catalyses asymmetric reductions. N-Acetylphenylalanine and N-acetylalanine have been prepared in 94–95% enantiomeric excess.     

Chiral cyclopentadienyl ruthenium(II) complexes with P,P-ligands derived from (1R,2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane: Synthesis,crystal structures and catalytic activity in Diels–Alder reactions

Chiral cyclopentadienyl ruthenium(II) complexes [CpRu(L1–L3)Cl] (5–7) have been prepared by reaction of [CpRu(PPh₃)₂Cl] with chiral P,P-ligands (1R,2R)-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphinamino)cyclohexane (L1), N,N′-[bis-(3,3′-bis-tert-butyl-5,5′-bis-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-2,2′-diyl)phosphite]-(1R,2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (L2) and N,N′-[bis-(R)-1,1′-binaphtyl-2,2′-diyl)phosphite]-(1R,2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (L3). The molecular structures of 5 and 6 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Studies on catalytic activity of the cations derived from (5–7) by treatment with AgSbF₆, are also reported.