Sampled-speckle photography for measurement of deformation

Speckles usually are of two kinds: laser speckle and white-light speckle. An additional kind, termed a sampled speckle, is proposed. Whereas laser speckles arise from multiple interference of light scattered from an object illuminated by a coherent laser beam and white-light speckles are a physically generated speckle pattern on the surface of the object, sampled speckles are generated as a result of the sampling of a digital image. The generation of these speckles and their application to displacement measurement are demonstrated.     

Quality assessment of speckle patterns for digital image correlation

Digital image correlation (DIC) is an optical–numerical full-field displacement measuring technique, which is nowadays widely used in the domain of experimental mechanics. The technique is based on a comparison between pictures taken during loading of an object. For an optimal use of the method, the object of interest has to be covered with painted speckles. In the present paper, a comparison is made between three different speckle patterns originated by the same reference speckle pattern. A method is presented for the determination of the speckle size distribution of the speckle patterns, using image morphology. The images of the speckle patterns are numerically deformed based on a finite element simulation. Subsequently, the displacements are measured with DIC-software and compared to the imposed ones. It is shown that the size of the speckles combined with the size of the used pixel subset clearly influences the accuracy of the measured displacements.     

Anomalous intensity of pinned speckles at high adaptive correction

Ground-based optical searches for faint stellar or planetary companions about other stars may be limited by speckle noise, which is the rapid intensity fluctuations that are due to motions of remnant atmospheric speckles. Adaptive optics (AO) can reduce residual wave-front phase errors to low values, substantially reducing the unwanted power in the speckle halo. At high correction, however, the noise in the halo will be dominated by anomalously bright "pinned" speckles that have a number of unusual properties. They can have negative intensities and will appear in spatially antisymmetric patterns; they are spatially pinned to Airy rings and have zero mean in a sufficiently long integration. Some of these properties may be used to reduce the unanticipated effect of pinned speckles on companion searches, depending on details of the AO system. But, in short exposures, pinned speckles dominate speckle noise over much of the inner halo for Strehl ratios S as low as 0.6 and over much of the outer halo too as Strehl and deformable-mirror actuator densities increase. I show that these anomalously bright pinned speckles are not included in the traditional expression for speckle power in an image, (1 - S), on which sensitivity estimates of future high-performance AO systems have been based.     

Effects of red blood cell aggregates dissociation on the estimation of ultrasound speckle image velocimetry

Ultrasound speckle image of blood is mainly attributed by red blood cells (RBCs) which tend to form RBC aggregates. RBC aggregates are separated into individual cells when the shear force is over a certain value. The dissociation of RBC aggregates has an influence on the performance of ultrasound speckle image velocimetry (SIV) technique in which a cross-correlation algorithm is applied to the speckle images to get the velocity field information. The present study aims to investigate the effect of the dissociation of RBC aggregates on the estimation quality of SIV technique. Ultrasound B-mode images were captured from the porcine blood circulating in a mock-up flow loop with varying flow rate. To verify the measurement performance of SIV technique, the centerline velocity measured by the SIV technique was compared with that measured by Doppler spectrograms. The dissociation of RBC aggregates was estimated by using decorrelation of speckle patterns in which the subsequent window was shifted as much as the speckle displacement to compensate decorrelation caused by in-plane loss of speckle patterns. The decorrelation of speckles is considerably increased according to shear rate. Its variations are different along the radial direction. Because the dissociation of RBC aggregates changes ultrasound speckles, the estimation quality of SIV technique is significantly correlated with the decorrelation of speckles. This degradation of measurement quality may be improved by increasing the data acquisition rate. This study would be useful for simultaneous measurement of hemodynamic and hemorheological information of blood flows using only speckle images.     

Micro- and macro deformation measurement by extension of correlation technique

In this work, we present the implementation of Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI), Digital Speckle Photography (DSP) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) as complementary techniques to measure in-plane micro and macro displacement. The main advantage of ESPI is its great sensitivity to small displacements (smaller than the size of the speckle). However, the contrast of fringes in this technique is severely affected by de-correlation effects when the in-plane displacement exceeds the size of the speckle. To eliminate the de-correlation effects, we use the DSP technique. It is possible to generate artificial speckles, usually bigger than those generated by means of illumination of the sample with laser light. By combining DSP and DIC the displacement field can be obtained when the ESPI method cannot be applied due to image de-correlation. The experimental results show that the combination of these techniques is useful to analyze deformations over a wider range.     

Design and verification of diffractive optical elements for speckle generation of 3-D range sensors

The optical projection using speckles is one of the structured light methods that have been applied to three-dimensional (3-D) range sensors. This paper investigates the design and fabrication of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) for generating the light field with uniformly distributed speckles. Based on the principles of computer generated holograms, the iterative Fourier transform algorithm was adopted for the DOE design. It was used to calculate the phase map for diffracting the incident laser beam into a goal pattern with distributed speckles. Four patterns were designed in the study. Their phase maps were first examined by a spatial light modulator and then fabricated on glass substrates by microfabrication processes. Finally, the diffraction characteristics of the fabricated devices were verified. The experimental results show that the proposed methods are applicable to the DOE design of 3-D range sensors. Furthermore, any expected diffraction area and speckle density could be possibly achieved according to the relations presented in the paper.     

