X-ray standing wave analysis with synchrotron radiation applied for surface and bulk systems

The advantageous use of synchrotron radiation for X-ray standing wave measurements is demonstrated. For bulk-like systems As implanted in Si was analysed with two reflection orders (220) and (440) which shows that lattice relaxation around the As atom can be measured. The case of Br chemisorbed on Si(111) illustrated the accomplished decrease in measuring time and increase in precision.     

Classification of lead white pigments using synchrotron radiation micro X-ray diffraction

Lead white pigment was used and synthesised for cosmetic and artistic purposes since the antiquity. Ancient texts describe the various recipes, and preparation processes as well as locations of production. In this study, we describe the results achieved on several paint samples taken from Matthias Grünewald’s works. Grünewald, who was active between 1503 and 1524, was a major painter at the beginning of the German Renaissance. Thanks to X-ray diffraction analysis using synchrotron radiation, it is possible to associate the composition of the paint samples with the masters ancient recipes. Different approaches were used, in reflection and transmission modes, directly on minute samples or on paint cross-sections embedded in resin. Characterisation of lead white pigments reveals variations in terms of composition, graininess and proportion of mineral phases. The present work enlightens the presence of lead white as differentiable main composition groups, which could be specific of a period, a know-how or a geographical origin. In this way, we aim at understanding the choices and the trading of pigments used to realise paintings during northern European Renaissance. PACS 61.10.Nz; 07.85.Qe; 61.43.Gt     

X-ray lithography with synchrotron radiation

Manufactures of silicon integrated circuits increasingly rely on high resolution, high throughput, and litography techniques based on parallel mask projection. The once simple technique of projecting an image of a mask on a wafer, however, is now being replaced by more elaborate systems at an ever faster rate. Of the possible successors to photolithography in the production of structures smaller than 0.7 m, the most promising appears to be X-ray litography with synchrotron radiation. The development problems of this new technique are related to the mask technology, alignment systems, resist materials, and compact, low-cost storage rings.     

X-ray synchrotron radiation in medium

Energy and angular distributions of X-ray synchrotron radiation produced by an ultra relativistic electron moving in a medium are discussed. Calculations show that the medium suppresses strongly the yield of the radiation for the electron Lorentz factor smaller than some cut-off value depending on the medium electron density and magnetic field applied.     

Elemental distribution by synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence of prostate 3D cell culture

Prostate cancer is a highly prevalent disease and ranks second among malignant neoplasms that affect men around the world, behind lung cancer alone. Trace elements are very important and are involved in many cellular processes. The X-ray microfluorescence technique is an advanced tool of high spatial resolution, sensitivity, multielemental analysis, and nondestructiveness for trace element study. This study aimed to investigate the elemental distribution in spheroids obtained through the following human prostate cell lines using synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence: tumor cell line androgen independent (DU145), tumor cell line androgen dependent (LNCaP), and normal cell line (RWPE-1). The measurements were performed with a standard geometry of 45° of incidence, excited by a white beam using a pixel of 25 μm and an acquisition time of 300 ms/pixel at the X-ray fluorescence beamline at the Synchrotron Light National Laboratory (Campinas, Brazil). The synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence results showed differences between groups in all elements analyzed and suggested that further studies should be performed to understand the relationship of these trace elements with the progression and development of the disease.     

高能电子在强激光场中的同步辐射获得超短X射线脉冲

 研究了逆流相对论高能电子与强激光脉冲相互作用的同步辐射过程,当电子具有合适的初速度且传播方向与激光的传播方向相反时,电子在激光脉冲中心作圆周运动。由于电子的运动半径比传统同步辐射环中电子的运动半径小几个数量级,因此电子的辐射能量大大增加。研究发现此过程可以获得阿秒和泽秒X射线脉冲;同时发现随着入射电子初能量的增加和激光能量的增强,获得X射线脉冲脉宽越来越短,强度越来越大。这使得激光同步辐射可以成为一种强大的短波长短脉宽的辐射光源。     

Identification of single archaeological textile fibres from the cave of letters using synchrotron radiation microbeam diffraction and microfluorescence

