A unified-calibration method in FTP-based 3D data acquisition for reverse engineering

Reverse engineering plays an important role in product design and manufacturing due to the need for the improvement of existing products. Acquisition of 3D data of existing products is one of the most fundamental processes in reverse engineering. This paper proposes a unified-calibration method for Fourier Transform Profilometry (FTP)-based 3D data acquisition. In current FTP methods, the system parameters, such as positions and orientations of the camera and projector and the reference plane location, are needed to convert the phase map into 3D coordinates of the object. Generally, it is difficult to measure these parameters directly. Therefore, a calibration procedure is required in current FTP methods. In this research, a novel method is proposed for the calibration. Only one image is used to calculate all system parameters in the proposed method. The experiments show the method is simple and feasible for FTP-based 3D data acquisition.     

傅里叶变换轮廓术中新的相位及高度算法分析

在传统傅里叶变换轮廓术三维面型测量中,为了准确得到被测物体的高度分布,必需保证投影仪出射光瞳和摄像机入射光瞳的连线与参考面平行并且在同一水平面,否则存在较大的误差。着眼于更普通的情况,讨论双瞳连线与参考面成某一夹角时的高度计算,推导出了非平行时的参考面光场及物面变形条纹光场的表达式,并给出了高度映射公式。因而,传统的傅里叶变换轮廓术测量成为角度α=0时的特例。该方法使傅里叶变换轮廓术的测量条件得到了放宽;易于通过移动投影装置或成像装置获取全场条纹;并为在难以实现双瞳与参考面平行的特殊环境下的测量提供了可行的方法。计算机模拟及实验均证实了该方法的有效性。     

傅里叶变换轮廓术物体三维形貌测量的系统分析及其坐标校准方法

对非共面以及非平行度下的傅里叶变换轮廓术(FTP)物体三维形貌的测最系统进行了分析,采用两个参考平面辅助分析系统光路结构,引入了一个能使双光轴共面的等效虚拟投影出瞳中心.基于光线跟踪原理给出了相位与高度的映射关系,给出了满足平等度的系统参数特性并借助于摄像机坐标系同时获取校准平面的高度以及相应的相位数据,实现了高度和横向坐标的简易校准.实验结果表明了该方法的有效性与可行性.     

基于无约束系统的结构光三维测量方法

针对传统结构光系统进行三维测量时,要求满足双瞳平行于参考平面和摄像机光轴垂、直于参考平面这两个强约束条件,建立了新的系统结构,去除了平行和垂直的约束,摄像机和投影仪位置可自由摆放.基于该无约束系统结构,提出了一种新的系统标定方法,通过重建"投影仪摄像机参考平面"三者的空间关系,可以简便而精确地获取传统"高度相位"公式中参量:双瞳的距离和摄像机到参考平面距离;同时,推导了无约束系统结构下新的物相关系方程和高度计算公式.实物测量结果证明,基于无约束系统的结构光三维测量方法可操作性强,测量精度可达0.1 mm.     

基于交比不变性的投影仪标定

提出了一种新的投影仪标定方法以提高数字光栅投影三维测量中投影仪标定的准确性.该方法结合二次投影技术和交比不变性进行投影仪标定.采用二次投影技术解决投射图案与标定板图案互相干扰的问题;采用交比不变性以避免引入相机的标定误差.接着进行了对比实验,以验证所提方法的有效性.选取需要相机参数的传统投影仪标定方法以及根据全局单应性...     

一种新的反向投影条纹生成方法研究

反向条纹投影技术是一种应用于在线或批量检测的快速而稳定的光学三维面形检测技术.提出了一种新的产生反向条纹的算法,新的算法建立投影器坐标系与摄像机坐标系的正向映射变换关系,通过投影器坐标系上一个像素点的两套相位值,找到其在摄像机坐标系中对应的位置,即产生投影器坐标系像素点在摄像机坐标系中的注册.由于期望在摄像机中观察到的条纹图像只是简单的正弦条纹图像,直接读取注册点的期望条纹相位,很容易产生反向条纹.计箅机模拟和反向条纹投影实验中的相位标准差分别达到7.044×10-6 rad和3.34×10-2rad,比以前的方法在精度上有了较大的提高,并简要分析了精度提高的原因.计算机模拟和实物测试实验都验证了该方法的可行性.     