用偏振和有规位相分布抑制线聚焦系统的小尺度不均匀性

研究了一种用以抑制光楔列线聚焦系统在靶面产生的干涉尖端的方法。由这种尖峰引起的小尺度不均匀性对Ｘ射线激光的产生是不利的。利用特殊分布的偏振态和位相，可把尖峰引向更密度伯程度，而且其对比度下降，这将有利于它通过靶物质自身的横向热传导而平滑化。对于四单元的列阵系统，甚至可将尖峰完全消除。     

数字散斑相关方法实现鼠标定位原理

在激光鼠标工作原理的基础上,利用数字散斑相关方法对激光鼠标的定位原理进行了研究。设计实验得到散斑场并用数码相机拍摄。用图像采集卡采集CCD扫描数散斑图像得到的图像,将图像数字化,分析数据得到了图像最优采样的像素单元和图像位移两个参量。基于两个参量,实验采集散斑图像在一定的轨迹运动下的散斑场,用Matlab软件模拟,并比较分析了实验和模拟结果。结果表明,用数字散斑相关方法可以实现激光鼠标的定位功能,并且分辨力可达到1μm,远高于市场上激光鼠标30μm的分辨力。     

三温区溶质传输助熔剂法生长BaTiO_3晶体

ＢａＴｉＯ３晶体新的生长方法，即感应加热三温区溶质传输熔剂法。其要点使高温熔体分为三个温区，坩埚顶部为生长区（Ａ区），温度最低，坩埚底部为溶解区（Ｃ区），温度高于生长区，营养料置于此区，坩埚中部为高温区（Ｂ区），在此区将杂晶熔解。还阐述了此法的机理，调试创造了稳定适宜的三温区温场。用此法生长出了优质ＳＴｉＯ３大单晶，尺寸达３０×３０×１５ｍｍ，并初步观测了其畴结构形貌，实验测定了晶格常数和居里点。     

数字剪切散班干涉术中的刚体位移补偿的新方法

给出一个数字剪切散斑干涉术中的刚体位移补偿的新方法。当刚体位移大于一个像素时，加载前后的散斑图将会由于位置的变化导致失相关。重新安排每一个像素将会克服此失相关。散斑平均、条纹重构以及迭代方法用来改善条纹质量，消除散斑噪声，最后得到可取结果。     

Evaluation of elastic modulus of cantilever beam by TA-ESPI

The paper proposes an evaluation technique for the elastic modulus of a cantilever beam by vibration analysis based on time average electronic speckle pattern interferometry (TA-ESPI) and Euler-Bernoulli equation. General approaches for the measurement of elastic modulus of a thin film are the Nano indentation test, Buldge test, Micro-tensile test, and so on. They each have strength and weakness in the preparation of the test specimen and the analysis of experimental results. ESPI is a type of laser speckle interferometry technique offering non-contact, high-resolution and whole-field measurement. The technique is a common measurement method for vibration mode visualization and surface displacement. Whole-field vibration mode shape (surface displacement distribution) at resonance frequency can be visualized by ESPI. And the maximum surface displacement distribution from ESPI can be used to find the resonance frequency for each vibration mode shape. And the elastic modules of a test material can be easily estimated from the measured resonance frequency and Euler-Bernoulli equation. The TA-ESPI vibration analysis technique can be used to find the elastic modulus of a material requiring simple preparation process and analysis.     

基于动态散斑时频特性的合作目标微动参数反演

基于激光动态散斑的时频信号,建立了一套适用于角反射器阵列的微动参数反演算法.首先利用物理光学方法推导了角反射器及角反射器阵列激光散斑的实时强度公式,然后基于短时傅里叶变换研究了散斑功率谱形成机制及其数字特征,最后提出了频谱相关法及时频-相幅变换算法,并采用该方法提取了动态散斑时频谱线周期及振幅分布,反演了三种典型运动状...     

Scaling reduction of the contrast of fractal speckles detected with a finite aperture

It is known that speckle patterns with fractal properties, called fractal speckles, are produced by illuminating a diffuser with the coherent light having the intensity distribution obeying a negative power law. One of key properties of fractal speckles is the spatial correlation function obeying a negative power law, which implies that such speckles have scaling properties. In detecting fractal speckles, the effect of the spatial integration is inevitable in most cases since they have speckle grains of various scales including very fine ones. To evaluate this effect, in this paper, the contrast of spatially integrated intensity distributions is investigated theoretically and experimentally for fractal speckles. The results show that the contrast reduction with the size of the detector aperture obeys a negative power function related with the exponent of the intensity correlation coefficient of fractal speckles.     

