Magnetostriction trend of non-oriented 6.5% Si–Fe

Non-oriented electrical steel is produced in strip form typically 0.35–1.0 mm thick and containing 0–3 wt% silicon. It is well-known that non-oriented electrical steel is not quite isotropic but has small anisotropy. In the last decade, NKK produced 0.1 mm thick, non-oriented steel 6.5% Si which has applications such as in high-frequency transformer due to its high electrical resistivity, low core losses, near zero magnetostriction, and high permeability. The magnetostriction of 6.5% silicon steel samples with dimensions 280 mm×30 mm×0.1 mm was measured when magnetised sinusoidally between 0.5 and 1.0 T at frequencies between 0.5 and 6 kHz. Test samples were clamped at one end and the peak-to-peak displacement of the free end was measured with the aid of the single-point laser vibrometer. The average peak–peak magnetostriction was 0.2–0.25 με apart from a sharp rise to 1.2 με at 2 kHz magnetising frequency. This agrees well with the predicted value of 2 kHz for l=0.28 m, d=7430 kg/m³ and E=166 GPa. This shows that although the 6.5% silicon steel is often thought of as having near zero magnetostriction, care is needed to avoid lamination lengths corresponding to resonance points which could induce higher noise in laminated cores.     

AES analysis of nitridation of Si(100) by 2–10 keV N+2 ion beams

Ion beam nitridation of Si(100) as a function of N⁺₂ ion energy in the range of 2–10 keV has been investigated by in-situ Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analysis and Ar⁺ depth profiling. The AES measurements show that the nitride films formed by 4–10 keV N⁺₂ ion bombardment are relatively uniform and have a composition of near stoichiometric silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), but that formed by 2 keV N⁺₂ ion bombardment is N-rich on the film surface. Formation of the surface N-rich film by 2 keV N⁺₂ ion bombardment can be attributed to radiation-enhanced diffusion of interstitial N atoms and a lower self-sputtering yield. AES depth profile measurements indicate that the thicknesses of nitride films appear to increase with ion energy in the range from 2 to 10 keV and the rate of increase of film thickness is most rapid in the 4–10 keV range. The nitridation reaction process which differs from that of low-energy (< 1 keV) N⁺₂ ion bombardment is explained in terms of ion implantation, physical sputtering, chemical reaction and radiation-enhanced diffusion of interstitial N atoms.     

Impact of long-term relaxation on the phase composition of Pd–5.3 at % In–0.5 at % Ru alloy after hydrogenation

The structural state of a hydrogenated foil of Pd 5.3 at %–In 0.5 at % Ru alloy with a long relaxation time (55000 h) is studied via X-ray diffraction. Changes in the phase composition of the alloy during relaxation after hydrogen escapes from it are established. The quasi-stability of the distribution of the widths of areas of coherent scattering (ACS) is revealed by the concentration of indium atoms in directions ?100? and ?111?.     

Detailed modeling of planar transcritical H2–O2–N2 flames

We first investigate a detailed high pressure flame model. Our model is based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, statistical mechanics, statistical thermodynamics, and the kinetic theory of dense gases. We study thermodynamic properties, chemical production rates, transport fluxes, and establish that entropy production is non-negative. We next investigate the structure of planar transcritical H₂–O₂–N₂ flames and perform a sensitivity analysis with respect to the model. Non-idealities in the equation of state and in the transport fluxes have a dramatic influence on the cold zone of the flame. Non-idealities in the chemical production rates – consistent with thermodynamics and important to insure positivity of entropy production – may also strongly influence flame structures at very high pressures. At sufficiently low temperatures, fresh mixtures of H₂–O₂–N₂ flames are found to be thermodynamically unstable, in agreement with experimental results. We finally study the influence of various parameters associated with the initial reactants on the structure of transcritical planar H₂–O₂–N₂ flames as well as lean and rich extinction limits.     

Measurement of 10–100 TeV cosmic ray anisotropy at upgraded Carpet-2 installation

The first results obtained during one year of measurements at the upgraded shower Carpet-2 installation at the Baksan Neutrino Observatory of the Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, are presented. The results of calculation of the energy response of the installation are given. The results of data analysis using the standard method and the East-West method are compared. The constraints on amplitudes of harmonics of solar anisotropy for three values of primary energy: E > 12 TeV, E > 40 TeV, and E > 70 TeV, are obtained.     

Magnetic Resonance of Chromium (V) with 2–Hydroxy–2–Ethylbutyrates

A complex of Cr (V) with 2–hydroxy–2–ethylbutyric acid (EHBA) has been studied experimentally by the method of electron spin resonance (ESR). The tensor components of the g–factor, the dependences of the ESR line widths on the concentration of paramagnetic centers, and the SHF power of saturation are determined. It is shown that the main mechanism of dynamic polarization of nuclei in the EHBACr^V complex in a propanediol solution is the mechanism of dynamic cooling with a burnt hole. It has been established that the ESR spectra of the EHBACr^V solutions in deuterated and ordinary propanediol display practically the same behavior, which is indicative of the good solubility of the complex in deuterated alcohols.     