利用预失真条纹校正PMP系统投影仪畸变的研究

依据摄像机畸变模型提出了一种投影条纹相位畸变校正方法来简化相位-高度映射关系.该方法首先通过投两套互相垂直的相移正弦条纹,以相位值代替投影仪像素坐标,将投影仪当成摄像机看待,标定出投影仪的内参量.然后根据标定出的投影仪镜头畸变参量对理想相位施加反向的畸变,在投影时反向畸变的光栅通过镜头畸变,又成为理想的光栅,从而简化了相位-高度映射关系.实验中,虽然由于测量误差的影响,校正后的投影仪径向畸变系数还是比原来小了1个数量级.     

基于体视显微镜的三维显微表面测量系统

将条纹投影轮廓测量术和体视显微镜相结合，搭建了一套能够对微小器件的表面三维形貌进行测量的系统。该系统由一台Greenough型的体视显微镜，一台DMD投影仪，一个CCD相机和一个机械平移台组成。在利用相移算法和降级去包裹算法得到被表面形貌调制过的无歧义相位后，通过相位和高度的映射关系，得到高度值，从而能够对微小器件的表面形貌进行重建。在标定时，通过精密的机械平移台将陶瓷标定板置于不同的高度，对其进行相位测量，得到多组相对应的相位和高度值，再对每个像素点进行多项式拟合来确定相位和高度的映射关系。实验测量了标定的最后一个平面以及微型的球栅阵列，平面测量结果显示测量误差在10 μm以内，从微型球栅阵列的三维重建结果可以清晰地看到排列的球形结构。实验结果证明了该系统对于平面和复杂的三维结构都能够进行精确的测量。     

Accurate calibration for a camera–projector measurement system based on structured light projection

The accurate calibration for a camera–projector measurement system based on structured light projection is important to the system measurement accuracy. This study proposes an improved systematic calibration method focusing on three key factors: calibration model, calibration artifact and calibration procedures. The calibration model better describes the camera and projector imaging process by considering higher to fourth order radial and tangential lens distortion. The calibration artifact provides a sufficient number of accurate 3D reference points uniformly distributed in a common world coordinate system. And the calibration procedures calibrate the camera and projector simultaneously based on the same reference points to eliminate the influences of the camera calibration error on the projector calibration. The experiments demonstrate that our calibration method can improve the measurement accuracy by 47%.     

利用预失真条纹校正PMP系统投影仪畸变的研究*

依据摄像机畸变模型提出了一种投影条纹相位畸变校正方法来简化相位-高度映射关系.该方法首先通过投两套互相垂直的相移正弦条纹,以相位值代替投影仪像素坐标,将投影仪当成摄像机看待,标定出投影仪的内参量.然后根据标定出的投影仪镜头畸变参量对理想相位施加反向的畸变,在投影时反向畸变的光栅通过镜头畸变,又成为理想的光栅,从而简化了相位-高度映射关系.实验中,虽然由于测量误差的影响,校正后的投影仪径向畸变系数还是比原来小了1个数量级.     

结构光测量技术中的投影仪标定算法

详细介绍了投影机模型,并提出一种简单、高精度的投影仪参数标定算法,该算法将投影仪当作一个逆向的相机,使用一块带有圆形标志点的平面标定板对投影仪进行标定.标定过程中,使用两组不同方向的光栅图像建立投影仪图像和相机图像的对应关系,从而得到投影仪标定所需的图像数据,将投影仪标定转化为成熟的相机标定,然后使用相机标定算法对投影仪进行高精度标定.实验结果表明,所提议的投影仪标定算法操作过程简单,标定精度可达0.312 pixel.     