超声散斑相移法测量技术

超声散斑相移法能满足工程建设中对水下物内层界面关键点位移进行测量的特殊要求。测量时,引入数字参考信号与物面测点上的散斑信号进行数字干涉,获得叠加信号强度。界面位移前后,应用软件逐步改变参考信号相位,可逐步改变叠加信号强度,根据这些信号强度值可计算出测点的位移量。应用此技术对水下试件内层表面的法线和切线方向上的位移进行了实测,测量结果与理论值有较好的吻合;研究表明打磨后的粗糙外层界面不影响应用相移法进行测量。在应用相移法测量时,不需声像转换,不需全场扫描,测量精度不受散斑尺寸限制。      

Measurement of dynamic crack tip displacement field by speckle photography and interferometry

Speckle interferometry has been used to measure the transient displacement field around a crack due to stress wave loading. Double exposure interferograms are recorded with a pulsed ruby laser, and correlation fringes formed by spatial filtering of the developed film. A new technique is presented for reducing the noise level in spatially filtered speckle interferograms. Independent fringe patterns, obtained from one interferogram but with the filtering aperture sampling different regions of the Fourier transform plane, are digitised by a CCD camera and combined numerically. It is demonstrated that accurate analysis of fringe patterns by the Fourier transform method can be carried out, even if no carrier fringes are present. The measurements are compared with those obtained by speckle photography. Least-squares fitting of the theoretical displacement field is used to calculate the stress intensity factor at the crack tip as a function of time.     

Digital ultrasonic speckle phase-shifting method

The digital ultrasonic speckle phase-shifting method (USPM), which is introduced in this paper, can be applied to the measurement of small displacement that is smaller than speckle size at the test point compared to traditional ultrasonic speckle correlation method (USCM). Using USPM, a digital ultrasonic reference signal is introduced to interfere with the ultrasonic speckle signal, which is picked up at the test point on an object surface and is referred to as the object signal. As the phase of the reference signal is shifted several times using the software and then they superimpose with the object signal respectively, the phase of the object signal can be calculated according to the intensities of the superimposed signals. If the object surface moves a small distance, the phase variation of the object speckle can be detected by the same process. As a result, the displacement of the object surface can be measured. Based on the feature of ultrasonic speckles, inner surface displacement of an object can be measured using this proposed method. In this case, the effect of outer surface roughness to the measurement accuracy of USPM is examined experimentally. The experimental results show that the measurement is successful when the displacement is smaller than half of the speckle size at the test point and the roughness parameter R_a of the outer surface of the specimen is less than about 5.47 μm.     

Use of a joint transform correlator architecture for study of speckle displacements

The optical speckle–displacement correlation technique (OSDCT) is proposed for study of in-plane speckle displacements. The joint transform correlator architecture is used to evaluate the displacements of speckle subimages of strained surfaces. The procedure of the correlation response producing as a result of cross-correlation of strainless and strained surfaces in a conventional joint transform correlator (JTC) is considered. The convenient techniques for a joint power spectrum transformation are selected. The systematic and random errors of a mean speckle pattern displacement of a rigid body motion calculated by using the OSDCT and the digital speckle–displacement measurement technique are compared. The robustness of some JTC versions (a conventional JTC, a JTC with median thresholding, a JTC with subset median thresholding, and a fringe adjusted filter JTC) to input noise of speckle patterns and output noise of a correlation response is studied.     

Cardiac functional analysis by laser speckle interferometry

The laser speckle interference pattern during movement of a rough surface is employed to measure the respective displacements. The purpose of this work is to apply this technique in the form of laser speckle displacement cardiography to analyse the displacement patterns during the I and II heart sounds. The recording is performed by illuminating the chest over the cardiac region by collimated laser beam controlled by an ECG operated electric shutter. By analysis the 3-D displacement patterns are obtained. A comparison shows that the displacement at the apex, right ventricle, aortic and mitral valvular regions are significantly higher during I sound than that of II sound.     

散斑位移量与照明激光束特性关系的实验研究

激光照射到粗糙物体的表面会形成激光散斑，散斑随物体的运动而运动，特别是物体在自身平面内运动时散斑的同步运动比较显著，因此可以用这一现象测物体的微小位移，散斑运动规律与照明光束的特性有关，本文通过实验研究了不同光束照明下散斑位移的规律，验证了散斑位移理论，并指出散斑位移测量中应注意的问题。     

Simultaneous measurement of whole in-plane displacement using phase-shifting ESPI

A novel method for simultaneously measuring whole field in-plane displacements by using optical fiber phase-shifting electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is presented in this paper. A 1 × 4 single mode optical fiber beamsplitter is employed to split the laser beam into four beams of equal intensity. One pair of fibers is utilized to illuminate the diffuse target at equal angles in the horizontal plane so it is sensitive only to horizontal in-plane displacement. Another pair of optical fibers is set to be sensitive only to vertical in-plane displacement. The polarization directions of light emitted by fibers are the same for each pair, but are at a right angle between pairs. The optical fibers are equal in length for each pair, but are not equal between two pairs. In this case the speckles are interference between each pair of fibers, thus the horizontal and vertical displacement components can be obtained simultaneously. By means of a fiber phase shift technique we can obtain the quantitative data of whole field displacements. This method has made it possible to study the in-plane displacement of a thin metal plate, and the examples of the results are shown to demonstrate the novel method.