求解含缺陷一维周期结构动力响应的高效算法

基于周期结构的动力特性和群理论,建立了一种高效求解含缺陷一维周期结构动力响应的数值方法。在求解结构动力响应时,高效求解结构对应的线性代数方程组最为关键。采用凝聚技术,可减小结构对应线性代数方程组的规模。基于周期结构动力系统中线性代数方程组的特性,通过一个小规模含缺陷结构和一维周期结构的响应分析,可得到含缺陷一维周期结构的动力响应。同理,一维周期结构的动力响应可通过一系列小规模结构的响应分析得到,且小规模结构的动力响应可基于群理论高效求解。数值算例表明,本文算法有较高的求解效率。     

钙质砂的SHPB实验技术及其动态力学性能

开展了11组南海钙质砂和福建石英砂的分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）实验,试样相对密实度为90%,厚度分别为10、30和50 mm,得到了冲击荷载下钙质砂和石英砂的应变率时程曲线、应变时程曲线和应力应变关系。实验结果表明：通过严格装样技术可以减小实验设备产生的误差,改变试样厚度、子弹长度、整形器等是实现钙质砂应力平衡和恒应变率的主要手段。在相同的密实度和加载条件下,钙质砂的体积模量和剪切模量约为石英砂的10%,压缩强度和抗剪强度约为石英砂的30%。冲击荷载作用下钙质砂的动态力学性能与石英砂存在较大的差异,因此不能将已有石英砂的研究结果直接用于钙质砂。

     

Crack detection in existing structures using noise-contaminated dynamic responses

Crack detection is existing structures using measured dynamic response information is presented in this paper. The general area of health assessment of existing structures in the presence of uncertainty in modeling the structure, characteristics of sensors, and the dynamic response information collected by the sensors is emphasized. A time domain system identification-based procedure is proposed to assess health of a structure at the finite element level in the presence of all major sources of uncertainty. It is denoted as the GILS-EKF-UI method. The method does not require information on excitation that caused the response and the noise-contaminated response information needs not be available at all dynamic degrees of freedom. The method is verified using computer generated analytical and actual measured response information emphasizing three items: (1) identification of the defect-free frame, (2) detection of location of a crack accurately within a defective element, and (3) detection of a crack using limited response information using the GILS-EKF-UI method.     

Iterative solution of the dynamic responses of locally nonlinear structures with drift

Considering the operating point drift in the dynamic responses of locally nonlinear structures, a new iterative method based on describing functions is introduced to solve for the steady-state frequency response. Drift in the operating point arises in the presence of asymmetric nonlinearity, pre-deformation or static loads. In this study, the internal nonlinear forces are expressed using describing functions. The complex equations governing the responses of multiple frequency components are established and are iteratively solved using the Inverse Matrix Update Method. The nonlinear frequency responses can thus be rapidly obtained, and the validity of the method is verified by simulations. The presented method can be applied to large-scale structures with multiple nonlinear elements.     

Progress in wind tunnel experimental techniques for wind turbine

Based on the unsteady aerodynamics experiment (UAE) phase VI and the model experiment in controlled conditions (MEXICO) projects and the related research carried out in China Aerodynamic Research and Development Center (CARDC), the recent progress in the wind tunnel experimental techniques for the wind turbine is summarized. Measurement techniques commonly used for different types of wind tunnel experiments for wind turbine are reviewed. Important research achievements are discussed, such as the wind tunnel disturbance, the equivalence of the airfoil inflow condition, the three-dimensional (3D) effect, the dynamic inflow influence, the flow field structure, and the vortex induction. The corresponding research at CARDC and some ideas on the large wind turbine are also introduced.     

A wind driven dynamic model manipulator for wind tunnels

Experimental Techniques -     

求解轴对称结构侧向冲击响应的一种快速算法

轴对称结构在侧向冲击载荷下的动力响应分析,一般采用解析、半解析法或者直接进行有限元数值模拟,这些方法均有一定的局限性.本文依据线性动力学问题的叠加原理,提出了一种基于有限元分析和线性叠加的快速算法.该方法首先采用多条母线对载荷进行离散,然后采用有限元计算结构在单个"载荷单元"作用下的动力响应,最后采用坐标旋转和线性叠加的方法计算得到结构在复杂分布载荷作用下的响应.算例表明,本文提出的算法是正确、有效的,并且具有快速、简便、灵活的特点.     

Experimental determination of the dynamic stress-intensity factor using caustics and photoelasticity

The methods of photoelasticity and caustics were used in conjunction with high-speed photography to determine the dynamic stress field near a moving crack. The photographs were analyzed to extract information on crack speed and the dynamic stress-intensity factor. The stress-intensity-factor histories obtained from both techniques were compared to determine the reliability of the two techniques.     