Single 2000-year-old archaeological fibres from textile fragments excavated in the Cave of Letters in the Dead Sea region were investigated by a combined approach using microscopy (optical and SEM), X-ray microbeam diffraction and X-ray microbeam fluorescence. In comparison with modern reference samples, most of the fibres were identified as wool, some as plant bast fibres (flax). The molecular and supermolecular structure of both keratin (wool) and cellulose (flax) were found completely intact. In many fibres, mineral crystals were intimately connected with the fibres. The fluorescence analysis of the dyed wool textiles suggests the possible use of metal-containing mordants for the fixation of organic dyes. PACS 61.10.Nz; 78.70.En; 81.05.Lg     

第三代同步辐射光源X射线相干性测量研究

随着高性能第三代同步辐射光源的建成开放,基于X射线相干特性的实验方法得到了快速发展和广泛应用.作为一个典型的例子,X射线相位衬度成像已经成为常规的X射线实验方法并向用户开放.相干散射、相干衍射成像、光子关联谱等X射线实验方法正日益受到重视,在高空间分辨、时间分辨等研究领域已显示出其独特的优越性.因此,研究和测量第三代同步辐射的空间相干特性对进一步发展这些新的实验方法具有重要意义.基于Talbot自成像原理成功测量了上海光源X射线成像线站发射的X射线的空间相干长度,并进而测得了相应光源的空间尺度.光子能量为33.2 keV时,测得的X射线光束垂直方向空间相干长度为8.84μm,对应的光源尺寸为23μm,测量结果与理论分析相符.     

Diagnostics of gold-containing surgical-dressing materials with X-ray and synchrotron radiation

An analysis of biocompatible and antibacterial Au-gauze nanocomposites for medical purposes using X-ray and synchrotron radiation is conducted. The samples are produced by the modification of medical cotton gauze by Au organosol in isopropanol, which is synthesized via the metal-vapor method. The nanocomposites are examined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, as well as with X-ray adsorption diffraction spectroscopy (EXAFS/XANES) and small-angle X-ray scattering using synchrotron radiation.     

Confocal three-dimensional micro X-ray fluorescence based on synchrotron radiation for mineral analysis

The confocal three-dimensional micro X-ray fluorescence using polycapillary optics and a synchrotron radiation was applied to nondestructively analyze elemental compositions of minerals, and thereby obtain the three-dimensional distributions of elements in the minerals. Such confocal micro X-ray fluorescence had potential applications in the mineral prospecting, identification of jades, differentiation of stones.     

同步辐射X射线光源在高压科学研究中的应用

同步辐射X射线光源已经成功地应用到高压科学研究的诸多领域.文章简要回顾了同步辐射高压技术的发展历史,简要介绍了同步辐射X射线衍射技术在高压状态方程、强关联体系、地球内部物质以及早期生命起源等研究中的应用.介绍了同步辐射X射线光谱技术(包括晶格振动声子谱的测量)在高压研究中的应用,此外,还介绍了时间分辨的同步辐射技术在冲击压缩研究中的应用,最后展望了未来先进光源应用于高压科学研究的前景.     

同步辐射X射线光源在高压科学研究中的应用

同步辐射X射线光源已经成功地应用到高压科学研究的诸多领域. 文章简要回顾了同步辐射高压技术的发展历史,简要介绍了同步辐射X射线衍射技术在高压状态方程、强关联体系、地球内部物质以及早期生命起源等研究中的应用.介绍了同步辐射X射线光谱技术（包括晶格振动声子谱的测量）在高压研究中的应用,此外, 还介绍了时间分辨的同步辐射技术在冲击压缩研究中的应用,最后展望了未来先进光源应用于高压科学研究的前景.     

Investigation of GEM-Micromegas detector on X-ray beam of synchrotron radiation

To reduce the discharge of the standard bulk Micromegas and GEM detectors, a GEM-Micromegas detector was developed at the Institute of High Energy Physics. Taking into account the advantages of the two detectors, one GEM foil was set as a preamplifier on the mesh of Micromegas in the structure and the CEM pream- plification decreased the working voltage of Micromegas to significantly reduce the effect of the discharge. At the same gain, the spark probability of the GEM-Micromegas detector can be reduced to a factor 0.01 compared to the standard Micromegas detector, and an even higher gain could be obtained. This paper describes the performance of the X-ray beam detector that was studied at 1W2B Laboratory of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Finally, the result of the energy resolution under various X-ray energies was given in different working gases. This indicates that the GEM-Micromegas detector has an energy response capability in an energy range from 6 keV to 20 keV and it could work better than the standard bulk-Micromegas.     

