Observation of “Dark” Axisymmetric Plasma Modes in a Single Disk of Two-Dimensional Electrons

Ni–Cr–C materials with a high hardness determined by the presence of regions consisting of Cr₃C₂ microrods with a record microhardness reaching 3200 kg/mm² have been obtained. Their self-organization in a powder consisting of Ni, Cr, and carbon microparticles with a high weight percentage occurs in the process of its sintering at a temperature of 1300°C and the subsequent sharp cooling of the resulting alloy. A model has been proposed for the process of formation of such crystal microrods whose characteristics have been determined by hardness measurement, electron microscopy, and microchemical and X-ray diffraction analyses.     

Anderson Localization in a Two-Dimensional Electron–Hole System

JETP Letters - Anderson localization is discovered in a highly disordered two-dimensional electron–hole system in a HgTe quantum well. The behavior of this localization is fundamentally...     

Terahertz Cyclotron Photoconductivity in a Highly Unbalanced Two-Dimensional Electron–Hole System

The magnetic properties of the α-Fe₂O₃ hematite at a high hydrostatic pressure have been studied by synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy (nuclear forward scattering (NFS)) on iron nuclei. Time-domain NFS spectra of hematite have been measured in a diamond anvil cell in the pressure range of 0–72 GPa and the temperature range of 36–300 K in order to study the magnetic properties at a phase transition near a critical pressure of ~50 GPa. In addition, Raman spectra at room temperature have been studied in the pressure range of 0–77 GPa. Neon has been used as a pressure-transmitting medium. The appearance of an intermediate electronic state has been revealed at a pressure of ~48 GPa. This state is probably related to the spin crossover in Fe³⁺ ions at their transition from the high-spin state (HS, S = 5/2) to a low-spin one (LS, S = 1/2). It has been found that the transient pressure range of the HS–LS crossover is extended from 48 to 55 GPa and is almost independent of the temperature. This surprising result differs fundamentally from other cases of the spin crossover in Fe³⁺ ions observed in other crystals based on iron oxides. The transition region of spin crossover appears because of thermal fluctuations between HS and LS states in the critical pressure range and is significantly narrowed at cooling because of the suppression of thermal excitations. The magnetic P–T phase diagram of α-Fe₂O₃ at high pressures and low temperatures in the spin crossover region has been constructed according to the results of measurements.     

Electron Density Fluctuation in a Dusty Plasma

The expressions of electron density fluctuation produced by dust particles in a dusty plasma are derived.It is shown that the fluctuation comes from three different sources.The first source is the thermal motion of the dust particles,which is of a fluctuation power spectrum proportional to ndZ^2.The second source is the charge change of the dust particles,which is of a power spectrum proportional to nd^2Z%3.The third source is the eigenmode oscillation of the dust particles,which is of fluctuation power spectrum proportional to √nd.The powerful electron density fluctuation exists in a dusty plasma due to the fact that the dust particles ar highly charged.The results may explain the strong electromagnetic scattering by a space dust layer in the Earth‘s mesosphere.     

Negative Resistance in a Two-Dimensional System with Entropic Barrier

A phenomenon of negative resistance is found in two-dimensional bistable and periodic potentials via Langevin simulation, where output quantities for noise and signal driven system, such as the power-spectrum density modulus and the signal power amplification, can become minima at finite temperatures. In such a system, the curvature of the potential along non-transport degree of freedom at the barrier is larger than that at the local minima. The temperature-dependent effective barrier, i.e. entropic barrier, is introduced via integration over the non-transport variables. The system shows the negative resistance because of the competence between the signal and the entropic barrier.     

Six-Fold Degenerate Dark States in a Four-Level Atomic System

With all driving fields on Raman resonance, a tripod-type atomic system quickly evolves into a dark state decoupled from the lossy excited level. The dark state depends strongly on field Rabi frequencies, spontaneous decay rates, and the initial atomic population in a complicated way. Analytical results reveal that it is a sixfold degenerate dark state with its three components superposed both coherently and incoherently due to population redistribution from spontaneous emission.     