Experimental determination of the free-stream disturbance field in a short-duration supersonic wind tunnel

The free-stream disturbance field in a short-duration supersonic wind tunnel is investigated at a nominal Mach number of Ma=2.54. A specially designed constant-temperature anemometer is used to be able to draw a complete fluctuation diagram within one wind tunnel run (testing time: 120 ms). It is shown that the disturbance field is dominated by acoustic waves radiated from the turbulent boundary layer on the nozzle and the sidewalls, like in conventional supersonic wind tunnels. The acoustic field appears to be composed of highly localized shivering Mach waves superimposed on a background of eddy Mach waves.Abbreviations  a constant in the thermal conductivity/temperature power law of air: k/k_r=(T/T_r)^a (dimensionless) - b constant in the viscosity/temperature power law of air: /_r=(T/T_r)^b (dimensionless) - Be bandwidth (Hz) - A, B constants in the wire heat transfer relation (Eq. (7), dimensionless) -   (dimensionless) - c_p specific heat at constant temperature (kJ/kg K) - c_v specific heat at constant volume (kJ/kg K) -  boundary layer thickness (m) - D function of the overheat ratio (dimensionless) - e anemometer output voltage (V) - _F end-loss attenuation factor for mass flow sensitivity (dimensionless) - _G end-loss attenuation factor for total temperature sensitivity (dimensionless) -  recovery factor (dimensionless) - f frequency (Hz) - f₁ normalized frequency (dimensionless) - F anemometer nondimensional sensitivity to mass flow fluctuations (dimensionless) - G anemometer nondimensional sensitivity to total temperature fluctuations (dimensionless) - F_AC F×F (dimensionless) - G_AC G×G (dimensionless) - f,g functions in the wire heat transfer relation (Eq. (7), dimensionless) -  c_p/c_v (dimensionless) - k thermal conductivity of air (W/m K) - k_r thermal conductivity of air at temperature T_r (W/m K) - k anemometer sensitivity to total temperature fluctuations (V/K) - l Mach rhombus half-length (Fig. 1, m) - Ma Mach number (dimensionless) -  viscosity of air (kg/m·s) - _r viscosity of air at temperature T_r (kg/m·s) - n constant in the wire heat transfer relation (Eq. (7), dimensionless) - Nu Nusselt number (dimensionless) - p pressure (Pa) - p₀ stagnation pressure (Pa) - r –F/G (dimensionless) - R unit Reynolds number (1/m) - Re Reynolds number (dimensionless) -  correlation coefficient between mass flow and total temperature fluctuations (dimensionless) -  density (kg/m³) - T time span (s) - T₀ total temperature (K) - T_r reference temperature (K) - T_w hot wire temperature (K) -  overheat ratio: =(T_w–T₀)/T₀ (dimensionless) -  –<e>/G (%) - u x-component of the flow velocity (m/s) - u_s source velocity at acoustic origin (m/s) - u inviscid velocity at acoustic origin (m/s) - x wind tunnel axis (Fig. 1, m)Symbols  x̄ temporal mean value of a fluctuating quantity x - x fluctuating part of x: x=x–x̄ - x_RMS^' root mean square of x - <x> x_RMS^'/x̄ - (X) relative uncertainty of a random variable X

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Experimental dynamic analysis of elastic-plastic shear frames with secondary structures

Various experimental models are developed to study the influence of lightweight secondary structures on the dynamic response of elastic and elastic-plastic shear frames. Small-scale two-story model frames, with an elastic single-degree-of-freedom secondary structure attached, are considered for sinusoidal and random in-plane support excitation. Both elastic and elastic-plastic responses are recorded by varying the material properties of the columns of a distinguished floor. Parametric studies are performed by varying the secondary structure's fundamental frequency and damping. Experimental results are compared with those obtained by computational simulations. Experimental and numerical results are in excellent agreement, however they show that the material properties have to be determined very carefully. The statistic response of randomly excited elastic-plastic structures is not much affected by the motion of tuned secondary structures. However, this dynamic behavior is not true for elastic main structures. In this case, an optimally tuned secondary structure decreases the structural response up to 25%.     

Parameter perturbation method for dynamic responses of structures with uncertain-but-bounded parameters based on interval analysis

The study was intended to evaluate the range of dynamic responses of structures with uncertain-but-bounded parameters by using the parameter perturbation method. The uncertain parameters were modeled as an interval vector. The first-order perturbation quantities of responses of the perturbed system were obtained through the parameter perturbation method, and then taking advantage of interval mathematics a new algorithm to estimate the response interval was presented. Comparisons between the parameter perturbation method and the probabilistic approach from mathematical proofs and numerical simulations were performed. The numerical results are in agreement with the mathematical proofs. The response range given by the parameter perturbation method encloses that obtained by the probabilistic approach. The results also show good robustness of the proposed method.     