Influence of different Fe2O3 content on crystallization of MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–TiO2 system glass-ceramics

The crystallization behaviors of MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–TiO₂ system glasses doping with different content Fe₂O₃ were investigated by means of differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The kinetic parameter of activation energy for crystallization (E) was obtained by the Owaza Johnson–Mehl–Avrami method. The results show that during the heat treatment, the intermediate phase of µ-cordierite initially precipitated from the glass matrix, and with the increasing temperature, it transformed to α-cordierite. The more the Fe₂O₃ content, the lower the crystallization peak temperature (T _p).But the lowering of T _p value did not mean that the value of E decreases correspondingly. The experimental results suggest that only with appropriate content (about 4.2 wt%), Fe₂O₃ can promote the crystallization of this glass effectively.     

Measurements of Absorption and Anisotropy Coefficients of the Fat Emulsion Intralipid-10%

We report measurements of absorption and anisotropy coefficients of the fat emulsion Intralipid-10%. An addingabsorber method is used for measurement of absorption and anisotropy coefficients of the Intralipid-10%. Using the diffusion theory which has been extended to include anisotropy scat geometry, we found that the standard deviations of multiple measurements for√μα/D are less than 0.6% and the residuals between the measured data and the fits have rms values of 0.1%, where μα is the absorbing coefficient of the solution in our experiment and D is the diffusion coefficient of the medium. The values of the standard deviations and the residuals demonstrate the high precision of the measurements.     

Electrical Resistance and Magnetoresistance of Cd3As2–30 mol % MnAs under High Pressures

Physics of the Solid State - The paper presents the results of a study on the Electrical resistance and magneto-resistance (MR) of the composite, consisting of a Dirac semimetal Cd3As2 and 30 mol %...     

Continuous-cooling α-to-γ transformation behaviour of Ti–45.5 at.% Al–0.05 at.% B alloy

The continuous-cooling transformation behaviour of Ti–45.5?at.%?Al–0.05?at.%?B alloy was quantitatively measured using a real-time resistivity–temperature–time measurement apparatus operating under a high vacuum. The addition of a small amount of B does not significantly alter the α–γ-phase equilibria but significantly raises the α–γ lamellar start temperature of Ti–45.5?at.%?Al alloy at most cooling rates. Furthermore, it markedly increases the critical cooling rate for the ordering reaction. The effect of B addition, which greatly stabilizes the lamellar structure up to a fast cooling rate, is to accelerate the lamellar formation kinetics; the lamellar spacing was nevertheless distinctively larger in a B-doped alloy. This is because lamellae in B-doped alloy nucleate heterogeneously on titanium borides at the grain boundary; the borides are effective nucleation sites particularly since local Ti depletion can occur near the interface of the growing titanium borides during cooling. In the absence of B addition, the lamellar structure starts to form only at temperatures below T ₀, suggesting that a large undercooling is required for the nucleation of lamellae even at the grain boundaries. On the other hand, the B addition greatly retards the kinetics of the α-to-α₂ ordering reaction by markedly increasing its critical cooling rate without a large change in the ordering temperature. This is believed to be due to its tendency to segregate strongly to the antiphase boundaries.     

The activation and the spreading of deformation in a fully lamellar Ti–47 at.% Al–1 at.% Cr–0.2 at.% Si Alloy

The spreading of deformation in a lamellar Ti–47?at.% Al–1?at.% Cr–0.2?at.% Si alloy deformed under compression is studied at 25°C and 600°C. This microstructure is largely dominated by twin-related variants which are separated by either twin interfaces or thin α ₂ slabs. The alloy deforms at both temperatures by ordinary dislocations and twins. Deformation in a particular γ variant and its adjacent twin-related variant involves the same kind of glide system, either ordinary dislocations or twins. This property is found to be true for all twin-related lamellae. The occurrence of this correlated glide is explained by the introduction of the notion of pilot and driven orientations. The lamellar orientation in which the operating glide system is activated on the basis of Schmid factor considerations is termed the pilot orientation. It imposes its deformation system on to the twin-related lamella, called the driven orientation, whose deformation may not involve the slip system most favoured by the applied stress.     

Embeddings of Hyperbolic Kac–Moody Algebras into E 10

We show that the rank 10 hyperbolic Kac–Moody algebra E ₁₀ contains every simply laced hyperbolic Kac–Moody algebra as a Lie subalgebra. Our method is based on an extension of earlier work of Feingold and Nicolai.      

Specific Features of the Local Structure and Transport Properties of ZrO2–Sc2O3–Y2O3 and ZrO2–Sc2O3–Yb2O3 Crystals

Optics and Spectroscopy - The specific features of the local structure of ZrO2–Sc2O3–Y2O3 and ZrO2–Sc2O3–Yb2O3 crystals are revealed by optical spectroscopy using the Eu3+...     

