A spin polarized disc

We present a solution to the gravitational field equations in a Riemann-Cartan spacetime. The solution describes a disc of infinite radius and finite thickness. The solution has three forms which depend on the size of the acceleration. The matter content of the disc is a rotating spin fluid with a constant z acceleration and a spin density polarized along the axis of rotation. The fluid has zero axial and tangential pressures. There is a radial pressure. The energy density and pressure are finite within the disc.     

Effect of interference pattern on femtosecond laser-induced ripple structure

Combined structures composed of a micron-sized periodic structure and a nano-sized quasi-periodic ripple structure were generated by a single process of multiple shots of an interfering femtosecond laser. The former structure was generated by an interference pattern and controlled by a number of beams. The latter structure was generated by a multiple shot method. As a result, multiple periodic structures were generated. The periodicity of the structures was analyzed by two-dimensional (2D) fast Fourier transform (FFT). The most probable period of ripple structure was downsized to 177 nm by restricting irradiated region by a TM wave interference pattern. The smallest period was 105 nm. The dispersion angle of a ripple decreased to about 50%. The period and direction of the ripples were for a first time controlled by using interference.     

Formation of a misorientation band in the elastic field of a disclination dipole

The formation of a misorientation band in the elastic field of a disclination dipole is considered and simulated using a kinetic approach. The dipole is artificially located on a grain boundary or induced by plastic deformation on a double ledge in a grain boundary in a bicrystal. The simulation results agree well with the results obtained earlier in a continuum approximation. The dislocation structure of the misorientation band that forms during accommodation slip is shown to be a dynamic steady-state structure, and its appearance has a kinetic nature.     

Dispersion transition and the nonergodicity of the disordered nanoporous medium-nonwetting liquid system

The experiments in which a nonwetting liquid does not flow from a disordered nanoporous medium are described. The outflow is shown to depend on the degree of filling of the porous medium and its temperature in a critical manner. A physical mechanism is proposed where the transition of a system of liquid nanoclusters in a confinement into a metastable state in narrow filling and temperature ranges results from the appearance of a potential barrier due to the fluctuations of the collective “multiparticle” interaction of liquid nanoclusters in neighboring pores of different sizes at the shell of a percolation cluster of filled pores. The energy of a metastable state forms a potential relief with numerous maxima and minima in the space of a porous medium. The dispersed liquid volume in a metastable state is calculated with an analytical percolation theory for a ground state with an infinite percolation cluster. The outflow time distribution function of pores is calculated, and a power law is obtained for the decrease in nonwetting liquid volume retained in a porous medium with increasing time. The relaxation of the system under study is a multistage process accompanied by discontinuous equilibrium and overcoming of numerous local maxima of a potential relief. The formation of the metastable state of retained nonwetting liquid results from the nonergodicity properties of a disordered porous medium. The proposed model can describe the detected dependences of dispersed liquid volume on the degree of filling and temperature.     

Vibrations of double-string complex system under moving forces. Closed solutions

In this paper the dynamic response of a double-string system traversed by a constant or a harmonically oscillating moving force is considered. The force is moving with a constant velocity on the top string. The strings are identical, parallel, one upon the other and continuously coupled by a linear Winkler elastic element. The classical solution of the response of a double-string system subjected to a force moving with a constant velocity has a form of an infinite series. The main goal of this paper is to show that in the considered case a part of the solution can be presented in a closed, analytical form instead of an infinite series. The presented method of finding the solution in a closed, analytical form is based on the observation that the solution of the system of partial differential equations in the form of an infinite series is also a solution of an appropriate system of ordinary differential equations.     

A constant gradient unilateral magnet for near-surface MRI profiling

The design and construction of a unilateral NMR (UMR) magnet assembly for near-surface 1D profiling is presented. The arrangement consists of a single permanent magnet topped with a shaped iron pole cap. The analytically determined profile of the pole cap shapes the field over the magnet, giving a constant gradient of 31 G/cm over a 8mm depth at a 1H frequency of 4.26 MHz in a spot approximately 5 mm wide. The moderate gradient allows 1D profiling of planar samples with a frequency encoded spin-echo experiment. The curvature of the magnetic field limits the available resolution to 100's of microm. The device is suitable for profiling planar samples in which a coarse resolution but large spatial extent is desired.     