单摄像机单投影仪结构光三维测量系统标定方法

系统参数的标定是结构光三维测量系统工作的基础,且参数标定的精度直接影响测量的精度,其中投影仪目前还存在标定过程复杂、精度较低等问题。为解决该问题,通过投影一组圆阵图案到一块本身带有特征圆的平板上,并由摄像机拍摄;基于二维射影变换理论,通过误差补偿法建立投影仪图像坐标和摄像机图像坐标的对应关系,利用该对应关系计算获取标定点的投影仪图像坐标;以标定点的两组图像坐标和世界坐标为初始值,使用非线性算法对系统进行全参数整体优化,完成系统的标定。实验验证了系统标定误差最大值小于0.05 mm,误差均方根小于0.03 mm,结果表明该方法标定过程简单,能够有效地提高标定精度,具有较广的适用性。     

目标跟踪与定位中的视觉标定算法研究

目标跟踪与定位中的一个重要步骤就是摄像机标定,其目的是估计摄像机的外部和内部参数。在严格的几何约束关系之上建立准确的数学模型,提出一种快速得到摄像机中心的方法,然后通过合理的求解次序获得其他摄像机参数,保证了标定参数的精度。利用计算出来的标定参数校正失真图像中的各个像素位置以重新得到像素间原来的空间关系,从而产生精确的不失真图像,并且利用摄像机标定参数对标定模板上的点进行位置计算后,再和实际位置比较进行检验。图像的校正效果实验以及精度验算的结果表明：提出的算法得到了准确可靠的标定参数,和其他算法相比有效提高了精度,能够满足运动跟踪时目标特征位置估计的精度要求。     

投影器的标定方法

随着近景摄影测量的发展,投影器的使用越来越频繁和广泛。为了更好地使用和充分地利用投影器,需要求解投影器的内方位元素,即对投影器进行标定。提出了一种方便有效的投影器标定的方法。只需要一架投影器、一部数码相机、一个平面格网和一台计算机,设备的连接和使用相对方便灵活。基于近景摄影测量的理论,结合二维直接线性变换(2D-DLT)和共线方程,运用图像处理的方法,利用光束法平差对投影器进行标定。实验及其结果证明了该标定方法的正确性和有效性。     

A fast and accurate calibration method for the structured light system based on trapezoidal phase-shifting pattern

Calibration plays an important part in the structured light system. It used to be regarded as time-consuming, expensive and hard to implement. In this paper, we introduce a novel and fast method to calibrate the structured light system by using the camera to control the projector to “capture” images. Firstly, we projected just six trapezoidal grayscale pattern to establish the corresponding pixel between the camera and the projector, then we converted the camera image to its corresponding projector image. Thus the structured light system can be easy controlled by the camera calibration. Experiments showed that the present calibration method is fast, easy and accurate.     

Integrated calibration of multiview phase-measuring profilometry

Phase-measuring profilometry (PMP) measures per-pixel height information of a surface with high accuracy. Height information captured by a camera in PMP relies on its screen coordinates. Therefore, a PMP measurement from a view cannot be integrated directly to other measurements from different views due to the intrinsic difference of the screen coordinates. In order to integrate multiple PMP scans, an auxiliary calibration of each camera’s intrinsic and extrinsic properties is required, in addition to principal PMP calibration. This is cumbersome and often requires physical constraints in the system setup, and multiview PMP is consequently rarely practiced. In this work, we present a novel multiview PMP method that yields three-dimensional global coordinates directly so that three-dimensional measurements can be integrated easily. Our PMP calibration parameterizes intrinsic and extrinsic properties of the configuration of both a camera and a projector simultaneously. It also does not require any geometric constraints on the setup. In addition, we propose a novel calibration target that can remain static without requiring any mechanical operation while conducting multiview calibrations, whereas existing calibration methods require manually changing the target’s position and orientation. Our results validate the accuracy of measurements and demonstrate the advantages on our multiview PMP.     