Heat Conductivity in a Two-Dimensional Finite-Size Spin System with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interactions

Heat conductivity is studied by direct numerical simulations in a two-dimensional model with chiral Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya （DM） spin superexchange interactions for various DM strengths and finite sizes. We find that when temperature is not too low, the thermal conductivity can be well described in the semi-classical spin wave picture, and connections of thermal conductivity with the specific heat and the dynamic relaxation time are verified to be suitable. In particular, the transition arising in Sr14-xCaxCu24O41 is related to a magnetic spin glass and qualitatively understood as a kind of Kosterlitz-Thouless transitions. It is shown that the critical temperature is linearly dependent on the spin-spin interactions for the relevant strong DM strength.     

Fermi Surface of a Quasi–Two-Dimensional Electron Gas

A model of the energy state of a quasi–two-dimensional electron gas is constructed based on a rectangular potential well of finite depth. The form of the Fermi surface and the character of its transformation from the true two-dimensional gas to the three-dimensional one are determined.     

Nonlinear Screening and the Metal–Insulator Transition in a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas

Russian Physics Journal - The density functional theory is used to study the nonlinear screening properties of a two-dimensional electron gas in a strong magnetic field. The Kohn-Sham equations for...     

Effects of Dual-Electrode Biasing on Er in a Toroidal Plasma

Two externally biased electrodes were inserted into the plasma on the KT-5C tokamak to test the effects on modifying the radial electric field Er, other than single biasing. Using various combinations of biasing voltage,the influences of double biasing are compared with the single biasing. It turns out that the effect of dual-biasing is also effective as a single one, but the outer electrode seems to be shielded by the inner one and show less influence. The results clearly show that the radial electric field Er changed by external biasing is intrinsically an effect localized at the edge of the plasma, which is caused by the electrode induced radial current; and dualelectrode biasing using the method similar to the single biasing seems not to be able to increase more distinctly the peaking effect on Er than the single biasing.     

Spin—Dependent Scattering Effects and Dimensional Crossover in a Quasi—Two—Dimensional Disordered Electron System

Two kinds of spin-dependent scattering effects (magnetic-impurity and spin-orbit scatterings) are investigated theoretically in a quasi-tow-dimensional (quasi-2D) disordered electron system.By making use of the diagrammatic techniques in perturbation theory,we have calculated the dc conductivity and magnetoresistance due to weak-localization effects,the analytical expressions of them are obtained as functions of the interlayer hopping energy and the characteristic times:elastic,inelastic,magnetic and spin-orbit scattering times.The relevant dimensional crossover behavior from 3D to 2D with decreasing the interlayer coupling is discussed,and the condition for the crossover is shown to be dependent on the aforementioned scattering times.At low temperature there exists a spin-dependent-scattering-induced dimensional crossover in this system.     

Continuous Variable Entanglement and Violation of Bell Inequality for Two Modes in a Three-Level Cascade Atomic System

Continuous variable entanglement and violation of Bell inequality for two modes are investigated in a three-level cascade atomic system. Entanglement of the system is demonstrated according to the entanglement criterion [Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 （2000）2722]. Violation of Bell inequality is studied within the framework of a quantum theory of multiwave mixing. It is shown that there are some states that are entangled but do not violate the Bell inequality.     

Trajectory Analysis in a Gyrotron Electron–Optical System with Allowance for the Cathode Surface Roughness

Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics - We propose a method for considering the spread of initial electron velocities caused by the roughness of the cathode surface while performing a...     