850 nm centered wavelength-swept laser based on a wavelength selection galvo filter

A wavelength-swept laser is constructed using a free space external cavity configuration coupled with a fiberbased ring cavity at the 850 nm region. The external cavity filter employs a galvo-mirror scanner with a diffraction grating for wavelength selection. The filter is connected to a ring cavity through an optical circulator.The ring cavity contains a broadband semiconductor optical amplifier with a high optical output. The performance of this laser is demonstrated with broad bandwidths and narrow linewidths. The 3 dB linewidth and the bandwidth of this source are 0.05 nm(~20 GHz) and 48 nm, respectively. The maximum output power is 26 m W at 160 m A current.     

Use of a joint transform correlator architecture for study of speckle displacements

The optical speckle–displacement correlation technique (OSDCT) is proposed for study of in-plane speckle displacements. The joint transform correlator architecture is used to evaluate the displacements of speckle subimages of strained surfaces. The procedure of the correlation response producing as a result of cross-correlation of strainless and strained surfaces in a conventional joint transform correlator (JTC) is considered. The convenient techniques for a joint power spectrum transformation are selected. The systematic and random errors of a mean speckle pattern displacement of a rigid body motion calculated by using the OSDCT and the digital speckle–displacement measurement technique are compared. The robustness of some JTC versions (a conventional JTC, a JTC with median thresholding, a JTC with subset median thresholding, and a fringe adjusted filter JTC) to input noise of speckle patterns and output noise of a correlation response is studied.     

正则变换与二粒子耦合体系哈密顿量的对角化技术

把耦合项为Ｃ（ａ＾１ａ２＾＋ａ２＾＋ａ１）＋Ｄ（ａ＾＋１ａ＋２＋ａ２ａ１）的Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ量写成超矩阵相乘的形式，通过正则变换使其对角化。     

Single Photon Scattering in a Pair of Waveguides Coupled by a Whispering-Gallery Resonator Interacting with a Semiconductor Quantum Dot

The single photon scattering properties in a pair of waveguides coupled by a whispering-gallery resonator interacting with a semiconductor quantum dot are investigated theoretically.The two waveguides support four possible ports for an incident single photon.The quantum dot is considered a V-type system.The incident direction-dependent single photon scattering properties are studied and equal-output probability from the four ports for a single photon incident is discussed.The influences of backscattering between the two modes of the whispering-gallery resonator for incident direction-dependent single photon scattering properties are also presented.     

A spherical plasmoid with a diffuse boundary in a linearly polarized quasistatic electromagnetic field

The problem of a spherically symmetric plasmoid placed in a linearly polarized uniform quasistatic electromagnetic field is considered. The electric field in the vicinity of a plasmoid with a Gaussian electron density distribution is calculated. The results of calculations are compared with the known solution for a spherical plasmoid with a uniform density. The possibility of the transformation of an initial plasmoid that arises in an electrodeless microwave gas discharge into a microwave streamer is discussed.     

Measuring Light Field of Light Source with High Directional Resolution Using Mirrored Ball and Pinhole Camera

This paper presents a method of measuring a light field of a light source with high directional resolution using a mirrored ball and a pinhole camera. The light field describes a spatial and directional distribution of radiances from the light source. The directional distribution is expanded by a reflection on the mirrored ball, and the radiances are measured by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera with a pinhole lens. The light source is laterally moved by a robot arm to measure the directionally expanded light field, and each pixel on a CCD can obtain the radiances from the light source through the pinhole lens with high directional resolution. The light field is estimated from the pixel value and the position of each pixel using a ray tracing technique. The light field of a krypton lamp was experimentally measured by the proposed method, and the accuracy of the measurement was evaluated against the irradiances measured by a spectro-radiometer at sample points.     