Effects of annealing holding time on capacitance performance of RuO2–IrO2–graphene/Ti electrodes

The thermal decomposition method was used to prepare composite electrodes of the Ruthenium oxide–Iridium oxide–Graphene (RuO₂–IrO₂–G). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X–ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and electrochemical tests were used to study the influence of different annealing holding time on the surface morphology, phase composition, and capacitive performance of the coatings. The results showed that more and more RuO₂, IrO₂ nanoparticles were observed on the surface and cracks of the coating as the annealing holding time increasing. The RuO₂–IrO₂–G/Ti electrode was obtained by annealing for 5 h. The coating of the electrode consists of a certain amount of amorphous phase and nano–crystalline phase, and it had good electronic conductivity and ionic conductivity. At the same time, the electrode was prepared at 5 h had the largest specific capacitance of 778.46 F/g, which increased by 430.89 F/g than the electrode was prepared at 1 h. In addition, the electrode also had superior capacitance performance, capacitance retention and power characteristics.     

Infrared spectra of acetylene–water complexes: C2D2–H2O,C2D2–HDO,and C2D2–D2O

Infrared spectra of C₂D₂–water complexes are studied in the 4.1 μm region of the C₂D₂ ν₃ fundamental band using a tunable diode laser source to probe a pulsed supersonic slit jet. Relatively large vibrational red shifts (?27.7 to ?28.0 cm^?1) are observed which are more easily interpretable than for the analogous C₂H₂ vibration thanks to the absence of Fermi resonance effects for C₂D₂. Noticeable homogeneous line broadening leads to estimates of upper state predissociation lifetimes of about 0.5, 0.9 and 1.1 ns for C₂D₂–H₂O, –HDO, and –D₂O, respectively. Transitions involving K_a = 0 and 1 levels are observed for C₂D₂–HDO, but there is a puzzling absence of K_a = 1 for C₂D₂–H₂O and C₂D₂–D₂O.     

Electric and Galvanomagnetic Properties of Cd3As2–20 mol % MnAs Composite under High Pressure

Physics of the Solid State - The pressure dependences of electrical resistance, Hall coefficient, charge carrier mobilities, and magnetoresistance of the Cd3As2–20 mol % MnAs composite are...     

Transport properties of H–N2 mixtures

Transport coefficients (shear viscosity, volume viscosity, thermal conductivity, and mass and thermal diffusion coefficients) of H–N₂ mixtures in the dilute-gas limit have been calculated from the intermolecular potential in the temperature range 300–2000K using the classical trajectory method. The intermediate results pertaining to H–N₂ binary interactions are reported, mainly in terms of cross-section ratios. Cross-sections evaluated with the Mason–Monchick approximation yield very good results for this system, the largest deviations, about 2.5%, being observed for the thermal diffusion coefficient. The accuracy here of this approximation can primarily be attributed to a light H atom and a weakly non-spherical potential resulting in a high rotational collision number. Furthermore, we investigate to which H–N₂ cross-sections and their ratios the values of the mixture transport coefficients are most sensitive. Our results indicate that, for some cross-section ratios, reliance on universal correlations at high temperatures, often used in flame codes, can induce sizeable errors in the thermal conductivity coefficient and especially in the thermal diffusion coefficients. We also observed that the volume viscosity is particularly sensitive to the value of the cross-section for internal energy relaxation in H–N₂ collisions.     

Effect of TiO2 addition on the crystallization of quenched glasses in the SiO2–Al2O3–ZrO2 system

The glass formation in the SiO₂-rich region of the ternary oxide system Al₂O₃–ZrO₂–SiO₂ with MgO, CaO, and TiO₂ as melting aids was analyzed. The crystallization of glasses with different content of TiO₂ and phase evolution with the temperature was studied by X-ray diffraction, infrared, laser Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The use of TiO₂ favored formation and crystallization of the glasses due to the decrease of the viscosity of melts and acting as a nucleating agent. The crystalline phase of t-ZrO₂ was developed at temperatures as low as 880°C whereas in as prepared specimens without TiO₂ its presence was not detected. For the specimens with TiO₂, t-ZrO₂ and mullite were the principal phases at 1000°C. TiO₂ addition did not change the crystallization sequence but decreased the formation temperature of the crystalline phases. Most of Ti⁴⁺ ions entered into t-ZrO₂ and only a small portion in mullite, but the surplus was detected in ZrTiO₄.     

Effects of CeO_2 and nano-ZrO_2 agents on the crystallization behavior and mechanism of CaO–Al_2O_3–MgO–SiO_2-based glass ceramics

The crystallization behavior and mechanism of CaO–Al_2O_3–MgO–SiO_2(CAMS)-based diopside glass ceramics with nano-ZrO_2 nucleators and CeO_2 agents have been investigated.The use of nanoscale ZrO_2 as nucleators is favorable to the crystallization of glass ceramic at a relatively lower temperature due to the reduction of the activation energy, while the activation energy is increased after adding the CeO_2 agent.The microstructure and orientation have been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction.Two discernible layers are observed, featured in glass and crystalline phases, respectively.Remarkably textured polycrystalline diopsides are verified for the samples(A and B)free of CeO_2 agents, with c-axes perpendicular to the interface of the two layers.Comparatively, the c-axes of diopside grains of the sample(C) with CeO_2 agents are proved to be parallel to the interface.Nanocrystals are detected in the vicinity of the interface for sample C.