单周期条纹双四步相移投影仪的标定方法

针对投影仪标定方法中存在畸变及倾斜投影引起条纹周期、条纹级数变化的问题,提出一种单周期条纹双四步相移投影仪的标定方法.设计生成横向和纵向各两组单周期条纹图像,经投影仪投影到带有圆形标识的标定板上,相机同步采集标定板图像,叠加由双四步相移获得的两幅相位主值图,对叠加相位主值图相位展开,利用展开的绝对相位值计算投影仪像素坐标值,最终将投影仪标定转换为成熟的相机标定.实验结果表明:仿真投影仪标定实验准确度的最大重投影误差约为0.4pixel,均方根误差为0.132 96pixel;实际投影仪标定实验准确度的最大反投影误差约为0.46pixel,均方根误差为0.143 12pixel;实验结果与仿真结果的最大反投影误差相差15%,均方根误差相差7.6%.与现有的采用三频相位展开进行投影仪标定的方法相比,投影光栅图像数可减少8幅.该方法改善了现有投影仪标定方法的不足,标定准确度和标定效率均得到提高.     

光栅投影三维测量系统标定技术研究

相机与投影仪的标定是影响光栅投影三维测量系统精度的因素之一,且标定所得参数的精度直接影响系统的测量精度。分析标志点边缘成像时的退化模型,提出了基于高斯曲线拟合与边缘局部区域效应相结合的亚像素边缘检测方法,获取高精度边缘,提高标志点检测精度;使用基于透视变换图像矫正的标志点快速排序匹配方法,进行相机快速高精度标定。分析投影仪标定时的相位误差,提出了一种基于径向基的线性插值方式,提高标志点圆心相位获取精度。实验验证,使用上述亚像素边缘检测方式,标志点的边缘残差为0.0871,对比基于高斯曲线的拟合方式,精度提高了41%,相机标定重投影误差均值为0.0524像素;使用上述相位插值方式,投影仪标定重投影误差均值为0.1203像素,对比使用双线性插值方式,标定精度提高23.9%。     

Implementation and experimental study on fast object modeling based on multiple structured stripes

In this paper, a practical structured light-based system for fast object modeling and reconstruction is reported. The system consists of an off-the-shelf digital projector, a video camera and a turntable. The system calibration is implemented accurately and automatically by taking a single image of an illuminated calibration template. The multiple color light stripes emitted by the projector adopt only three colors and the color can be modified easily according to the surface texture of the object. This makes the system widely applicable in many situations, and the assumption about color neutrality, which is a limitation to other similar systems, can be largely relaxed. The registration and merging algorithm is greatly simplified by employing a turntable. The validity and high accuracy of the method are demonstrated by extensive real experiments.     

Robust geometric,phase and colour structured light projection system calibration

This paper introduces a new comprehensive procedure for both geometric and colour calibration of structured light system. In order to perform both geometric and colour calibration procedure, a new calibration artifact is proposed. The intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of projector and camera are estimated by using an extended pinhole camera model with a tangential and radial distortion. Camera image plane coordinates are obtained by extracting features from images of a calibration artifact. Projector image plane coordinates are calculated on the basis of continuous phase maps obtained from a fringe pattern phase reconstruction procedure. In order to stereo calibrate camera-projector system, pairs of corresponding image plane points are calculated with subpixel accuracy. In addition, one of three pattern views is used in colour calibration. RGB values of a colour field pattern detected by camera and their reference values are compared. This comparison leads to derivation of a colour transformation matrix. The performance of the proposed method is tested by measuring plane, sphere and distance reference. Also 360 degrees complex object 3D model from a set of measurements is obtained. Residual mean errors for all tests performed are calculated.