Coulomb Drag of Dipole Excitons in a Hybrid Exciton–Electron System

The effect of Coulomb drag on a gas of dipole excitons in spatially separated two-dimensional quantum wells containing electron and exciton gases is studied theoretically. The Coulomb drag of excitons can be used to control exciton transport in transistor structures whose active element is a two-dimensional gas of dipole excitons. Expressions for the exciton cross conductivity as a function of temperature are obtained for the diffusion and ballistic transport regimes. For each regime, the limiting cases in terms of the ratio of the Coulomb interaction screening length to the distance between the gases are analyzed. It is shown that, at temperatures exceeding considerably the exciton-gas degeneracy temperature, the cross conductivity is independent of the temperature, while in the opposite case it vanishes exponentially.     

Voids in an Experimental Dusty Plasma System

Various dusty voids are observed in a gas discharge dusty plasma system. They appear at the earlier stage of particle growth. Both the regular and irregular voids are observed in two and three dimensions. Regular voidsobs erved in two dimensions include circular shapes and thin ring shapes. Regular voids in three dimensions appear dome-shaped and shell-shaped.     

Hall Conductivity in a Quasi—Two—Dimensional disordered Electron System

By making use of the diagrammatic techniques in perturbation theory,we have investigated the Hall effect in a quasi-two dimensional disordered electron system.In the weakly localized regime,the analytical expression for quantum correction to Hall conductivity has been obtained using the kubo formalism and quasiclassical approximation.The relevant dimensional crossover behavior from three dimensions to two dimensions with decreasing the interlayer hopping energy is discussed.The quantum interference effect is shown to have a vanishing correction to the Hall coefficient.     

Electron Transport Properties of Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in BexZn1−xO/ZnO Heterostructures

In this study, we have numerically investigated the conduction band structures, the carrier densities and the electron probability densities of pseudomorphic grown Be_xZn_1?xO/ZnO heterostructures using self-consistent solutions of one-dimensional, non linear Schrödinger–Poisson equations. In the calculations, two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) formations were observed in the studied heterostructures and the effects of layer thickness and Be-mole fraction (x) of Be_xZn_1?xO barrier layer on 2DEG were described. For possible transistor device applications, 10 nm Be_xZn_1?xO barrier layer structure with x = 0.08 has been suggested. For this structure, we examined the variation of electron mobility with temperature using analytical calculations. Because of the polarization-induced low carrier densities, we found that the background impurity scattering has a strong effect on total electron mobility even at room temperature.     

Excitation of Electromagnetic Waves by an Electron Ring Beam in a Magnetized Plasma Waveguide

We study the resonant interactions between an electron ring beam and plasma waveguide modes,This is motivated by the research of radio emission in low solar corona.We consider a density-depleted duct(above an active region near a flare site)that may be treated as a magnetized plasma waveguide.The electromagnetic waves excited in the wveguide are classified into the so-called E-type and B-type waves.The results show that there are two unstable modes of B-type waves propagating parallel and anti-parallel to the direction of the electron beam.The effect of the finite radius and boundary conditions of the waveguide on the excitation of the electron beam.The effect of the finite radius and oundary conditions of the waveguide on the excitation of waveguide modes is important.For a given B-type mode,the smaller the radius R,the larger the temporal and spatial amplification important.For a given B-type mode.the smaller the radius R ,the larger the temporal and spatial amplification rate,we suggest that these excited waveguide modes could be one of the processes respondsible for the observed solar radio emission.     

Two-Dimensional Discrete Gap Breathers in a Two-Dimensional Diatomic β Fermi--Pasta--Ulam Lattice

We study the existence of two-dimensional discrete breathers in a two-dimensional face-centred square lattice consisting of alternating light and heavy atoms, with nearest-neighbour coupling containing quartic soft or hardnonlinearity. This study is focused on two-dimensional breathers with frequency in the gap that separates the acoustic and optical bands of the phonon spectrum. We demonstrate the possibility of existence of two-dimensional gap breathers by using the numerical method, the local anharmonicity approximation and the rotating wave approximation. We obtain six types of two-dimensional gap breathers, i.e., symmetric, mirror-symmetric and asymmetric, no matter whether the centre of the breather is on a light or a heavy atom.