Radiation impedance of a piston at the wall of a rectangular duct

The radiation impedance of a rectangular piston positioned at the wall of a rectangular duct is theoretically investigated. The dependence of the attached length of the piston on the width of the duct is determined. The dependence shows that, unlike the radiation resistance, the attached length decreases with a decrease in duct width. The results of the study are compared with the data obtained for the attached length of a square orifice in a rectangular baffle in a duct.     

The experimental investigation of a glow discharge in a toroidal tube

A glow discharge in a toroidal tube with axial discharge current is investigated. The investigation was carried out for a discharge as a whole, not for electrodal zones and the positive column separately. The volt-ampere characteristics for different pressures and Paschen's curves for different gases were measured. The curves obtained are compared with analogous ones for a cylindrical tube. The conditions for the existence of a glow discharge in a toroidal tube and the processes passing there are discussed on the basis of the measured curves. The experiments were carried out in air, helium, argon and neon.     

Optical pulse velocity and frequency variations during cascade parametric interaction with a high powered reference pulse

The effect of a frequency shift and time delay during the cascade parametric interaction of a weak signal pulse with a high powered reference pulse is demonstrated for the first time. The conditions of total reflection of a pulse signal in a crystal with quadratic nonlinearity are found. The equation for the frequency shift of a reflected wave is derived.     

Pulsed Sounding of Cracks with the Use of the Modulation of Ultrasound by Vibrations

The possibility of using the effect of the modulation of ultrasound by vibrations due to the presence of cracks for the nonlinear acoustic detection of cracks is demonstrated. The method is based on a pulsed ultrasonic sounding with gating the received signal and simultaneously exciting low-frequency vibrations in the sample. The presence of a crack is characterized by the modulation of the ultrasonic wave reflected from the crack. The visualization of the crack position in a model object (a metal rod) is performed. The possibility of selecting a crack on the background of an intense signal reflected from a cavity is experimentally demonstrated. The manifestation of the nonlinear properties of a crack is studied as a function of the polarization of the flexural vibrations of the rod.     

Dentinal surface-cutting efficiency using a high-speed diamond bur,ultrasound and laser

We compare an ultrasound bur with a conventional one and an Er:YAG laser for cavity preparations. Human molars were embedded in resin and sliced for this study. The surface abrasion was performed by a high-speed instrument and ultrasound. The cavity preparation was initially performed with a high-speed diamond bur. After this, a 2.94-μm laser with 400 mJ/pulse at 4 Hz, and a pulse width from 250–500 μs was applied to the tooth surface for 30 s in a sweeping motion. The samples were analyzed by SEM. The abrasion surface with a conventional bur showed structure removal with different grooves, a smear-layer presence, and occluded dentinal tubules. The abraded surface with the CVD bur suggested a removal process in layers. The laser-irradiated surface showed a rough aspect with opened tubules and the absence of a smear layer. The results of this study suggest that a high-speed diamond bur, ultrasound, and laser were able to perform cavity preparation. However, the CVD bur presented a higher surface quality.     

Pressure dependence of the electrical potential and electrontemperature in a microwave-generated plasma

The electron temperature in a stationary hydrogen plasma has been studied using a Langmuir probe. The measurements have been carried out over the pressure range from 3 mbar (2.25 torr) to 25 mbar (18.75 torr). The applied microwave power was varied from 50 to 450 W. The electron temperature shows a linear dependence on the applied microwave power. The self-space-charge field (in volts) of a hydrogen plasma shows a saturation behavior at higher microwave powers. The maximum value at the saturation of the field equals 6.8 V at a gas pressure of 15 mbar (11.25 torr) for all values of the input microwave radiation power. The polarities of the self-space-charge electric field are similar above this value and below it     

Spectral density matrix of a single photon measured

We propose and demonstrate a method for measuring the spectral density matrix of a single photon pulse. The method is based on registering Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between a photon to be measured and a pair of attenuated and suitably delayed laser pulses described by a known spectral amplitude. The density matrix is retrieved from a two-dimensional interferogram of coincidence counts. The method has been implemented for a type-I down-conversion source, pumped by ultrashort laser pulses. The experimental results agree well with a theoretical model which takes into account the temporal as well as spatial effects in the source.