Investigation of GEM-Micromegas detector on X-ray beam of synchrotron radiation

To reduce the discharge of the standard bulk Micromegas and GEM detectors, a GEM-Micromegas detector was developed at the Institute of High Energy Physics. Taking into account the advantages of the two detectors, one GEM foil was set as a preamplifier on the mesh of Micromegas in the structure and the GEM preamplification decreased the working voltage of Micromegas to significantly reduce the effect of the discharge. At the same gain, the spark probability of the GEM-Micromegas detector can be reduced to a factor 0.01 compared to the standard Micromegas detector, and an even higher gain could be obtained. This paper describes the performance of the X-ray beam detector that was studied at 1W2B Laboratory of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Finally, the result of the energy resolution under various X-ray energies was given in different working gases. This indicates that the GEM-Micromegas detector has an energy response capability in an energy range from 6 keV to 20 keV and it could work better than the standard bulk-Micromegas.     

Time-domain interferometry using synchrotron radiation applied to diffusion in ordered alloys

Time-domain interferometry of synchrotron radiation (TDI) has recently been used as a tool for investigating diffusion in glasses. This work deals with an extension of this technique to ordered structures. In a TDI experiment performed on the B2 alloy CoGa at the APS the intensity scattered into Bragg directions showed no detectable quasielastic signal. Experimental lower limits of the elastic contribution are given. They are in accordance with the coherent scattering function derived in this paper. This result indicates that TDI can be applied to diffusion in crystalline solids, e.g. intermetallic alloys, by using diffuse scattering. Requirements and limitations of diffuse scattering experiments are discussed. Received 21 September 2000 and Received in final form 13 December 2000     

Polycapillary X-ray lens for the secondary focusing Beijing synchrotron radiation source

According to intensity distribution of the synchrotron radiation source focused by a toroidal mirror at the Beijing synchrotron radiation biological macromolecule station, theoretical modeling of the Beijing synchrotron radiation source is developed for capillary optics. Using this theoretical modeling, the influences of the configuration curve of the polycapillary X-ray lens on transmission efficiency and working distance are analyzed. The experimental results of the transmission efficiency and working distance at the biological macromolecule station are in good agreement with the theoretical results.     

Scanning X-ray microanalysis of bottom sediments using synchrotron radiation from the BINP VEPP-3 storage ring

Combining the features of synchrotron radiation (low angular divergence and continuous spectrum, natural polarization, and high intensity) with the use of modern X-ray optics (polycapillary lenses) and registering devices results in a new quality of analysis: measuring picogram concentrations of a broad set of elements with micron spatial resolution. Using a dedicated experimental station and developed methodologies, numerous scanning microanalyses of bottom sediments is performed to obtain a time series of geochemical indicators of paleoclimate in the Central Asian region. The detection limit under optimum conditions is 5 × 10^?5% with a spatial resolution of ～100 μm.     

Multimode X-ray tomography at the mediana Station of the Kurchatov synchrotron radiation source

The synchrotron radiation used in X-ray tomography enables us to vary the recording conditions within wide limits due to the continuous spectrum and the beam’s high brightness and collimation. The possibilities of multimode X-ray tomography at the Mediana station of the Kurchatov synchrotron radiation source, including tomography and microtomography based on white and “pink” beams, imaging with the help of a monochromatic beam, and measurements via axial and refractive phase-contrast methods, are described. The presented results of the reconstruction of different objects have been obtained under different recording conditions.     

Investigation of craze development using small-angle X-ray scattering of synchrotron radiation

The development of crazes in polycarbonate was investigated with the method of ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) of synchrotron radiation. Measurements at different temperatures and with different draw rates were carried out. The two-dimensional scattering patterns were analyzed by means of a fibrillar model of the craze. The geometrical parameters of the craze as a function of the macroscopic draw ratio were determined by using a curve-fitting procedure. From the measured values of the diameter and the mean distance of the fibrils, it is possible to calculate the volume fraction v_f of the fibrils directly. Additional scattering caused by submicrocracks is discussed.