Non-linear dynamic responses of elastic two-story structures with partially filled liquid tanks

This paper deals with the non-linear vibrations of an elastic two-story structure with two liquid tanks installed under horizontal harmonic excitation. The influence of the configuration of the two rectangular tanks on the response of the structure is investigated. In the theoretical analysis, Galerkin's method is applied to derive the equations of motion for the structure and the modal equations for sloshing, while considering the non-linear liquid forces. Then, van der Pol's method is used to determine the frequency response curves. Three cases are investigated: In the first case two tanks are installed, one on the top and one on the second story of the structure, in the second case one tank is installed on top, and in the third case two tanks are installed on top. The theoretical results of the first case are compared with those of the second and third cases. In the numerical calculations, it is found that Hopf bifurcations occur near the tuning frequency and then amplitude modulated motion appears in both the first and third cases. It is thus concluded that multiple tanks yield less effectiveness in suppressing the vibrations of the structure. The experimental data confirm the validity of the theoretical results for the first and third cases.     

Rigid-plastic structures subject to dynamic loads

Summary The one-degree-of-freedom response of rigid-plastic structures is investigated for a variety of single-parameter dynamic loading-functions. Specific results, valid for any structure under the set assumptions, are obtained for single-pulse and periodic loading. The possibility of linear strain-hardening or reduction of strength with deformation is introduced. In the concluding section, the results are reviewed, and possible future researches are indicated.

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Sommario Si sviluppa uno studio teorico del comportamento di strutture rigido-plastiche sottoposte a vari tipi di carichi dinamici; sia la deformazione che il carico si suppongono dipendenti da un singolo parametro, funzione del tempo. Si approfondisce lo studio dei carichi impulsivi e periodici, per cui si forniscono risultati più dettagliati (p. es. riguardo alla più pericolosa forma dell'impulso, ed allastabilizzazione delle oscillazioni sotto carichi periodici), validi per qualsiasi struttura che rispetti le ipotesi. Si introduce quindi la possibilità di variazione (in aumento o in diminuzione) della resistenza con la deformazione, e si studia in particolare la possibilità di completocollasso. Infine, nel paragrafo conclusivo si riassumono e discutono i risultati ottenuti, e si indicano alcuni possibili sviluppi di questa ricerca.

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(on leave at the Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, R. I., 1968/69).     

一种求解大型结构动力响应的快速计算方法

针对大型工程结构动力响应求解效率较低的问题,提出了一种基于减基法的快速求解方法。该方法对动力学方程进行时间域积分构建减基空间,利用Galerkin映射向减基空间进行投影得到减缩方程,利用减缩方程快速求得原系统的逼近解,从而大大提高了动力学方程的求解效率。该方法还考虑了Galerkin映射下的奇异性计算,文中算例验证了该...     

Modeling tangential friction based on contact pressure distribution for predicting dynamic responses of bolted joint structures

Nonlinear Dynamics - The traditional nonlinear energy sink (NES), i.e., a smooth and cubic NES, can cause stable higher branch of response of primary systems with increasing excitation forcing. For...     

Some aspects of the optical techniques for strain determination

In a general view, a comparison is made of different optical methods where either photoelastic models, opaque bodies with transparent coatings or noncontacted objects are examinèd with coherent light. Further, it is tried to show that some common features are contained by the three groups. These aspects concern the separation, by controlled determination, of displacement, rotation and strain (or of certain of their components), the multiplication of the optical effects in the detection and the elimination of secondary influences. In particular, the noncontacting method of wavefront reconstruction with double-exposure holograms is discussed and the role of the localization condition for the fringes in space is analyzed. On the other hand, it is illustrated that, besides the generally known birefringence and diffraction. use could be made of nonorthodox effects like rotation of the plane of polarization, second-harmonic generation in nonlinear optics, etc. This may, for instance, contribute to the optical instrumentation when transparent models and bodies with photoelastic coatings are investigated under the above aspects.     

螺旋侧板和水深对浮式风机动态响应的影响

为研究漂浮式风力机平台动态响应的优化措施,提出平台附加螺旋侧板的方式。建立基于Spar平台的5MW风力机整机模型,利用有限元软件进行水动力计算,得到不同水深条件下,风力机平台在风、浪、流载荷联合作用下的频域特性,通过与不附加螺旋侧板情况下的动态特性参数对比,探讨螺旋侧板是否对结构的频响特性起到提升作用。结果表明,附加螺旋侧板后,结构的垂荡和纵摇的运动幅值和所受波浪力均得到了显著抑制;与纵荡和纵摇相比,垂荡运动的幅值和所受波浪力所受影响更显著;水深变化对结构响应的幅值有着显著影响。